Fracture,

Composites,
p , and
MAPDL
Enhancements
ANSYS v15.0 Update
p
Seminar

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6
Failure Modeling

Modeling of various failure modes can be accomplished in ANSYS

ANSYS.
Static analysis and failure indices are a snapshot in time of a static
material state.
Failure criteria describes what the material state is compared to allowables.
allowables
Composite delamination, crack growth, progressive failure, and
delamination fatigue can be modeled in ANSYS.

7
Delamination Failure Modeling

Two techniques exist in ANSYS to simulate the behavior of crack that will
propagate along a known path:
Virtual crack closure technique (VCCT).
Cohesive zone model (CZM)
(CZM).

These techniques are commonly used for the modeling of delamination in

composite structures
structures, since the crack is assumed to propagate at the
interface between layers

Both
B th techniques
t h i use special
i l elements
l t (i
(interface
t f or contact)
t t) along
l a pre-
defined interface to model the delamination of cracks.

8
Delamination Using CZM

Delamination can be analyzed using the cohesive zone methodmethod.

A critical fracture energy is introduced that is the energy required to break
apart the two interface surfaces.
The interface ssurfaces
rfaces of the materials can be represented b by a special set
of interface elements or contact elements.
A CZM material model is used to characterize the constitutive behavior of
the interface.
interface

9
Delamination Using VCCT

Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT)

Initially developed to calculate the energy-release rate of a cracked body.
Widely used in the interfacial crack growth simulation of laminate composites.
Crack growth is always along a predefined path which is defined by interface
elements in ANSYS.
A crack growth simulation process involves the following steps
Create finite element model with a predefined crack path
Perform the energy-release rate calculation
Perform the crack growth calculation

10
Modeling Delamination Failure

In v15
v15.00 Delamination can now be included in Workbench under Fracture
Fracture
in the tree.

Both methods for modeling delamination are now available in WB

Contact Elements
Interface Elements

11
Contact Debonding

To define contact debonding the user must specify the contact region that
will be allowed to Debond and the material properties that define the
debonding.
The contact region must be defined as Bonded contact using the Penalty
Method.

The only debonding method available for contact debonding is CZM.

CZM Properties are defined in Engineering Data

Contact element
cohesive zone
properties

12
Interface Element Delamination

Interface elements require a matching node pattern on each side of the

interface.
This can be identified by defining a Match Control mesh item and then
selecting that mesh item in the Interface Delamination definition.

Mesh matching can also be defined by choosing Node

Node Matching
Matching and
specifying a source and target face

13
Interface Delamination

Interface element delamination allows for either CZM or VCCT to be used

to determine when delamination will occur.

Like contact debonding, interface element CZM delamination requires a

CZM material property to define the delamination criteria

Interface element
cohesive zone properties

14
Interface Delamination

VCCT method does not require material properties,

properties it requires a critical
energy release rate:

And the identification of an initial crack by adding a Pre-meshed Crack to

the model:

A Pre-meshed crack is defined by a Named Selection of nodes and a

ccrack
ac coo
coordinate
d ate system.
syste

15
Viscous Regularization

Interface elements (INTERnnn) now allow viscous regularization to be

used for stabilizing interface delamination.
TB,CZM,,,,VREG

VREG = 1E-2, Cum Iter = 412 VREG = 1E-5, Cum Iter = 935

Without VREG problem will not converge

16
Delamination Methods Comparison

Interface Elements Contact Elements

Better convergence behavior Easier to set up
Can use VCCT Arbitrary mesh (node to node
Bi linear or Exponential CZM
Bi-linear matching not required)
material model Standard contact behavior after
Can use viscous regularization separation
Post pprocessing
g is easier

17
 ANSYS Composite
P
Prep/Post
/P t

ANSYS v15.0 Update

Seminar

CAE Associates Inc. and ANSYS Inc. Proprietary

2014 CAE Associates Inc. and ANSYS Inc. All rights reserved.
Composites in ANSYS

ANSYS Composite Prep/Post is an add add-on

on module to
existing structural solver licenses dedicated to the
modeling of layered composite structures
structures.
Enhancements in v15.0 include:
Easy Submodeling for composites
Enhanced interlaminar shear stress computation for solid
composites
Easy modeling of interface delaminations (VCCT, CZM,
Debonding) in ACP and Mechanical
To be demoed

19
Composites in ANSYS

Enhancements in v15
v15.0
0 include:
Solid model extrusion enhancements
Composite solid model workflows in Workbench now support the
use of SOLSH190 elements
New extrusion methods
Adjustable warping limit to control removal of bad elements
Reorganized solid model GUI
Geometry export of ply and laminate surfaces in STEP and
IGES format
Sharing ACP composite definitions
within a Workbench Project using new shared mode of ACP
across projects using new import/export functionality in ACP

20
ACP - Ply Boundary Export

ACP V15.0
V15 0 now allows for the export of ply boundaries as surfaces or lines
in STP or IGES format.

