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4-0
4-1
4-2
F2 F2 cos (t ) a y
Direction remains
Magnitude varies
along the y axis
sinusoidally with time
1
10/7/2009
4-3
F F1 cos (t ) a x F2 cos (t ) a y
4-4
4-5
Example:
F F1 cos t a x F1 sin t a y
F F1 cos t F1 sin t
2 2
F1 , constant
F1 sin t y
tan 1
F1 cos t
tan 1 tan t t
F2
F
F1 x
2
10/7/2009
4-6
F2
F
F1
4-7
y
F0
F2 F
/4
F0 F1 F0 x
F0
4-8
3
10/7/2009
4-9
4-10
E E0 cos(t z )a x E0 sin(t z )a y
4-11
Review Questions
4.16. A sinusoidally time-varying vector is expressed in
terms of its components along the x-, y-, and z- axes.
What is the polarization of each of the components?
4.17. What are the conditions for the sum of two linearly
polarized sinusoidally time-varying vectors to be
circularly
i l l polarized?
l i d?
4.18. What is the polarization for the general case of the sum
of two sinusoidally time-varying linearly polarized
vectors having arbitrary amplitudes, phase angles, and
directions?
4.19. Discuss clockwise and counterclockwise circular and
elliptical polarizations associated with sinusoidally
time-varying uniform plane waves.
4
10/7/2009
4-12
E H H E E H
Substituting
B
E
t
D D
H J J0
t t
where J0 represents source current density, we have
D B
E H E J0 E H
t t
1 1
E J0 0 E 0 H 2 E H
2
t 2 t 2
4-13
1 dv
E J dv t 2 E
2
0 0
V V
1
2 H dv P dS
2
t V
0
S
4-14
Poyntings Theorem
1 dv 1 H 2 dv P d S
E J dv t 2 E
2
t 2 0
0 0
V V V S
5
10/7/2009
4-15
4-16
In the case of the infinite plane sheet of current, note that the
electric field adjacent to and on either side of it is directed
opposite to the current density. Hence, some work has to be
done by an external agent (source) for the current to flow, and
E J0 represents the power density (per unit volume)
associated with this work.
P E H Power flow density W m2 associated
with the electromagnetic field
1
we 0 E 2 Energy density J m3 stored
2
in the electric field
1
wm 0 H 2 Energy density J m3 stored
2
in the magnetic field
4-17
Review Questions
4.20. What is the Poynting vector? What is the physical
interpretation of the Poynting vector over a closed
surface?
4.21. State Poyntings theorem. How is it derived from
Maxwells curl equations?
4 22 Di
4.22. Discuss th
the interpretation
i t t ti off Poyntings
P ti theorem.
th
4.23. What are the energy densities associated with electric
and magnetic fields?
4.24. Discuss how fields far from a physical antenna vary
inversely with distance from the antenna.