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EE 3043 Power Systems III

Power System Protection

by
Dr. Lidula N. Widangama Arachchige
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant breaker and half scheme

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Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant - Synchroscope

Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant - Controller

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Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant - Generator

Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant - Turbine

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Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant Breaker (Single Pole)

Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant Generator SS

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Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant Isolator

Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant CVT

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Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant CT

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Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant Power-line Carrier Signaling

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Field Visit

Victoria Power Plant Protection

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Learning Outcomes

After completing this module the student should be able

to:
demonstrate knowledge of the general requirements of
protective relaying.
select suitable instrument transformers for metering and
protection, optimization of their protection functions.
demonstrate knowledge of relaying principles of electro-
mechanical, static and numeric relays.
design protection schemes using over current, earth fault and
directional relays and to calculate the relay settings.
design appropriate protection schemes for generators and
transformers.
apply different distance relay techniques for transmission line
protection.

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Reference

Juan M. Gers and Edward J Holms, Protection of Electricity

Distribution Networks, 2nd Edition, IET Power and Energy
Series 47, IEEE, London, UK, 2011, ISBN 0 86341 537 7.

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Outline

Introduction to power system protection

Necessity for protection
Protection Requirements
Zones of Protection
Primary and backup protection
Breaker Failure Protection

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Goal of a Power System

Power system is expected to provide electricity at an

acceptable level of,
Reliability
Quality
Safety
Price

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Objective of Power System Protection

To design, install and maintain the power system to

limit the cumulative faults and to overcome the
possible risk of damage.

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Necessity for Protection

Faults will occur in power systems despite how well

the system is designed
Lightening
Contact of tree branches
Deterioration of insulators causing flashover
Vandalism
Contact of animals

Majority of faults are transient in nature and can be

cleared with no or short interruptions
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Faults in Power Systems

Faults are associated with

Rapid growth of currents to very large values

Considerable voltage deviations

Liberation of large amount of heat at the fault

Overheating of healthy lines and equipment

A risk to life/property

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Functions of the Protection System

Primary function
Fast removal of any element of a power system when it suffers a
short circuit, or when it starts to operate in any abnormal
manner
Permits the rest of the system to remain in service
Limits the possibility of damage to other equipment

Secondary function
Provides an indication of the location and type of fault

Essential elements in a protection system

Relays to detect faults and issue trip signals
Circuit breakers to disconnect the faulty section from rest of
the network
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Protection Requirements

Availability
Simplicity
Economical
Flexibility
Cost
Reliability
Speed Functional
Selectivity
Sensitivity

It is practically impossible to satisfy all the abovementioned needs

at the same time
Compromise is required to obtain the optimum protection

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Economical Requirements

Availability
Minimum time for repair and maintenance

Simplicity
Minimum equipment and circuitry

Flexibility
For an easy adaptation to the power system

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Functional Requirements

Reliability
Neither over nor under reaction (i.e. Should be dependable and secure)
Dependability
Certainty of correct operation
Security
Ability to avoid incorrect operation
Causes for incorrect operation
Incorrect design/setting
Incorrect installation/testing
Deterioration during the service
Rough or burnt contacts, damaged electronic components, open circuited coils,
stuck mechanical parts, etc.
Need regular testing long periods between relay operation 24

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Functional Requirements Cont...

Speed
Clear the fault as fast as possible

To ensure power system stability

Loss of synchronism
Clearing before the critical clearing time

To avoid equipment damage due to heat

Energy dissipation (IF2)t

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Functional Requirements Cont...

Selectivity
Disconnect only the minimum section of the network to isolate
the fault
Maintain supply to unfaulted sections

Methods of introducing selectivity :

Time grading
Operating times of the relays in successive zones are arranged so that
only the relay in faulty section complete the operation
Operating time is proportional to the fault severity
Unit protection
Protections systems that respond to faults in a clearly defined zone
Relatively fast operation
Speed is independent of the fault severity
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Functional Requirements Cont...

Methods of introducing selectivity cont...

Directional Protection
The relay can determine the direction of power flow
Trips circuit breakers only if the direction of fault current is according
to the relay setting
Very important in proving protection to
Meshed networks
Networks with various generating sources
Parallel elements

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Functional Requirements Cont...

Sensitivity
Minimum level of operating parameter required to
complete the relay operation
Voltage, current, power, etc.
Electromechanical relays
Sensitivity of the measuring movement
Digital relays
Sensitivity is usually limited by the current/voltage transformer
parameters

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Zones of Protection

To limit the extent of power system that is disconnected during

a fault, the protection is arranged in zones.

Zone 1
Generators
Transformers
Groups of generator transformers Zone 2
Motors
Busbars
Lines Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5 Zone 6 29

Zones of Protection Cont...

Ideally, a protection zone must overlap with the

adjacent zones

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Primary and Backup Protection

It is essential that any fault is isolated

But failure/unavailability of main protection scheme is
possible
Backup Protection provides the second line of
defense
Unit type protection relays operate only for faults within
the zone (Can only be used as primary protection)
Other relays can detect faults in adjacent zones, and can
be used as backup protection
Whenever possible, every element must be protected by
primary and backup systems

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Primary Protection

Primary protection must operate every time an

element detects a fault
One primary protection element may cover group of
equipments
One equipment may be protected by a number of primary
protection relays for different types of faults

Usually a unit type protection, and therefore operate

faster

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Backup Protection

Operate when the primary protection failed to operate

Backup protection usually involve a timedelay before the
operation
Allow time for primary protection to operate
One relay can provide backup protection to several
different pieces of equipment
A primary relay for one equipment may provide backup
protection to several other equipment
A single piece of equipment can have several backup
protection systems

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Redundancy

Ensure the fault detection and isolation in the event

of component failure
At least two redundant schemes for each zone
Schemes A and B
Two schemes are independent from each other
Measurements from different CTs/VTs
Relays from different manufacturers
Two trip coils in circuit breakers; one operated by Scheme
A and the other operated by Scheme B
Separate DC power supplies/Battery banks

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Breaker Failure Protection

Detects and isolates the circuit breakers that fails to

open to isolate a fault
Faulted breakers
Very critical protection scheme
Additional actions must be initiated to isolate the
fault
Operation of remote protection
Local protection

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Breaker Failure Protection Cont...

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Breaker Failure Protection by Remote Backup

Remote Backup

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Breaker Failure Protection by Relaying

Breaker Failure Relaying

BFR on breaker [3] detects breaker failure condition

BFR trips a Lockout relay on Bus B
Lockout relay trips breakers [2], [5], and [7]
Lockout relay blocks close of [2], [5], and [7]
Transfer Trip (remote signalling) to breaker [4]
Cancel reclose of [4]
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Example

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Answer

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