21
Interlaminar Shear Calculation V15

Example model of a plate in shear

shear. 16 layers

Previous ILS calculations (Values extracted from ANSYS results)

Shell Model ILS Solid Model 1 layer per Solid Model 4 layers per
element ILS element ILS
22
Interlaminar Shear Calculation V15

ACP V15 has the option to recompute ILS inside of ACP .

This results in very accurate ILS calculations even for solids with multiple
layers per element.
Uses forces from ANSYS and stack information from ACP
ACP.

Solid Model 1 layer per Solid Model 4 layers per

element ILS element ILS

23
Interface Delamination in ACP

In v15
v15.0
0 ACP has added the capability to automatically insert an interface
layer between any composite layers defined.

24
Interface Delamination in ACP

You may also define part of that region as an Open

Open Area
Area . Essentially
modeling an initial crack in the model.

25
Interface Delamination in ACP

When the model is brought into Mechanical the interface region and initial
crack are automatically defined.

26
 ACP Demo

ANSYS v15.0 Update

Seminar

CAE Associates Inc. and ANSYS Inc. Proprietary

2014 CAE Associates Inc. and ANSYS Inc. All rights reserved.
 MAPDL
E h
Enhancements
t

ANSYS v15.0 Update

Seminar

CAE Associates Inc. and ANSYS Inc. Proprietary

2014 CAE Associates Inc. and ANSYS Inc. All rights reserved.
Additional Failure Modeling

ANSYS allows for progressive damage modeling

The user needs to define the failure criteria used for the compressive fiber
and matrix failure as well as for tensile fiber and matrix failure.
Maximum Stress
Stress, Maximum Strain
Strain, Puck
Puck, Hashin,
Hashin LaRC03 and LaRC 04 are
available.
Technique requires definition of three material models:
Damage initiation criteria: TB,DMGI
TB DMGI
Damage evolution law: TB,DMGE
Material strength limits: TB,FCLI

29
Progressive Damage

In ANSYS the term progressive

progressive damage
damage refers to spatial progression
progression.
Prior to v15.0 the only available damage evolution law is Material Property
Degradation Method, which is an instant stiffness reduction.
Thus once the stress reaches the damage limit
Thus, limit, the material stiffness is
immediately reduced to a user-specified value.
In this case, damage can progress through the model into other elements in
the mesh as the load is increased, but the damage within a particular element
is modeled as a step function: either undamaged or damaged.

In ANSYS 15.0, an additional damage evolution law has been added,

called the Continuum Damage Mechanics Method.
In this model, damage variables increase gradually based on energy amounts
dissipated and viscous damping coefficients.
Damage can therefore progress within an element as well as throughout the
mesh.

30
Post-Processing Damage

Result quantities are used to plot the extent of damage:

PLESOL,PDMG,STAT
Damage status (0 = undamaged, 1 = damaged, 2 = completely damaged)
PLESOL PDMG <damage variable>:
PLESOL,PDMG,<damage
FT = Fiber tensile damage variable
FC = Fiber compressive damage variable
MT = Matrix tensile damage
g variable
MC = Matrix compressive damage variable
S = Shear damage variable
SED = Energy dissipated per unit volume
SEDV = Energy per unit volume due to viscous damping

Note that for the MPDG instant stiffness evolution, damage status is only 0
or 1,
1 and the SED and SEDV damage variables are not defined
defined.

31
Damage Test Case

Plate with hole under tension load

load.
2D plane stress formulation.
Orthotropic material properties.
Define energy value = 0 0.02
02 and viscous damping = 0 0.4
4 for all directions
directions.
Far-field stress = 4,000 psi.
Damage initiation stress = 10,000 psi in fiber direction (x), 8,000 psi in matrix
direction (y)
(y).

32
Damage Test Case : MPDG Method

Fiber tension damage variable at full loading for test case:

Reduction value was specified as 0.5, so any fiber tensile damage will have a
value of either 0.0 or 0.5.

33
Damage Test Case : V15.0 CDM Method

Fiber tension damage variable at full loading for test case:

Values can range between 0 and 1 as damage is accumulated.
Maximum fiber damage is 0.83 at full loading.

