Index

Abattoirs, illuminance values for 174 Approved Codes of Practice 208

Abiotic wavelengths 102 Aqueous humour 22
Absorption 19 Arcing 91, 116
Accommodation 25,35 Arc lighting 2
Accommodation, relaxation of 36 Argon 79,86, 88
Achromatic interval 71 Armstrong, Lord 2
Acrylic 119 Astigmatism 52
Actinic wavelengths 102 Atmospheric losses 143
Active displays 191 Automatic control of office lighting 130
Acts of Parliament 208 Average daylight 103
Adaptation 38 daylight factor 74
colour 41 life 98
dark 38 Aviation transport, colour signals for 70
light 40
time 33
Aerial perspective 35 Backlighting 179
Aesthetics 121 Bacterial lamps, see germicidal lamps
Afferent system 25 Bakeries, illuminance values for 174
Afterglow 96, 166 Ballasts 119
After images 49 Benhams Disc 66
Age, effects of on task vision 55, 169 Beta lamps 103
Air traffic control rooms 194 Bilirubin 100
Alertness 162 Binocular vision 35
Alumina, translucent polycrystalline 91 Biotic wavelengths 102
Aluminium 119 Black body 7, 61, 73, 75
Anaerobic decomposition, of mercury 106 Black body radiation 7
Angular response, of photocells 198 Black lights 101
Anomaloscope 54 Blind spot 27
Anomalous trichromats 53 Blue light hazard 100
Antenna, of induction lamp 92 Body clock 101
Anterior portion, eye 21 Boundary layers 82
Anterior chamber 22 Brain 25, 29,30,45,53, 66, 100, 105, 151
Anti-glare coating 192 Breweries, illuminance values for 174
AOP Handbook 42 Bromine 79
Aphake individuals 100 Building Regulations 122
Apparent brightness, see luminosity Building related illness 134
 220 Index

Cadmium 105 spectral sensitivity of 29

Candela 8, 12 Conjunctiva 23
Candlemas Day 1 Constriction of pupil 25
Candles 1 Continuous radiation 6
capacitors, power factor correction 119,120 Continuum 6
Carbon rods 2 Contrast rendering factor (CRF) 162
Cathode ray tube (CRT) 188,191 Contrast sensitivity 55
Central nervous system (CNS) 25 Control equipment, see luminaire control
Cerebral cortex 25 gear
Chlorolabe 28 gear, see luminaire control gear
Chloracne 120 of industrial floodlighting 142
Chlorine 79 of lighting, in offices 130
Chlorophyll, in plants 185 Control of Substances Hazardous to
Chroma 56 Health Regulations 1994 106,212
Chromaticity, of visible spectrum 60 Convergence of eyes 35
CIE chromaticity diagram 57, 70 Cooper-Hewitt, Peter 2
Ciliary body 23 Cornea 22, 25,52
Circadian rhythms 100 Correlated colour temperature (CCT) 59,
City University test 54 61, 129, 143, 147
Clinical depression 101 Cosine corrected photocells 198
Closedloop control systems 131 Cosine law 13
Cobalt 101 Cosmic radiation 188
Coherent light 93 Critical angles 193
Colour 56 Critical fusion frequency (CFF) 49
Colour: Current limiting device 119
appearance, of lamps 61, 129 Cyanolabe 28
coding 68 Cyclic maintenance programme 204
coding, connotative 68
coding, denotative 68 Dairies, illuminance values for 174
coding of electrical cables 181 Davy, Sir Humphrey 2
contrast 65, 154 Daylight 73, 121, 202
coordinates 59 availability of 73
corrected photocells 198 effect on circadian rhythms 101
defects, detection of 177 factor 73, 74, 197, 202
definitions and terminology 56 factor, average 74
discrimination 71,129 factor meters 198
mixing, additive 67 for task lighting 161
mixing, subtractive 67 simulation lamps, see lamps, daylight
perception 66 simulation
production 66 Dental fillings, curing of 102
rendering 3, 63, 129, 177 Dermatitis, treatment of using UV lamps
rendering index (CRI) 63,129 101
rendering group 65 Detail defects, detection of 177
signals for transport 70 Detection, foveal 34
temperature 59, 61 Detection, peripheral 34
vision 35 Deuteranomalous trichromats 53
vision tests 53 Deuteranope 53
Combination law 14 Diamonds, authenticity check using
Compact fluorescent lamps 85, 129 fluorescence 96
Comparator 131 Dichroic reflector lamps 81
Complementary colours 48, 67 Dichromats 53
Complementary wavelength 60 Diffraction, production of colours by 67
Compliance with health and safety law 213 Diffuse reflection, see reflection, diffuse
Cones 23,30, 33,40,41,43,53 Diffuse transmission, see transmission,
excitation of 28 diffuse
 Index 221

