DISTANCE PROTECTION CALCULATION:

ZONE SETTINGS:
Zone 1 = 80% of Protected Line
Zone 1B = 100% of Protected Line
Zone 2 = 100% of Protected Line + 20% of Adjacent Shortest Line
Zone 3 = 100% of Protected Line + 150% of Adjacent Longest Line
Zone 4 = 200% of Protected Line

CALCULATIONS:
1. CT / PT RATIO :
2. Positive Sequence Resistance ={ Line Length * Positive Sequence
Resistance* 80 % of Protected Line}
3. Positive Sequence Reactance = {Line Length * Positive Sequence
Reactance* 80 % of Protected Line}
4. Arc Resistance (Secondary) for Phase to Phase Fault =
{ * Primary Arc Resistance * CT / PT Ratio}
5. Tower Footing Resistance ( Secondary ) for Phase to Ground Fault
= {Tower Footing Resistance (Primary) * CT / PT Ratio}
6. Positive Sequence Resistance 100% of Line ={Line Length* Positive
Sequence Resistance / Km}
7. Reactance per Unit Length= {Positive Sequence Reactance / Line
Length}
8. Positive Sequence Reactance 100% of Line = {Line Length * Positive
Sequence Reactance / Km}
9. Zero Sequence Resistance 100% of Line = {Line Length * Zero
Sequence Resistance / Km}
10. Zero Sequence Reactance 100% of Line = {Line Length * Zero
Sequence Reactance / Km}
11. Phase to Phase Resistance (Reactance) = {R1(X1) +Arc Resistance
Ph to Ph}
12. Phase to Ground Resistance (Reactance) = {R1(X1) +Arc Resistance
Ph to Ph+Tower Footing Resistance Ph to Gnd}
13. Zero Sequence Compensation:
RE / RL = {1/3 * Zero Sequence Resistance 100% of Line / Positive
Sequence Resistance 100% of Line 1}
XE / XL = {1/3 * Zero Sequence Reactance 100% of Line / Positive
Sequence Reactance 100% of Line 1}
 X/R = {Positive Sequence Reactance 100% of Line /
Positive Sequence Resistance 100% of Line}
Line Angle () = tan1 {X / R}
14. R load Primary = {Vmin / 1.732 * IL max}
R load Secondary = {(NCT / NVT) * R load Primary}
15. R load (ph to ph) Sec ={R load Primary * Security Margin (%) }(=)
= {R load Secondary Above value (=)}

TESTING PROCEDURE:
1. Measurement :
2. Zone Reach Test :
3. Carrier Send :
Create zone 1 fault within Teleprotection Element Enabled.
4. Carrier Received :
Create zone 2 fault within Teleprotection Element Enabled.
Initiate receive signal, it will trip at Z1 B time instantly.
5. SOTF ( SWITCH ON TO FAULT ) :
SOTF Protn should be enabled, give the current settings.
Trip L123 should be Configured.
Given 1 or 3 (ct or volt) with manual close BI at the
Same Time).
Create zone 2 fault & give manual close signal, it will trip
at Z1 time instaneously.
6. DTT ( Direct Transfer Trip ) :
Given 3 Trip will go to other end.
7. A/R ( Auto Reclosure ) :
Configured with Trip and action times.
For 1 trip we configured in power system data 2, Relay
Trip Command L1L2L3 (507, 8, 9) & Distance trip 1 trip Z1 at
Distance General Settings (3811, 3823). CB1 ready signal should be
configured in power system data 2.

Dead Time:
It is the time b/w after bkr tripping time to reclosing
Pulse initiating time.
Reclaim Time:
Reception of reclosing pulse time to the time taken by
The system comes to Normal Condition.
 - Within reclaim time we are trying to give another pulse, it
Will go to Lockout.
- Create Z2 fault with Carrier Failure and A/R Enabled, the
1 fault Convert into 3 fault.
- Create Z2 fault with Carrier Receive and A/R Enabled,
Auto Reclosure with attempt and give the close command.
8. PSB(D) [Power Swing Blocked (Detection)] :
It is created by Ramping in OMICRON kit. We want to
Vary the voltage & current simultaneously.
9. Back up O/C and E/F protection :
It is Back up Directional O/C for distance protection.
10.VT Fuse Failure :
Apply 3 voltage and Remove one phase.
11.Broken Conductor:
Give 3 voltage and 2 current, less amount of current
in 3rd phase. Whenever the CT jumper is open at the
Time it will operate.

12.U/V,O/V & Fault locator :

Fault Locator Displays fault distance in KM.
We give % of resistance and reactance value, it will
Calculate the KM.
If U/V is operated, it should block the distance trip.
13.STUB :
- A O/C Protn With line isolator open in 1 bkr
system only, not for double or transfer bus system.
14.WEI :
- Bkr Close Status, U/V in any 1 or 3,with Distance.
Carrier Received.
15. PUTT (OTT): (Permissive Under (Over) Reach Transfer Trip
Scheme)
PUTT POTT
Carrier Send Signal for Z1 Carrier Send Signal for Z2
only only
Inst.trip for Inst.trip for
Z1 trip Z2 trip
Z2 trip+ Carrier Z2 trip+ Carrier
Receive (trip at Z1 Receive (trip at 0 secs)
time)