34
Damage Test Case : CDM Method

Stress-strain behavior in fiber (x) direction

direction, comparing no damage and
damage and MPDG cases with the CDM case, at critical location at edge
of hole:
Note the MPDG case changes stiffness from initial to reduced in one step
step.
The CDM case changes stiffness gradually due to progressive damage.

35
Fracture Tools

As we have seen there are several tools are available for evaluating
fracture mechanics parameters:
The J-Integral calculation is based on the domain integral approach and is
performed during the solution phase of the analysis (CINT).
Direct energy-release rate calculation, based on the virtual crack closure
technique (VCCT), is performed at solution (CINT).
Stress-intensity y factors calculation with the interaction integral
g approach
pp
during solution (CINT)
Stress-intensity factors calculation with extrapolation during postprocessing
(KCALC).

In version 15.0 two additional methods were added

T-stress calculation using the interaction integral approach during solution
(CINT).
(CINT)
Material force calculation is performed during the solution (CINT).

36
T-Stress

T-Stress Calculation for Fracture Analysis

T-Stress is the stress acting parallel to the crack faces.
The calculation is the solution of a line load of magnitude f applied along the
crack front in the direction of the crack plane

T-stress evaluation supports the following material behavior:

Linear isotropic
p elasticity
y
Isotropic plasticity

Uses the CINT command:

CINT,TYPE,TSTRESS

37
Material Force

The material force,

force also known as the configurational force,
force is the force
exerted by a surrounding body on an inclusion or defect in the body.

Used to analyze material defects such as dislocations, voids, interfaces and

cracks.
Based on the idea that when an inclusion is incorporated into a stress-free
elastic bod
body, the entire bod
body undergoes
ndergoes a deformation
deformation.
The change in total energy due to the deformation is characterized by the
material force, represented by an energy-momentum tensor.
Material force evaluation supports the following material behavior:
Linear isotropic elasticity
Nonlinear isotropic elasticity
Isotropic hardening plasticity
Kinematic hardening plasticity
38
Modeling Wear

ANSYS has introduce the capability to model wear using contact

elements.
A new material property TB,WEAR is assigned to the contact elements.
The only
onl built-in
b ilt in wear
ear model available
a ailable is Archard Wear.
Wear
The Archard wear model relates the rate of wear, to contact pressure, sliding
velocity, and material hardness.
Since the wear is a function of velocity a quasi-static or transient structural analysis
is required (i.e time is important).
The wear is in the direction opposite to the contact normal.
Inputs:
p Wear coefficient,, Material Hardness,, Pressure Exponent,
p , Velocityy
Exponent
In an elastic-plastic analysis the hardness can be automatically derived from
the current yield stress. H=yield stress/3

The user can also define their own wear model: USERWEAR.

39
Modeling Wear

In a wear analysis the contact nodes are moved to represent the wear
increment each step, to simulate the actual removal of material.
As the contact nodes are moved, the contact penetration (and therefore
the pressure) decreases
decreases.

Mesh before wear Mesh at end of wear analysis

40
Modeling Wear

Animation of stress during wear analysis

41
Other APDL Contact Enhancements

Bolt thread modeling

Discussed in Workbench Mechanical

User programmable subroutines for defining contact properties and

contact interaction.
USERCNPROP
USERCNINTER

CNTR command allows you to redirect contact pair output information to a

separate
t file.
fil
Avoids having to search through output file
Jobname.cnm

42
Other APDL Contact Enhancements

Tabular Real Constants Using X,Y,Z

X Y Z Primary Variables
In the previous release, these variables represented the current location of
contact detection, causing the associated real constants to be updated as the
model deformed.
Now, primary variables X, Y, and Z represent the location of contact detection
at the beginning of the solution (the undeformed configuration).

Normal Contact Stiffness

In prior releases, the internal contact stiffness in the normal direction did not
vary with the user-defined penetration tolerance (contact element real constant
FTOLN).
In this release, the internal stiffness is inversely proportional to the user-
defined penetration tolerance; that is, the tighter the tolerance, the higher the
normal contact stiffness
stiffness.

43
Other APDL Enhancements

The new Lkey = FIXED option on the FDELE command applies the
current relative displacement value to the specified degree of freedom in
addition to deleting the force.
Usually used for pretension elements
elements.

Strain Energy Density Output

The strain energy density can now be output via the following
commands: ESOL, ETABLE,PLESOL, PRNSOL, PRESOL, PRNSOL.

44
Rezoning

There is a new mesh

mesh splitting
splitting rezoning option the user can choose a
region to rezone by splitting the existing mesh.
Works with 2D Quads and Tri elements.

