SAMPLE SHORT TITLE

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION WITH REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background of the Study

Currently global MSW generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes

per year, and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by

2025. The paper is one of the worlds bulk waste. Over the past decade there has been

an increase to the usage of paper products used and these of course goes as wastes.

Paper wastes comprises about 15 to 20 percent of the solid waste produced annually.

Same is true for the Philippines, our country produces about 29,315 tons of solid waste

a day wherein printing and writing papers typically found in a school or office

environment such as copier paper, computer printouts and notepads, comprise the

largest category of paper product consumption. Being one of the Largest academy in

the country, MAAP in a school and office environment consumes a large amount of

paper thus generating it as wastes. From the paper wasted due to misprints in the

library to the scratches not fully utilized, how are these wastes handled in MAAP?

Since the day it is invented till today, paper is a part of human life in various

ways and it is gaining even more popularity as years go by. As the consumption of

paper has been increasing, the problem of sourcing raw material is emerging. As a

result, natural resources are being exploited. Recycling of paper has become vital since

the demand for paper has increased and natural resources are being exploited. (Metin

Ylmaz ,2015)

According to Republic Act of 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000 in connection with paper waste management system in MAAP-IMMAJ

academic building supports the aim and possible effects of this paper which is to
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ensure protection of the public health of the environment, utilization of

environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resource and

encourage resource conservation and recovery, promotion of national research and

development programs for improved of waste management and resource techniques,

more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of

waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.

What is the importance of paper recycling? As Stated in the article Everything

You Need to Know About Paper Recycling by Kathryn Sukalich (2016) every ton of

paper recycled saves more than 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space, and if you measure

by weight, more paper is recovered for recycling than plastic, aluminum and glass

combined. Paper is a material that were used to recycling, since 87% of us have

access to curbside or drop-off recycling for paper. Additionally, 76% of paper mills

used some recovered paper in 2011, so the paper you throw into the bin is finding its

way into plenty of new products. A vital point in saving our environment.

Both paper consumption and the paper generation have big impact in the

environment. The using and processing of raw materials has a variety of negative

effects on the environment. At the other hand there are technologies which can

moderate the negative impacts on the environment and they also have a positive

economic effect. One of these processes is the recycling, which is not only the next use

of the wastes. The main benefit of the recycling is a double decrease of the

environment loading, known as an environmental impact reducing. The paper

production from the recycled fibers consumes less energy; conserves the natural
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Paper Waste Management System in MAAP-IMMAJ Academic Building

resources viz. wood and decreases the environmental pollution.( Iveta abalov, et al,

2010)

In the past years, paper waste in MAAP are being accumulated in bulk and

burnt for disposal. In line with this, the researchers would like to come up with a

research that will help the faculty and cadets in increasing their awareness in

segregation of paper waste namely bond paper, newsprint and other (yellow pad,

tickler pages, notebook pages, etc.) in the IMMAJ Academic Building. Also, the

researchers will come up with ways to utilize these wastes to be more productive for

the institution.

Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

-Segregation
Paper waste of
different kinds. -Amount of paper
waste collected

-Follow the
Instructions given

Intervening Variable

-Induction of info
drive

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

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The researchers used the independent-dependent variable method for us to

show the relationship between independent and dependent variable and what

intervening variables is/are. Figure1 shows the paradigm of the study. The different

kinds of paper waste as the independent variable for as always there would always be

paper waste in a school and office environment. For the intervening variable, the

researchers would conduct an info drive to increase the awareness of the cadets

regarding recycling, segregation and paper waste processes to compare the waste

garnered without info drive and the other with info drive. The dependent variable

shows the uncontrollable instances such as if the cadets would follow the given

instructions to do not crumple and segregate the paper and the amount of paper waste

garnered.

Statement of the Problem

The general problem of this study is how to assess the awareness level of the cadets

and the status of paper waste management in IMMAJ academic building.