Dimming: radiation interference 120,183

GLS lamps 79 spectrum 4
high frequency fluorescent lamps 85 Electromagnetism 2
tungsten halogen lamps 80 Electrons 77
Dioptre 37 Emergency escape lighting 132
Dioptric power 38 Emergency lighting 122,132,209
Dioptric system 22 Emergency service control rooms 194
Diplopia 52 Emmetropic eye 42
Disability glare, see glare, disability Emission, production of colours by 67
Discharge, gas 6 Energy 4
electrical 2 Environment Agency 106,213
lamps 82,128 Environmental colour, effects on
tube 77 individuals 72
Discomfort glare, see glare, discomfort Epithelium, pigmented 23
Discontinuous radiation 6 Ergonomics of VDU operator 192
Discrimination, light 35 Erythema 108
spatial 35 Erytholabe 28
temporal 35 Escape route lighting 132
visual 35 Excitation 83
Disinfection 101 Explosion hazard, from sodium lamps 105
Dispersion 18 Exposure time 153
production of colours by 67 Externally-reflected component, of
Display laser lighting installations 94 daylight factor 74
Display screen equipment 187 Extraocular muscles 52
Distant vision 42 Eye and eyesight tests for VDU operators
Distribution of light from luminaires 112 210
Divergence 38 Eyestrain 209
Diversity ratio 164 Eye, structure of 21
Dizziness, due to sick building syndrome
134 Factors influencing ability to, see detail 153
Docks Regulations 1988 212 Faraday, Michael 2
Dominant wavelength 59 Far point 37
Double vision, see diplopia Fenestration 197
Dust lamp, see Tyndall beam lamp Fibre optics, in inspection lighting 178
Dusts, combustible 116, 182 Field of vision 38, 157
Dysprosium 87 Filament lamp 2,128
Final glare index 157
EC legislation 193, 207 Fireflies 96
Edison, Thomas 2 Fire hazard, due to sodium lamps 105
Efferent system 25 Flammable substance 184
Electrical Equipment (Safety) Regulations Flicker 49, 134, 155,165, 190
1994 212 Flickering lights 35,127
Electrical resistors 68, 181 Floodlighting 140
Electrical insulation 212 building 140
Electric arc 6 industrial 141
Electric field 4, 211 sports 143
Electricity 2 Flour mills, illuminance values for 174
Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 211 Fluorescein 95
Electric shock, protection provided by Fluorescence 95,177
luminaires 15 Fluorescent lamps 2,77, 124
Electrodeless lamp, see induction lamp air-handling luminaires 117
Electromagnetic Compatibility cold cathode 86
Regulations, 1992 211 high frequency operation 85,131,134
Electromagnetic fields 211 hot cathode 86
radiation 5, 93 in low ambient temperatures 84, 203
 222 Index

