Distributing The Load of Bridges Over The Girders

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This article throws light upon the top two theories adopted for
distributing load of bridges over the girders.
1. Courbons Theory:
In Courbons theory, the cross-beams or diaphragms are assumed to

be infinitely stiff. Due to the rigidity of the deck, a concentrated load,
instead of making the nearby girder or girders deflected, moves down
all the girders the relative magnitude of which depends on the
location of the concentrated load or group of concentrated loads.
In case of a single concentric load or a group of symmetrical load, the

deflection of all the girders becomes equal but when the loads are
placed eccentrically with respect to the centre line of the deck, the
deflection of all the girders does not remain the same but the outer
girder of the loaded side becomes more deflected than the next
interior girder and so on but the deflection profile remains in a
straight line as illustrated in Fig. 6.1.
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The behaviour of the deck is similar to a stiff pile-cap and the method
of evaluation of load sharing or load distribution over the piles may
be utilised in the evaluation of load coming on each girder.
Thus from Fig. 6.1:
Load on beam A:
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Courbons method is valid if the following conditions are

satisfied:
(i) The longitudinal girders are connected by at least five cross-

girders, one at centre, two at ends and two at one-fourth points.
(ii) The depth of the cross girder is at least 0.75 of the depth of the
longitudinal girders.
(iii) The span-width ratio is greater than 2 as specified in clause

305.9.1 of IRC: 21-1987. The Author, however, recommends that to
get realistic values, the span-width ratio shall be greater than 4 as
was shown by the Author in an article published in the Indian
Concrete Journal, August, 1965.
The use of Courbons method in finding out the distribution

coefficients is illustrated by an example. It may be mentioned here
that although the span-width ratio of the deck under consideration is
not such as to make the theory valid but just to make, a comparative
study of the results by the other method viz. Morice and Littles
theory, this is illustrated.
Example 1:
Find out the distribution coefficients for the outer and

central girder (having same moment of inertia) of the deck
shown in Fig. 6.2 when single lane of class AA (tracked)
loading is placed on the deck with maximum eccentricity.
The distance between centre lines of bearings of the deck is
12 metres:
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2. Morice & Littles Theory:
Unlike Courbons theory, this theory takes into account the actual
properties of the deck viz., the flexural and torsional stiffness of the
deck and therefore, this method is considered to be more rational.
The distribution coefficients obtained by this method fairly agree
with the actual load test results and therefore, the same is universally
used.
In Morice & Littles theory, the properties of the deck have

been expressed by the following two parameters:
Authors Simplified Method of Morice & Littles Theory:
Though Morice and Littles method for finding out the distribution
coefficients is more rational and gives better results, this method has
at least one drawback in relation to Courbons method viz. this
method requires much more time in finding out the distribution
coefficients.
With a view to getting the distribution coefficients by the rational

method of Morice & Little in comparatively lesser time, a simplified
method based on Morice & Littles theory has been developed by the
Author.
The principal feature of the simplified method is that instead Of

finding out the values of Ko and K1 from no-torsion and torsion
graphs and then getting the value of K from the interpolation
formula, K= K0 + (K1 K0) , the value of K may be directly
obtained from the curves (Fig. B-1 to B-9 ) which have been prepared
for various values of and .
The number of standard reference stations also has been reduced to

five only viz., -b, -b/2, 0, b/2 and b instead of nine in order to keep
the number of curves for the standard reference stations within
practical limits.
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The example used in finding out the distribution coefficients for the
outer and central girders by the Courbons method may again be tried
by the simplified method of Morice & Littles Theory. This will
explain the use of the simplified method for finding out the
distribution coefficients as well as will assist in making a comparative
study between the two methods.
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Examples 2:
Calculate the distribution coefficients of the outer and central girder

of the bridge deck shown in Example 1.
Given:
(i) Span = 2a = 12.0 m
(ii) Nos. of main beams = m = 3
(iii) Spacing of main beams = p = 2.45 m
(iv) Equivalent width = 2b = mp = 3 x 2.45 = 7.35 m
(v) Nos. of cross beams = 4
(vi) Spacing of cross-beams = q = 4.0 m
(vii) E = Youngs Modulus=35.25 x 104 Kg/cm2
(viii) G = Rigidity Modulus = 14. 10 x 104 Kg/cm2
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Solution:
Moment of inertia of main beams:
Effective width of flange shell be minimum of the following