Specifically, the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the amount of paper wastes accumulated in the IMMAJ academic

building with the collection interval of 2 weeks in a span of 1 month?

2. What area, office accumulates the most amount of paper wastes?

3. What is the effect of the info drive conducted to the paper wastes

management of areas/ offices?

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Hypotheses of the Study

1. The amount of paper waste accumulated in the IMMAJ Academic Building

is presumably high because as we all know paper is used both by cadets

and faculty members thus produces a lot due to misprints, scratches, etc.

2. The faculty rooms are the areas that accumulates the most number of paper

wastes due to misprints, outdated records of grades, seat works and

assignments etc.

3. Facultys and cadets awareness of paper waste management affected their

ideas on how to dispose and segregate their paper wastes

Significance of the Study

This study was conceptualized to evaluate how much paper waste is being produced

every week inside the MAAP-IMMAJ campus Academic Building. This study

determines the main sources of paper waste in the building, setting on how paper

waste will be segregated and how will they benefit on paper waste instead of being a

problem inside the academy.

The Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific

The researchers decided to pursue this study to help in the implementation of

paper waste management in the academy. The Maritime Academy of Asia and the

Pacific being an environmental friendly institution and other institutions may

hopefully benefit to create a suitable paper waste management system.

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The Environment

Attempting to find a proper way to manage paper waste as the main reason of

conducting this research, the researchers are most interested in finding ways to reduce

the paper waste produced within the institution. The researchers wanted to regulate the

additional paper waste of the institution by the help of waste management.

The members of the institution

The results of the study may lead and motivate them to perform become more

diverse and concerned enough to perform sensitively for the call of their duties,

obligation and responsibilities to the country as being maka-kalikasan

The policy makers

The results of this study may help the policy makers of the community and this

institution to create policies involving the reduction of paper waste. Even though the

setting for the study is small, the results may be proportional to the results from a

larger point of view, therefore, helping the policy makers attempt to reduce the paper

waste production or promote ways on how they will use paper waste as a useful

material that can be recycled.

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Scope and Limitation

The Study covered the gathering of data of sources of paper waste accumulated

from MAAP-IMMAJ Academic Building, but the data needed and that is the weight of

each category of paper waste did not exist. These were Gathered from major sources

such as data from classrooms, faculty rooms, and library inside the building for a span

of 1 month with the interval collection of two weeks.

The Study focused on the estimation of the accumulation and disposal of paper

waste and its impact in the institution. The Major source of the paper of west campus

needed for the attainment of the objectives will be coming from MAAP- IMMAJ

academic building specifically from classrooms of the midshipmen fleet, faculty

rooms for faculty and staff and the library for both.

Literature Review

Recycling is one of the eco-activities that have been aggressively promoted in

recent years. Recycling of plastic bottles, cans, and paper is particularly common in

Japan. However, there have been changes in the use of waste paper and recycling of

used paper over the past few years as society and the paper industry change. The

present study discussed recycling of paper in Japan, focusing on effective paper

recycling activities and their methods. The results suggest that the efficacy of paper

recycling is high when products using low-quality recycled paper are required. Waste

sheets and other paper that could be easily recycled were useful resources. Although

high-quality paper products require virgin pulp, waste paper serves as a valuable

resource when it is used for low-quality paper products, such as cardboard and

magazines. However, the recycling of paper does not directly reduce the
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environmental burden. The study results also suggest that the environmental burden is

not reduced as expected because of significant differences in the processes of

producing paper using recycled and virgin pulp. The present study discussed the

effective and efficient use of waste paper and relationship between paper recycling

and the environmental burden based on the results of a market price survey involving

recycled paper products and recent trends in the paper industry. (Masakazu Yamashita,

Kazuto Suzuki 2014)

