Visualization

Definition
Visualization involves picturing in your mind what is happening in the text. When
you visualize narrative text, you use sensory images like sounds, physical sensations,
smells, touch, and emotions described in the story to help you picture the story

Challenge:
Each people is different because every people build an unique mental image.
People who has known a little vocab they would be limited in visualization.
Because having a limited back knowledge.
Person who not regulary using visualization learning method, will be having a
problem.
Fun (Enjoyment of Reading).

Benefit:
Visualizing helps us to process text more actively because we have to use our
prior knowledge.
Visualizing help us to figure out what is going on in the story. So we are
reading more carefully.

Example
1. Maternal mortality has declined by nearly half since 1990. While progress
falls short of achieving MDG 5 by the 2015 deadline, all regions have made
important gains. Globally, the ratio declined from 400 maternal deaths per
100,000 live births in 1990 to 210 in 2010. Still, meeting the MDG target of
 reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters will require accelerated efforts
and stronger political backing for women and children. Improving maternal
health is also key to achieving MDG 4 of reducing child mortality. Giving
good care to women during pregnancy and at the time of childbirth is crucial
not only for saving womens lives but their babies, too. Births attended by
skilled health personnel have increased; however, disparities in progress
within countries and populations groups persist. In 1990, just 44 per cent of
deliveries in rural areas and 75 per cent in urban areas of developing countries
were attended by skilled personnel. By 2011, coverage by skilled birth
attendants increased to 53 per cent for rural births and 84 per cent of urban
births. Globally, 47 million babies were delivered without skilled care in 2011.
From the article above we imaging that the graphic of that problem
have not achiev the goal in 2015 for MDG 5. We imaging too about
skilled health personnel to delivery babies is important to decrease
number of mortality. Maybe we also just imaging mothers, babies, or
childs mortality

2. Delivery rooms (operative and non-operative) are required to have separate

resuscitation space and outlets for infants. This space includes an acceptable
environment for most uncomplicated term infants, but may not support the
optimal management of infants who will become NICU patients.

Windows and doors shall be designed for visual and acoustical privacy and
shall allow easy exchange of an infant between personnel.

When an operative delivery room is equipped with a pass-through window or

door, it shall have positive pressure so that air flows out to the infant room
when the window or door is opened.

The infant space may not be omitted from the operative delivery rooms when
a separate infant resuscitation/stabilization room is provided

From the article above we know that resuscitation space and outlets for
infants must separate, window and door shall designed acoustical
privacy or closed. And we may imaging room setup as we want
Comprehension Strategies
Comprehension strategies are vital components of adolescent literacy
instruction. The comprehension strategy instruction in edge was designed with the
following principles and practices in mind. Such instruction calls for teachers to
scaffold students learning by guiding them to a particular strategy then openly and
plainly describing it. Teachers model, or demonstrate, the strategy frequently
thinking through the process aloud to show it in action. (Moore,2013)

The benefits of using comprehension strategies is helps students become

purposeful, active readers who are in control of their own reading comprehension
because there are seven strategies have research-based evidence for improving text
comprehension. (Adler,2001)

The reading comprehension strategy instruction found in Edge provides

adolescents rich and meaningful opportunities to take control of their reading. It
shows youth that reading proficiently is not a matter of being innately smart but, in
part, a matter of applying appropriate strategies. As a result of such convincing
evidence, perhaps the most widely cited recommendation for improving reading
comprehension is increasing explicit instruction in comprehension strategies
(National Reading Panel, 2000)

Effective comprehension strategy instruction can be accomplished through

cooperative learning, which involves students working together as partners or in
small groups on clearly defined tasks. Cooperative learning instruction has been used
successfully to teach comprehension strategies. Students work together to
understand texts, helping each other learn and apply comprehension strategies.
Teachers help students learn to work in groups. Teachers also provide modeling of
the comprehension strategies.
RECIPROCAL TEACHING
Definition:
Reciprocal teaching refers to an instructional activity in which students become the
teacher in small group reading sessions. Teachers model, then help students learn to
guid group discussions using four strategies:

Clarification:
In this stage, questions should be formulated in order to define words or
phrases that are hard to understand, unfamiliar, or ones that could be
misinterpreted.
Questioning:
Why and how questions should be asked to create a shared understanding of
the paragraph or section. These questions should lead to additional questions
and result in a discussion within the group. If a disagreement arises between
the students, it may be necessary to reread the passage for better
understanding.
Summary:
In this stage, important details should be pointed out and paraphrased in a way
that helps the students get the main idea of what is being read. This stage helps
the students make sure they know what they just read and gives them ideas on
what is to come in the next paragraph.
Prediction:
Students are encouraged to make a guess on what the author is going to talk
about next. These predictions should be made using the prior knowledge the
students learned during the previous steps. This provides an opportunity for

students to critically assess the author's intent and provoke imagination.