Also works with 3D but only on LINEAR tetrahedrons (SOLID285)

Results in large increase in number of elements.

4X for 2D elements
8X for 3D elements

45
Rezoning

There are a couple of options for transitioning to the non-split regions

46
Automatic Rezoning

ANSYS has introduced the capability for automatic mesh rezoning via
Mesh Nonlinear Adaptivity
Unlike regular rezoning, nonlinear adaptivity is completely automatic, requiring
no user input during solution.
Mesh adaptivity through refinement can improve solution accuracy in general.
It can help to capture local deformations in more detail, useful in applications
such as:
rubber sealing for small cavities
local necking
local buckling.
The program offers contact-based, energy-based, and position-based criteria
to determine whether the mesh needs to be modified and, if so, what parts of
the mesh should be modified.

47
Automatic Rezoning

The NLADAPTIVE command allows you to control the regions that will be
refined, the criteria for refining and the frequency of refinement.
Criteria can be:
Contact based: Defines number of elements that should be in contact with
target. Used to allow a contact region to follow the geometry of targets more
accurately.
Energy
gy based: Comparep the strain energy
gy of an element to the average
g strain
energy of all elements in component to be refined.
Position based: Define a bounding box, elements that enter this box during the
solution will be refined.

48
Automatic Rezoning

Rubber seal compression.

compression
No mesh adaptivity

49
Automatic Rezoning

Using automatic adaptive rezoning

50
Linear Dynamics

Mode-Superposition Harmonic Analysis for Cyclic Structures

Harmonic analyses of cyclic structures can now be performed using the mode-
superposition method, including support for prestressed structures using
linear perturbation.
p
Use CYCOPT,MSUP,ON
Loading occurs via engine order excitation: CYCFREQ,EO
Apply the require load then specify the order of the excitation
Typically, the engine order is simply a count of the number of stators, combustion
nozzles, etc., that cause the disturbance.
Mapping of complex pressures from a CFD analysis is supported.
O l the
Only th base
b sector
t solution
l ti isi stored
t d on the
th MODE and d RST fil
files, so th
they
are significantly smaller than the non-mode-superposition modal files.

Use the CYCFILES command to Post Process the harmonic results

51
Linear Dynamics

Large Deflection Prestressed Cyclic Symmetry Mode Superpostion

Example:
Impeller: 1/13 sector modeled
6000 RPM applied in static analysis
1000 Psi pressure applied on base and duplicate sector
Engine order of 3 specified (CYCFREQ,EO,3)

52
Linear Dynamics

Large Deflection Prestressed Cyclic Symmetry Mode Superpostion

Example:

53
Linear Dynamics

There is a new
new subspace modal eigensolver
MODOPT,SUBSP

This solver performs well when the goal is to obtain a moderate number of
eigenvalues on large modes run in distributed parallel.

ANSYSR15ModalAnalysisRun
ANSYS R15 Modal Analysis Run
Comparison,ModelSize=9.5MDOF
9.0

80
8.0
ElapsedTime[hr]

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

30
3.0
PCG8Cores PCG12Cores Subspace8Cores Subspace12Cores

54
Solver Enhancements

Sparse Solver Enhancements

The sparse solver has been improved to perform better detection and handling
of singular (or nearly singular) matrices.

Typically, such matrices indicate modeling issues such as rigid body motion or
the introduction of hourglass.

The new logic may result in some poorly constructed models no longer
solving, when they may have solved in prior releases.

In a nonlinear analysis using the Newton-Raphson method, the error detection

for a singular matrix is performed at the first iteration of the first load step.
See Singular Matrices in the Basic Analysis Guide for a list of conditions that
may trigger this message and suggestions on how to isolate the portion of the
model that may not be properly constrained.

It is
i possible
ibl tto b
bypass th
the error d
detection
t ti llogic
i ffor singular
i l matrices
ti
(PIVCHECK,OFF).

55
Solver Enhancements

Distributed Solver Enhancements

The domain decomposition algorithm has been improved. Better performance
and scaling (particularly at higher core counts) may be noticed, especially for
problems with a large
p g number of contact p pair definitions.

Support is now available for thermal transient analyses which use the quasi
matrix reform method (THOPT,QUASI).

The algorithm for handling multipoint constraint equations and coupling

equations (including related usages by contact and MPC184 elements) has
b
been iimprovedd to automatically
i ll id
identify
if slave
l d
degrees-of-freedom
ff d andd remove
redundancy in global solution matrices.

For performance reasons,

reasons the program no longer allows Distributed ANSYS to
be launched with more processors (per simulation) than the number of physical
CPU cores that exist in the system.

56