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Abstract
Reliable operation of electrical overstress protection devices is critical to maintain proper function
of power transmission systems. This paper details the methodology employed and results obtained
in a diagnostic testing procedure used to determine the condition of a number of silicon carbide
surge arresters removed from service on high voltage networks. The arresters were all shown to be
in satisfactory condition, highlighting the comparative durability of high voltage arresters. The
investigation also showed that both partial discharge and radio interference voltage measurements
provide a more sensitive measure of arrester degradation than traditional diagnostic procedures.
3.1 Test Samples The function of an arrester is to limit the amount that
the voltage across the device it is protecting rises
The test sample consisted of six XAA station class when subjected to voltage overstress. Thus superior
arresters manufactured in 1978 by ASEA. Described arrester performance is characterised by consistent
as self-supporting, the arresters had 110mm diameter impulse spark-over at lower impulse voltage levels.
active parts and their general construction is shown in
figure 2. Arresters A-C were tested in direct accordance with
clause 5.2.2 of [3]. In all cases the arresters performed
Figure 2 XAA station class arrester satisfactorily, sparkingover on each of five
consecutive applications of a 1.2/50s voltage impulse
with prospective peak of 106kV.
This test assessed the integrity of the silicon carbide Figure 7 Partial Discharges at rated voltage
blocks themselves. The arresters were subjected to
1.2/50s voltage impulses with prospective peaks well
above the measured minimum lightning impulse
spark-over voltage and the waveforms of both the
current through and voltage across the arresters were
measured. A sudden drop in voltage coincident with a
sharp rise in current would indicate a block failure.
Again all arresters were found to perform
satisfactorily with no block flashovers detected.
Partial discharges within an insulating material are Radio interference voltage measurements were taken
both symptomatic of and an accelerator of degradation in a similar manner, using a PO Engineering Dept
of its internal condition. For the majority of their D1061 Radio Interference Meter. The meter was
service life silicon carbide surge arresters behave as placed in series with the blocking capacitor rather than
insulators making the partial discharge test an in series with the test object as specified in [5].
applicable measure of arrester condition. Circuit noise at high voltage operation prevented RIV
measurements from being taken from arresters D-F.
Partial discharges can be measured using a number of
different techniques. In this study however, direct
measurement of the current impulses produced or Table 3 Partial discharge / RIV measurements
traditional partial discharge testing was used along
Discharge level at rated voltage
with radio interference voltage (RIV) measurement,
Arrester Partial Discharge RIV Test
which measures the noise produced by the discharges
in the radio frequency (150kHz 30 MHz) range. Test [pC] [V x 10-6]
A 142 891
In this study the partial discharges were measured by B 64 200
an ERA Discharge detector model 3, configured for C 40 5
straight detection, as shown in figure 6. The device D 3.2 -
under test is represented as Ca, while the discharge
E 2.5 -
detector is designated as Zm and Ck is a 2000pF
blocking capacitor. The experimental technique used F 12.6 -
was similar to that in [4], including pre-stressing of
the arresters.
The magnitude of discharges measured when the
arresters were energized with rated voltage was used
as the measure of comparison because this is
indicative of normal arrester behaviour. Although it is Although the majority of tests produced very
difficult to specify the exact level of discharges consistent results within groups of similar arresters,
demonstrating significant arrester degradation, the the results of the partial discharge and radio
comparative results provide a more sensitive measure interference voltage measurements suggest that these
of arrester condition. For example, it would seem that tests are far more sensitive than other more standard
arrester A has suffered the most internal degradation, diagnostic techniques. These tests detected internal
and that the 121kV arresters were in better condition arrester degradation even before it appeared to affect
than the 33kV arresters. arrester performance. The results were confirmed by
visual inspection of the arresters that found
3.7 Visual Inspection conspicuous degradation in only arresters A and B,
both of which displayed heightened partial discharge
A complete visual inspection of internal arrester and radio interference measurements.
components supported the satisfactory test results
obtained. The arresters appear to have remained well It would therefore seem that the partial discharge and
sealed and all internal components are relatively free radio interference voltage tests are sensitive and
from degradation. Arresters A and B are the only accurate measures of the internal condition of high
arresters with noticeable internal degradation and that voltage silicon carbide surge arresters. A true measure
is confined to rusting on the steel end caps of some of the performance of these tests however will be
silicon carbide blocks as shown below. The presence obtained only when the next stage of the investigation,
this degradation is consistent with the results obtained in which further testing will be conducted using a
from partial discharge tests and RIV tests. more extensive sample containing both failed and
satisfactory arresters, has been completed.
Figure 8 Arrester component degradation
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
6. REFERENCES