Challenge:
Lack of confidence, feeling difficult in lesson lening.
 Teacher is more capable of memorizing and focusing to an active students.

Benefit:
To build teamwork among the students.
To train courage in form an opinion and to talk in front of the class.
To train how to analyze a problem and take conclusion in short time.

Reading Partner and

Comprehensive Strategy as Learning
Method

Reading partner is one kind of learning method, especially in less facility. In partner
reading, students are divided into pairs and take turns reading aloud to each other. Children
are paired together for the purpose of supporting each other through the oral reading of
connected text. Partners listen, follow along, and provide needed words or assistance while
taking turns reading, switching roles every other page. Partner reading is used mainly as a
strategy to promote the development of fluent reading by increasing the time children spend
orally reading connected text. In addition, partner reading provides an opportunity for
teachers to monitor childrens reading progress by listening to the children read to their
partners.

Reading Comprehension Strategy is a cognitive or behavioral action that is enacted

under particular contextual conditions, with the goal of improving some aspect of
comprehension. Cognitive aspects developed by a variety of techniques such intensive
reading.

There are severeal steps to practice partner reading. First, students select their own
passage from material they are currently using in instruction, counting out approximately 50
words. Having students select different passages makes listening to a partner read more
interesting and discourages direct comparison of reading proficiency. After that, student read
their passages silently and then decide who will read first. Then, reader reads his/her passage
aloud to a partner three different times. Readers may ask their partners for help with a word.
After each oral reading, the reader answers the question "How well did you read?" on a self-
evaluation sheet. Listener: The listener listens to his/her partner read and, after the second and
third reading, tells the partner how his/her reading improved and records the improvement on
a "listening" sheet.

Partner Reading does not need special materials. Teachers are able to use the reading
materials they already have in their classrooms. This means teachers may select reading
materials from across the content areas. Once students learn this routine, teacher facilitation is
limited. Teachers are able to move around the room, observe students, and assist as needed.
Partner reading, a scripted cooperative learning strategy, is often used in classrooms to
promote the development of fluent and automatic reading skills.

There are teachers hints to do. First, carefully assign partners. Second, decide how
often partners need to be changed. Then, make sure partners have a purpose for reading.After
that, set a time limit. Do not forget to provide instruction as to what those who finish ahead of
the rest of the class should do. It is recommended that teachers provide basic script instruction
and allow children to choose their own partners.
In sum, the inclusion of partner reading in successful programs such as FORI,
PALS, CIRC, and Success for All suggests that it may a useful instructional strategy.
However, given that partner reading represents only one component of these
programs, the effectiveness of partner reading as an independent strategy is unclear.

Instructional Conversations and

Reiprocal Teaching

The level of understanding of a text comes from the interaction

between the words of written inform to readers. Methode of reading is way
for others to take information from the article. Among some of the existing
methods we choose two methods, are instructional conversations and
reciprocal teaching.
Instructional conversations is one of methode reading. Usually the
methode in classroom how teachers inform to student [1]. Benefit of
instruction conversations, the method helps learnes for just beyond their
current capacity [2]. The methode make student will be more understanding
of education, because discused one by one page. But, the methode can not
using if crowded situation.
Reciprocal teaching can be used as one of several teaching techniques
within a balanced reading program. It provides the opportunity for reading
by the students. The reason for using reciprocal teaching because it has four
strategies that are predicting, question generating, summarizing and
clarifying [3]. This methode would be good guess about what you think you
will find out about or what will happen next in a text. Asking questions about
a text helps you have a purpose or reason for reading and deepens your
understanding. Clarifying means making the meaning of the text clearer.
Clarifying helps you recognize when you don't understand parts of a text.
 Method of reciprocal teaching has benefits such as learners can gain
an improved understanding of complex text in content areas. This methode
easier the readers to understanding of the topic, improved skills, more
positive attitudes when extracting and recording information . Studies have
shown that when Reciprocal Teaching is implemented, learners make
substantial gains in understanding what they read [4]. But, this reading
methode difficult to people who did not knowing the mean of sentece.