Form defects, detection of 176 Hospital wards, illuminance values for 174
Foundries, illuminance values for 174 100 hue test 54
Foveal detection 34 Hue 56
Fraunhofer lines 76 Hydrogen 106
Frequency of light waves 8 Hypermetropia 50
Friction match 2 Hypermetropic 50
Front lighting, in textile industries 179 Hyperpigmentation 120
Full radiator 58, 73, 75 Hysteresis 131
Full radiator locus 59
Furniture manufacture, illuminance values IEC - International Electrotechnical
for 74 Commission 93, 96
Ignition source 184
Ganglion cells 28 Ignitors 119
Gas lighting 2 ILCOS, system of lamp designations 96
General lighting service (GLS) lamp 78 IUuminance 9, 11, 13, 14, 153
Germicidal lamps 101 influence of, on human visual 165
Glare 47,55, 121 characteristics
control on VDU screens 191 measuring equipment 198
direct 157 ratios 124, 202, 203
disability 47,110, 139, 156, 182 relationship with luminance 16
discomfort 48, 156 typical values 173
reduction of, from windows 129 Images 25, 27
reflected 157 Improvement notice 213
vehicle headlights 144 Incandescence 2
in the working environment 156 Incandescent lamp 2
Glass, borosilicate 104, 107, 118 Incoherent light 93
Glass-reinforced plastic 119 Indium 88
Glass, soda lime 118 Induction, and disability glare 47
Glaucoma 38,55 lamps 3, 92
Glow worms 96 monochromatic 47
Group, classification of fuels 184 Inductive colour effects 48
Infrared classification6
Haemoglobin 100 Infrared radiation 5, 32, 82, 187
Halides 87 Ingress Protection, luminaire classification
Halophosphates 84 system 15
Harmonics 211 Insect traps, using UV lamps 102
Hazardous and hostile environments, Inspection lighting, special techniques 177
luminaires for 13 Instrumentation 197
Headaches - sick building syndrome 134 Intensity, see luminous intensity
Health & Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 194, Interference, production of colours by 67
207 Internally-reflected component, of daylight
Health & Safety Commission 208 factor 74
Health & Safety (Display Screen Internal reflection, in optical fibres 95
Equipment) Regulations 1992 194, 210 Interposition 36
Health & Safety Executive 208 Interpretation 151
Health & Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Intraocular fluid 38
Regulations 1996 210 Intraocular pressure (IOP) 55
Heat treatment, using infrared lamps 102 Intrinsically safe lasers 93
Heterogeneous medium 19 Inverse square law 11
High pressure sodium lamps for Iodine 79
floodlighting 142 Ionization 83
High risk area task lighting 133 Iris 22
High voltage pulse, from control gear 119 Iron 86
Hoods, on VDU screens 192 Iron and steel mills, illuminance values for
Hormone secretion 162 174
 index 223

Irritation, of eyes, nose and throat caused Light control switches 209
by sick building syndrome 134 dependent resistors (LDRs) 131
Ishihara test 54 emission from gas discharges 77
Isocandela diagram 113 emission from heated bodies 75
Isolux diagram 113 emitting diodes (LEDs), with optical
Isothermal contours 62 fibres 95
velocity of 8
Jitter 191 Lighting:
advertising signs 146
Keyboard, of VDU screen 194 building and construction sites 179
Krypton 79,184 CCTV system requirements 146
display screen equipment areas 125, 192
Lamp: dockyards and shipbuilding 184
applications 98 electrical and electronic equipment
characteristics 96 manufacture 181
designations 96 engineering workshops 178
efficacy 96 factory external layout 135
life 98 food and drink industries 181
run-up efficiency 98 furniture and timber industries 182
survival 98 general 122
types for use in interiors 128 glass industries 182
Lamps: hazardous and hostile environments 184
dark adaptation 85 high mast 142
daylight simulation 79 horticulture 185
disposal of 105 importance of, in the workplace 150
general lighting service (GLS) 78 inspection 175
handling 105 interior, techniques and practice of 122
induction 92 loading bays 136
-
mercury low pressure, see also local 122, 209, 211
fluorescent lamps 84 localised 122
mercury - high pressure 86 metal working industries 182
metal halide 87, 129 mining 183
other than for normal lighting office 121
applications 100 paper and printing industries 183
sodium - low pressure 88, 144 premises used for health care 182
sodium - high pressure 91 quality 122
tungsten halogen 79 quantity 122
Landolt rings 42 storage areas 136
Lantern test 54 surveys and survey methods 197,198,
Lasers 93 199,202,203,204
Lateral rectus eye muscles 38 techniques, general inspection 175
Lead 105 textile and clothing manufacturing
Lead-lag circuits 166 industries 179
Legionnaires Disease 134 Light modulation 166
Legislation, overview 206 Lightness 56
Legislation in the United Kingdom 207 Light pollution 148
Lens, concave 51 Light quanta 32,45
Lens, convex 50 Limelight 2
Lens, crystalline 22, 25, 51, 52 Limiting glare index 157
Lens, negative powered 51 Linearity of response of photocells 198
Lens, plus powered 50 Linear perspective 36
Lenses, contact 50, 51, 52 Line spectra 76
Lethargy, due to seasonal affective Lipoproteins 28
disorder 101 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 191
due to sick building syndrome 134 Lithium 88
 224 Index