values as per clause 305:12.2 of IRC : 21-1987:
(a) Spacing of girders = 2.45 m = 245 cm
(b) 12 times the flange thickness plus rib width = 12 x 23 + 30 = 306

cm
(c) Span = 3.0 m = 300 cm
For calculating the moment of inertia, an idealized section

of the girder as shown in Fig. 6.4 is assumed. M.I. of main
beam about centroid of section = 18.80 x 106 cm. units:
Moment of inertia of the cross beam:
Effective flange width shall be minimum of the following:
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(a) Spacing of cross beam = 4m = 400 cm.
(b) 12 times the flange thickness plus rib width = 12 x 23 + 25 = 301

cm.
(c) of span of the cross beam (assumed equal to the centre

distance between outer girders)
2245/4 = 122.5 cm.
Minimum value of 122.5 cm. is taken as the effective flange width.

Moment of inertia of the cross-beam, J= 5.78 x106 cm. units
Torsional stiffness of the cross-beam:
Effective flange width for cross beams may be taken as the spacing of
the cross beam while finding out the torsional stiffness.
Load on Equivalent Deck:
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Equivalent deck width = 2b = np = 7.35 m. The tracked vehicle is

placed on the equivalent deck with the same eccentricity as shown in
Fig. 6.2. The equivalent loads at standard reference stations are
calculated as simple reaction considering the distance between
reference stations as simply supported spans and each track load as
unit load.
Unit Distribution Co-Efficient, k
The unit distribution coefficients at various reference

stations for equivalent loads at various positions as in Table
6.1 are obtained from curves B-1 to B-9 with 0 = 0.46 and a
= 0.054 and shown in Table 6.2:
Distribution Coefficients at Various Reference Stations:
The distribution coefficients at various reference stations may be

obtained by multiplying the equivalent load with the unit
distribution coefficients, k, adding vertically k and then dividing
by 2 since there are two unit loads on the deck. In case of 2 lanes of
class A loading, there will be four unit loads on the deck and as such
k shall be divided by 4 to get distribution coefficients for each
reference station.
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Actual Distribution Coefficients at Beam Position:
Table 6.3 shows the distribution coefficients at various reference

stations but actual distribution coefficients at beam positions are
required to be known. This may be done by plotting the values of the
distribution co-efficient at various reference stations on a graph
paper wherein the beam positions are also shown.
The distribution coefficients may be read from the graph at

the beams positions (Fig. 6.7). These values are shown in
Table 6.4:
It has been noted by comparison of the values of the distribution

coefficients obtained by Morice and Littles original method and by
the Authors Simplified Method of Morice and Littles theory that
results of both the methods are more or less the same and do not vary
by more than 5 per cent.
Therefore, the simplified method presented herein may be adopted

for practical design since this method is much quicker than the
original method.
Live Load Moments on Girders:
Total moment of the deck including impact as already worked out in

Example 1 is 196.31 tm.
... Design live load moment on outer girder = Average moment x

distribution coefficient
=196.31/3 x 1.45 = 94.88 tm
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Design live load moment on central girder = 196.31/3 x 1.11 = 72.63

tm
It is shown in Fig. 6.1 that the deflection profile of the main girder is
assumed to be a straight line in Courbons theory but in practice the
transverse deck is not infinitely stiff although assumed in Courbons
theory. Morice and Little method, however, takes into consideration
the actual properties of the transverse deck and as such the deflection
profile is a curved one (concave in shape) as obtained in Fig. 6.7.
This curved profile indicates that there is a transverse flexure in the

bridge deck in addition to deflection of the longitudinal girders.
Therefore, for realistic moments, Morice & Littles method shall be
used. Where rough assessment is required within shortest possible
time, Courbons method may be adopted.
Transverse Moments:
So far the methods of distribution of live load on the longitudinal

girders and therefore the procedures for finding out the bending
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moments-on the longitudinal girders have been discussed. Now the

method of calculating the transverse moments and consequently the
bending moments on the cross beams will be described.
Each of the theories illustrated before for determining the

distribution coefficient has its own method of finding out the
transverse moments and will be discussed briefly in order to show the
procedure for designing the cross beams of bridge decks.
i. Transverse moment by Courbons method:
Since the basic assumption of Courbons theory is the infinite rigidity