Solid waste always produce negative impacts to the environment, thus effective

solutions must be implemented. However, most people are not concerned of the

importance of recycling. At the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) which has

already launched the sustainable campus programme in 2007, the initiative to

managing the solid waste and conducting the recycling programs were advocated

through the Zero Waste Campus Initiative (ZWCI), where the team are committed to

do the awareness, practices and enforcement regarding solid waste management in

UKM. It would be undesirable if these initiatives to educate the majority of the

community of UKM were not put into practice. To solve this problem, a study has

been conducted to determine an effective method of recycling management at UKM in

providing quality service that encouraged UKMs community to recycle. The

effectiveness of recycling programs is influenced by a number of factors such as

proper service facilities and good management system. Paper recycling boxes in each

office which is one of recycling component that play important role to educate UKM

staff and awareness of importance recycling systemin waste management campus.

(Rahmah Elfithri, et al 2011)

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In the first experiment, two groups of graduate students who did not know

the nature of the study were given the task of evaluating a pair of scissors by

cutting up as much paper as they could, then disposing of the paper. One group had a

waste basket for that part of the task, while the second group had both a wastebasket

and a recycling bucket. The group that had an option to throw their waste out in a

recycling bucket chopped up nearly three times as much paper. In the second

experiment the researchers staked out a mens room for 30 days and monitored how

many paper towels were used. For the first 15 days of the experiment the restroom

only has a waste basket. For the second 15 days, they added a recycling bin. They

amount of paper used per person during the second 15 days was 14 percent more. The

researchers calculated that the restroom would use 12,500 more paper towels per year

in the second scenario.The researchers also asked their undergrads who conducted the

scissor experiment to fill out a questionnaire about their green behaviors. They

linked the answers with previous studies that showed how people who try to behave in

an eco-friendly manner often trade off and rationalize their behavior, such as saying it

is okay to do a non-green thing because something else they do balances it out. In this

case, they concluded that the people in the experiment used the recycling option as a

way to allow themselves to use more waste because it was going to be recycled. (Jesse

Catlin, Yitong Wang 2013)

A global, comprehensive review of terms and definitions related to paper

recycling was conducted in this article. Terms and definitions related to paper

recycling have varied in the course of time. Different terms and different definitions

for the same thing are being used in different geographical regions and by different
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organizations. Definitions are different based on varying conceptions of waste

paper as a raw material. Definitions of how to make various calculations related

to paper recycling activity are inconsistent. Even such fundamental basic definitions

like how to calculate recycling rate and paper consumption are not uniform. It could

be concluded that there is no uniform system of terms and definitions related to paper

recycling and the implications of this deficiency are profound. For example, it is

difficult to reliably compare with each other statistics from different times and from

different geographical regions. It is not possible to measure if targets for recycling

activities are met if the terms describing the targets are not uniformly defined. In cases

of reporting data for recycling targets, the lack of uniform terminology can, for

example, impede the necessary transparency between different stakeholders and may

allow for deception. (Ilpo Ervasti, et al 2016)

Solid waste management is a challenge for the cities authorities in developing

countries mainly due to the increasing generation of waste, the burden posed on the

municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated to its management, the lack of

understanding over a diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste

management and linkages necessary to enable the entire handling system functioning.

An analysis of literature on the work done and reported mainly in publications from

2005 to 2011, related to waste management in developing countries, showed that few

articles give quantitative information. The analysis was conducted in two of the major

scientific journals, Waste Management Journal and Waste Management and Research.

The objective of this research was to determine the stakeholders action/behavior that

have a role in the waste management process and to analyze influential factors on the
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system, in more than thirty urban areas in 22 developing countries in 4 continents.

(Liliana Abarca Guerrero, et al, 2013)

Today, the world consumes about 300 million tons of paper each year. Most of

that paper is made from virgin pulp, but recycled paper accounts for 38 percent of the

worlds total fiber supply and non-wood fibers from plants like hemp or kenaf make

up 7 percent. The U.S., which contains only 5 percent of the worlds population, uses

30 percent of all paper. In that country, the forest and paper products industry

generates $200 billion dollars in sales every year, accounting for 7 percent of the total

manufacturing output of the United States. About 28 percent of all wood cut in the

U.S. is used for papermaking.