Lumen 8,16 Luminous:

Lumen maintenance of lamps 98 efficacy 8
Lumen method of lighting design 123 efficiency8
Luminaires 10 flux 8, 9, 11, 15
air-handling 117 intensity 8, 15
batwing distribution 161 paints 96
ceiling-mounted 126 Lumirhodopsin 27
ceiling-suspended 126 Lux 9
classification according to British
Standards 115 Magnetic field 4,211
categorization for use in VDU areas 193 Maintenance factor 123
control gear 77,119 Malnutrition and night blindness 54
distribution of light from 112 Management of Health & Safety at Work
drip-proof, IF' classification 115 Regulations 1992 207,208
downlighter 116, 122, 161 Mantle, incandescent 2
dustproof, IP classification 115 Marine transport, colour signals for 70
dust-tight, IF classification 115 Maternity wards, illuminance values for
emergency lighting 133 174
freestanding 126 Measles, and night blindness 54
furniture-mounted 126 Measuring points, minimum number 199
hazardous and hostile environments Mechanical impact damage to luminaires
113 155
increased safety 116 Medial rectus eye muscles 38
jet-proof, IP classification 115 Melatonin 100
maintained, for use in emergency Memory 151
lighting 33 Mercury 2, 105
materials 118 blended lamp 87
mechanical strength 119 vapour lamp, colour corrected 87
non-maintained, for use in emergency vapour lamp, effect of operating when
133 outer envelope is broken 107
lighting vapour lamp, high pressure 87
non sparking 116 vapour lamp, low pressure see
optical control of light from 110 fluorescent lamp
pressurised enclosure 116 Mesopic vision 34
protection provided by 109 Metal halide lamp 87, 142
protection of 109 Metal halide lamp, effect of
rain-proof, IP classification 115 operating when outer envelope
special protection 116 is broken 107
splash-proof, IP classification 115 Metamerism 70, 179
sustained, for use in emergency lighting Metarhodopsin 27
33 Methyl mercury 106
uplighter 117,122,125,193 Microprocessor-basedsystem 130
wall-mounted 126 Modelling 121
wide-angle 142 Monochromatic light 88
Luminance 9 Monochromatic wavelengths 66
contrast 47, 129, 153, 154, 155, 159, 162, Monchromatism 53
177,188 Monochromats 53
distribution across a task 158 Monocular cues 35
imbalance, dynamic 188 Moods 162
imbalance, static 188 Motor system 25
measuring equipment 198 Movement parallax 36
ratios 124, 203,204 Multi-phosphors 84
relationship with illuminance 16 Munsell Colour Solid 56
Luminescence 95 Murdoch, William 2
Luminosity 2,10,34 Musculoskeletal problems 169
 Index 225