of the transverse deck, the moment in the transverse direction is
found out by applying the same principle by which the moment in a
stiff pile cap is determined. The loads transferred to the main beams
are taken as the reactions of the supports.
ii. Transverse moment by Morice & Littles method:
The procedure for finding out the bending moment on the cross beam
by Morice & Littles method has been described in details in Morice &
Cooleys book and therefore, is not repeated here. Moreover, the
Authors simplified method outlined hereafter which is based on
Morice & Littles theory will tell about this method more or less in the
same line.
iii. Transverse moment by the Authors simplified method:
When a load is placed on a bridge deck, it causes unequal deflection

across transverse sections and as such induces transverse bending
moment.
This transverse bending moment is given by the infinite

series:
It has been observed that first five terms are sufficient to get the
moment at the centre of transverse span where the moment is
maximum.
Therefore, equation 6.5 reduces to
My = b(r1 3r3 + 5r5)
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Where , 3 , 5 are the transverse distribution coefficients for

moments.
The value of 8 is obtained from equation 6.3, i.e., from the structural
properties of the deck. The term rn is the nth co-efficient of the
Fourier Series representing the longitudinal disposition of the load
(Fig. 6.8).
The values of rn for IRC class AA (tracked) or IRC class 70-R

(tracked) and IRC class A or Class B loading are given
below:
For Class AA or Class 70-R (tracked) loading
For moment at centre of span, where u = a (fig. 6.9)
For Class A or B loading:
The simplifications made in this method from the original

method are:
(i) values can be directly read from the curve instead of finding out
the values of 0 and 1 from two set of curves and then getting p.
values by applying the interpolation formula, = 0 + (1 0) in
each case.
(ii) The value of sin (nu/2a) and sin (n/2) sin (nc/2a) can be
determined from the curves B-13 to B-15 and the values of loading
series rn can be easily found out. The evaluation of these values
otherwise takes, considerable time.
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The values of transverse coefficients p for various values of 0and a

are shown in Fig. B-10 to B-12 at the centre of the deck for load at (-)
b, (-)b/2,0, b/2 and b. The values of rn for Class A or Class B, Class
AA (tracked) and Class 70 R (tracked) loading can be easily
determined from the curves as shown in Fig. B-13 to B-15
respectively.
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Example 3:
Find the design live load moment on the cross-beam of the

bridge deck in example 1 by Courbons method and
Authors simplified Morice & Littles method:
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Courbons Method:
(i) Load placed symmetrically about centre line of

transverse deck:
Considering longitudinal disposition (Fig. 6.9a), load transferred on

the cross beam
= 2x 35 x 3.1/4.0 = 54.25 tons = W (say)
Let the load W be placed symmetrically with respect to the C. L. of

the deck as shown in Fig. 6.9b. Since the transverse deck is assumed
to be rigid, the reaction on each longitudinal girder is W/3.
Now the moment on the cross beam will be maximum at the section
where the shear is zero. This section is 1.57 m away from outer
support.
(ii) Eccentric load on the deck:
It may also be examined if the bending moment produced on the

cross beam due to eccentric load is more than that due to
symmetrical load. The maximum of the two values shall have to
adopted in the design.
Authors Simplified Morice & Littles Method:
Symmetrical Load on Deck:
The same deck as in example 1 is considered. The influence line

diagrams for reference station, 0, i.e., at centre of deck (where the
transverse moment will be maximum) are drawn for , 3, and 5
with the values of = 0.46 and = 0.054 as before and is Shown is
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Fig. 6.10.
Then after placing the tracks of Class AA loading on the influence line
diagrams, the combined average ordinates of both the tracks are
found which gives the values of , 3 and 5 as 0.16, (-)0.020 &
0.020 respectively. Similarly, the value of sin (n/2) sin (nc/2a) are
obtained from Fig. B-14 which are 0.48, (-) 0.99 and 0.68 for n =1,3
and 5 respectively and for 2a = 12.0 m.
Transverse bending moment, per metre length, from equation 6.6
My = b [ r1 3 r3 + 5 r5 ]
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Example 2 and 3 showed the application of simplified Morice &

Littles Method in respect of IRC class AA (Tracked) loads.
This method may be used for IRC Class A or Class B loading also in
the similar manner by placing the single lane or two lanes of vehicles
as the case may be in the transverse direction with maximum
eccentricity with respect to the centre line of the deck and calculating
the equivalent loads at reference stations considering each wheel load
as unit load.
Therefore, must be equal to number of wheel loads, i.e., = 2 for

single lane loading and = 4 for two lanes loading. This?-implies
that K = k for single lane loading and K = k for two lanes
loading (Table 6.3).
As regards longitudinal loading for the determination of transverse

moments, the train loads shall be placed on the span to produce
maximum moments and appropriate rn values shall be used from
equation 6.9. The wheel loads shall be placed symmetrically with
respect to the centre of the transverse deck.
Morice & Littles method is more realistic and as such this method
may be adopted in practical design for getting design moments.
Where very rough and quick assessment of distribution coefficients is
required, Courbons method may be used.
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iii. Morices Distribution Coefficients from Courbons