Having come a long way from using rags and mulberry bark, papermaking has

become a sophisticated science. Once a tree is cut down, it goes to a mill where it is

debarked and then chipped into tiny fragments by a series of whirling blades. These

fragments are then cooked in a vat with water and several chemicals, including

caustic soda and sodium sulfate, to make a gooey slurry known as pulp. In the final

stages, additives such as starch, China clay, talc and calcium carbonate are added to

the pulp to improve the strength and brightness of the paper. Then the pulp is bleached

to a white color using water and chlorine before being pressed into rolls and dried.

(Sam Martin 2011)

The process of recycling old paper into new paper might sound like it would be

complex, but in reality, its pretty straightforward. If youre feeling ambitious, you

could even try to recreate this process using everything from old wrapping paper to

junk mail. On an industrial scale, though, paper recycling allows us to save both
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energy and resources. By recycling one ton of paper we save 17 trees, 7,000 gallons of

water and 463 gallons of oil, according to the EPA. (Kathryn Sukalich 2016)

Chapter 2

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This section identifies the design of the study, qualitative or quantitative, and;

exploratory, descriptive or explanatory. With either design: quantitative or qualitative,

the researcher should explain what type of study is being used and why this design is

the best for the study. It should effectively address the research question. Major

variables should be identified in the design.

Participants/Population of the Study

This section sufficiently describes the sample such that it is clear what

population(s) the sample represents. The choice of sampling technique should be

appropriate and justified. Participants may be described in terms of gender, age,

number of years of experience, etc. as appropriate.

Locale of the Study

This reflects where and when the study was conducted.

Data Gathering Tools/ Materials and Equipment (as applicable)

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This section includes a brief description of constructs and all measures that will

be used to operationalize them. This describes the instruments, including surveys,

tests, questionnaires, interview forms, and other tools used to provide data.

Data Gathering Procedure

This section briefly describes the overall plan of the research, the sequence of

events from beginning to end (including sampling, measurement, and use of groups in

designs), notification of participants, and protection of confidentiality of participants.

Data Analysis or Treatment of Data

This describes the data processing protocols used in the study. In quantitative

research, the statistical tools used are described and justified as to why these are

employed.
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Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data organized parallel

to the specific research questions raised in Chapter 1. Data must be tabulated,

summarized in figures, analyzed and interpreted. The discussion should also include

the implication of the findings to the current pool of knowledge on the subject as

supported by the literature review.

In presenting tables, please follow the format below.

Table 1.

A Sample of a Table

2.33 (numerical Tables must not be

values must be up to cut. If a table does
two decimal places not fit in one page,
only) the font size may be
adjusted.
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Chapter 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter provides a summary of findings, conclusions derived from the

findings, and recommendations derived from the conclusions. The conclusion, based

on the findings, answers the statement of the problem or objectives described in

chapter 1.
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References

American Psychiatric Association.(2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials.Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials.

Retrieved from

http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796

Garrity, K., &Degelman, D. (1990).Effect of server introduction on restaurant

tipping.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172. doi:10.1111/j.1559-

1816.1990.tb00405.x

Hien, D., &Honeyman, T. (2000).A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal aggression

link.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved from

http://jiv.sagepub.com/

Murzynski, J., &Degelman, D. (1996).Body language of women and judgments of

vulnerability to sexual assault.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 1617-

1626. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00088.x

Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston:

Allyn and Bacon.

Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment.In J. F. Schumaker (Ed.), Religion

and mental health (pp. 70-84). New York: Oxford University Press.
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Appendices

Appendix A

Cover Letter

This part may include the following:

Cover letter

Sample Questionnaire/Test/Research Instrument

Transcript of Interview, when applicable

- Resource Person/s

Complete Name

Job Title/Description

Company

Address

Contact Number

Email

Curriculum Vitae of Researchers (please see page 30 of the manual for the information

inclusion)