Myopia 50 Personal Protective Equipment at Work

Regulations 1992 94
Nasal side 29 Personal protective equipment, use with
Nausea, due to sick building syndrome 134 lasers 94
Near point 36 Phosphor 84,92,95,104
Near vision 43 Phosphorescence 95
Negative resistance characteristic, Photoelectric cells 8, 130, 142
discharge lamps 119 Photochemical curing, using UV lamps
Neon 88 101
Neonatal jaundice 100, 182 Photochromic spectacles 71
Neon lamp 76 Photochromism 71
Neurophysiology 425 Photokeratitis 32, 108
Nickel 86, 101 Photometry 8
Night blindness 54 Photons 7793
Nitrogen 78 Photopic eye 96
Nystagmus, miners 183 acuity 43
vision 33
Obstruction, method of light control from Photopigments 28
luminaires 110 Photoreceptors 23,27
Oedema, face and hands 120 Photosynthesis 185
Oil film 67 Phototherapy 100
Oil lamps 1 Phototropic effect 163
Open area (anti-panic area) lighting 133 Phototropism and discomfort glare 48
Open loop control 130 Photovoltaic cells, see photocells
Operating theatres, illuminance values for Physical changes in the eye 55
174 Pineal gland 100
Ophthalmologists 95 Planckian radiator 57
Opsin 27,28 Plancks law 7
Optical fibres 95 Plastic, glass-reinforced, see glass-
fringes, in inspection lighting 178 reinforced plastic
illusions 168 thermoplastic 119
radiation 5, 188 thermosetting 119
Optic chiasma 29 Polar diagram 113
disc 27 Polarization, in inspection lighting 178
nerve 23,27,28,29,32 Polycarbonate 119
Optometrists 54,95 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 120
Orbital cavities 21 Polystyrene 119
Orbit, energy levels 6, 77 Positive polarity screens 192
Oscillatory transients 211 Posterior portion, eye 21
Oxidation, prevention in high pressure Potentials, electrical 23, 28
sodium lamps 91 Presbyopia 51,55
Oxidising agent 184 Primary colours 67
Ozone layer 32 Printed circuit boards, illuminance values
for 174
Paint drying, using infrared lamps 102 Printing works, illuminance values for 174
Paper mills, illuminance values for 174 Prismatic controllers 112
Paraffin 2, 95 Procurator Fiscal 214
Passive displays 191 Prohibition notice 213
Pearl lamps 78 Prosecution, for contravening health and
Perception, by sight 46 safety law 213
Perception, loss of 168 Protanomalous trichromats 53
Perceptual changes in the eye 55 Protanope 53
Peripheral vision 55 Protective earthing conductor 212
Persistence of vision 49 Provision and Use of Work Equipment
Personal comfort 121 Regulations 1998 94,210
226 Index

Pupil 23,25 Secondary colours 67

Public lighting 143 Security lighting 137
Purkinje shift 33 in factories 139
in offices 138
Quality of illumination 154 in shops and small premises 138
Quanta, see light quanta Selective absorption, production of colours
Quartz 79 by 67
Quicklime 1 Sensory system 25
Quinine, detection by fluorescence 95 Sequence switching 130
Shadowing 36
Radiant efficiency 8 Shadows 137
Radiant flux 8 Sick building syndrome 133
Radiation 4, 32, 187 Silhouette vision 144
Radioactive materials 96 Silver halide, in photochromic spectacles
Radio frequency interference 120, 183 71
Radiometry 8 Sky component, of daylight factor 74
Radium 96 Sky glow, see light pollution
Rail transport, colour signals for 70 Sleep patterns 162
Reflectance 16, 124, 127, 140, 154, 162 Snellen chart 42,45
Reflection, diffuse 20 Sodium 2, 88
optical control from luminaires 110 Sodium fluorescein 95
specular 17 Sodium hydroxide 106
Refraction 18,25 Sodium lamp 76
Refraction, optical control from luminaires high pressure 91
112 low pressure 88
Refractive index 18 low pressure use in foggy conditions 88
Refresh rate 190 Solar time 141
Regulations 208 Solid angle, see steradian
Resolution 190 Spacing-to-height ratio (SHR) 164
Retina 22, 23, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 41, 45, 49, Spatial separation 36
51 Special Waste Regulations, 1996 106, 213
Retinal 27 Spectacles 50,51,52
Retina, angiography of 96 Spectral efficiency of the eye 34
Retina, sensitivity of 40 lines 6
Rhodopsin 23, 27, 38,40, 85 power distribution (SPD) 7,58, 63, 76
Risk assessment 208 power distribution of standard
Road lighting 144 illuminants 103
Road transport, colour signals for 70 reflectance 63
Rods 23, 30, 33,38,40,44,85 response, of photocells 198
Rods, excitation of 27 sensitivity of the eye 30
Room index 130,199 Spectra, types of 76
Rushlights 1 Spectrometer 66
Specularity 127,153,163
Saline atmospheres, in dockyards 185 Specular reflection 17
Saturation 56 Standard illuminants 63, 102
Sawmills, illuminance values for 174 Stand-by lighting 132
Scandium 88 Steel 119
Scattering 19 Steradian, see also solid angle 16
Scattering, production of colours by 67 Stereopsis 35
Sclera 22 Stereoscope 36
Scotopic acuity 44 Stereoscopic vision 36
Scotopic vision 32, 33 Sterilization, using germicidal lamps 101
Screen contrast 191 Strength of luminaires, see luminaire,
Screen image 188 mechanical, strength of
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) 100 Striations 85
 Index 227

Stroboscopic effect 155, 165, 177, 179 Visual acuity 41

Sun 73 relationship with cones 43
Sun tanning, using LJV lamps 102 dynamic 45,55
Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations static 45, 55
1992 212 Visual comfort 154,157,194
Supporting surfaces of luminaires 115 cortex 29,45
Suppression 52 discrimination 35
Swan, Joseph 2 display unit, see display screen
Switching strategy 149 equipment
fatigue 52
Task lighting, preferred strategies 171 pathway 28, 29
T Class, of fuels 184 perception 45
Temperature, maximum allowable for performance 121
control gear 119 pigments 23, 33
Temporal side 29 purple, see also rhodopsin 23
Textural perspective 36 sensitivity 33
Thallium 88 stimulus level 33
Thermal inertia 166 task analysis 175
Thorium 96 task lighting, using daylight 161
Tin 88 task, size of 152
Transformers 119 task, surface colour 152
Transient adaptation 153, 192 task, surface qualities 152
Transmission, diffuse 20 threshold 32, 35
Trichromat 53 working visual task, analysis of 151
Triphosphors 84 Vitamin A, 27, 54
Tristimulus values 70 Vitreous cavity 22
Tritanomalous trichromats 53 Vitreous humour 22,25,55
Tritanope 53
Tritium 104 Wavelength 8
Tubular fluorescent lamps 84 Welsbach, Count Aver von 2
Tungsten halogen cycle 80 Wien's law 5
Tunnel lighting 145 Windage, luminaire resistance to 119
Twilight, problems associated with 40 Worker posture, effects caused by poor
Tyndall beam lamp 104 task lighting 168
Workers exposed to ultraviolet radiation
Ultraviolet radiation 5, 32 185
classification of 6 Working plane 9, 124, 194
from tungsten halogen lamps 106 Working visual tasks, analysis of 151
from high intensity discharge lamps 107 Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare)
Uniformity ratio 164,204 Regulations 1992 209
Upholstery trades, illuminance value for Workplace lighting, the importance of 150
174 Workstations 194
Upward dislocation 36 Woods glass 101
Utilization factor 123, 130
'X' chromaticity coordinate 57,59, 62
Vacuum jacket 88 X-rays 188
Vacuum, partial 2
Value 56 'Y' chromaticity coordinate 57, 59, 62
Veiling reflections 125, 159, 189
Vibration, luminaire resistance to 119, 180 Zone classification, for electrical
Visible spectrum 4 applications in potentially explosive
Visibility of an object 153 atmospheres 16