Values:
Courbons method of load distribution is very quick and simple but

the distribution coefficients obtained by this method are not very
realistic when the span-width ratio is less than 4. Morices method of
load distribution, however, gives correct results as verified by load
tests in a number of bridges (Table 6.8).
Therefore, it would be very advantageous if by some means the

Morices values of distribution coefficients are obtained by applying
Courbons theory.
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Fig. B-16 & B-17 give values of multiplying factors for certain values
of and , the parameters of the bridge deck. Morices distribution
coefficients may be obtained if Courbons values are corrected by
these multiplying factors.
The correctness and usefulness of these multiplying factors in getting

Morices distribution coefficients from Courbons values within
certain values of and are shown in Table 6.8. These multiplying
factors were developed by the Author and published in the Indian
Concrete Journal.
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In Courbons theory, the cross-beams or diaphragms are assumed to

In case of a single concentric load or a group of symmetrical load, the

Thus from Fig. 6.1:

Courbons method is valid if the following conditions are

(i) The longitudinal girders are connected by at least five cross-

(iii) The span-width ratio is greater than 2 as specified in clause

The use of Courbons method in finding out the distribution

Find out the distribution coefficients for the outer and

2. Morice & Littles Theory:

In Morice & Littles theory, the properties of the deck have

Authors Simplified Method of Morice & Littles Theory:

With a view to getting the distribution coefficients by the rational

The principal feature of the simplified method is that instead Of

The number of standard reference stations also has been reduced to

Calculate the distribution coefficients of the outer and central girder

(i) Span = 2a = 12.0 m

(ii) Nos. of main beams = m = 3

(iii) Spacing of main beams = p = 2.45 m

(iv) Equivalent width = 2b = mp = 3 x 2.45 = 7.35 m

(v) Nos. of cross beams = 4

(vi) Spacing of cross-beams = q = 4.0 m

(vii) E = Youngs Modulus=35.25 x 104 Kg/cm2

(viii) G = Rigidity Modulus = 14. 10 x 104 Kg/cm2

Moment of inertia of main beams:

Effective width of flange shell be minimum of the following

(a) Spacing of girders = 2.45 m = 245 cm

(b) 12 times the flange thickness plus rib width = 12 x 23 + 30 = 306

(c) Span = 3.0 m = 300 cm

For calculating the moment of inertia, an idealized section

Moment of inertia of the cross beam:

Effective flange width shall be minimum of the following:

(a) Spacing of cross beam = 4m = 400 cm.

(b) 12 times the flange thickness plus rib width = 12 x 23 + 25 = 301

(c) of span of the cross beam (assumed equal to the centre

2245/4 = 122.5 cm.

Minimum value of 122.5 cm. is taken as the effective flange width.

Torsional stiffness of the cross-beam:

Load on Equivalent Deck:

Equivalent deck width = 2b = np = 7.35 m. The tracked vehicle is

Unit Distribution Co-Efficient, k

The unit distribution coefficients at various reference

Distribution Coefficients at Various Reference Stations:

The distribution coefficients at various reference stations may be

Actual Distribution Coefficients at Beam Position:

Table 6.3 shows the distribution coefficients at various reference

The distribution coefficients may be read from the graph at

It has been noted by comparison of the values of the distribution

Therefore, the simplified method presented herein may be adopted

Live Load Moments on Girders:

Total moment of the deck including impact as already worked out in

... Design live load moment on outer girder = Average moment x

=196.31/3 x 1.45 = 94.88 tm

Design live load moment on central girder = 196.31/3 x 1.11 = 72.63

This curved profile indicates that there is a transverse flexure in the

So far the methods of distribution of live load on the longitudinal

moments-on the longitudinal girders have been discussed. Now the

Each of the theories illustrated before for determining the

i. Transverse moment by Courbons method:

Since the basic assumption of Courbons theory is the infinite rigidity

ii. Transverse moment by Morice & Littles method:

iii. Transverse moment by the Authors simplified method: