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HARMONIC MOTION
Standard Competency
Analyzes the nature phenomenon and its regularity within the
scope of particles Mechanics
Base Competency
Analyzes the effect of force on the elasticity properties of a
material
Learning Objectives
1 Describes the characteristic of force on elastic material
base on experiment performed
2 Identifies the elastic moduli and spring force constant
3 Compares the force constant base on observatiobs data
4 Analyses the series and parallel spring configuration
5 Calculates springs elongation
6 Determines the value of springs force constant
References
[1] John D Cutnell dan Kenneth W. Johnson (2002). Physics 5th Ed
with Compliments. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. hal. 273-294
[2] Sunardi dan Etsa Indra Irawan (2007). Fisika Bilingual SMA/MA
untuk SMA/MA Kelas XI. CV Yrama Widya hal. 255-298
ELASTICITY
Elasticity Plastics
STRESS (TENSION)
Stress or tension is defined as force per unit cross section area.
It has unit (SI) N/m2.
F
=
A
STRAIN (SCRETCH)
Stress or tension is defined as ratio between elongation and
initial length. It is unitless.
l
e=
lo
YOUNGs MODULUS
Youngs modulus or elastic modulus is ration between stress and
strain. It has unit (SI) N/m2.
1 F
E = L = L
e E A
If stretched to the
Breaking Point, the
material will break into two
pieces.
Known
A = 4 mm2 = 4 x 106 m2
lo = 40 cm = 0.4 m
F = 100 N
E = 2 x 104 N/m2
Asked
(a) stress,
(b) strain, e
(c) elongation length, l
Answer
F 100
(a) = = 6
= 2.5 x 10 6 N/m2
A 4 x 10
2.5 x 107
(b) E = = 11
= 1.25 x 10 4
e 2 x 10
(c) l = e x lo
= (1.25 x 104) (4 x 104)
= 5 x 105 m
EXERCISES
[6] A scallop forces open its shell with an elastic material called
abductin, whose elastic modulus is 2.0 x 10 6 N/m2. If this
piece of abductin is 3.0 mm thick, and has a cross-sectional
area of 0.50 cm2, how much potential energy does it store
when compressed 1.0 mm?
Answers
[1]
1 F
L = Lo
E A
Lo = 15 cm L = 0.37 cm r = 0.00425 m
A = r = ( 0.00425 m ) = 5.7 x 10 -5 m2
2 2
1 F 1 13.4 N
L = Lo = 15 cm = 9.5 . 106 N/m2
E A 0.37 cm 5.7 . 10 m
5 2
V 1
[2] = P solve for P
Vo B
V 0.10
P = B = 90 . 109 N/m2 = 9.0 . 107 N/m2
Vo 100
V 1 1
[3] = P = 2.0 . 107 N/m2 = 2.2 . 10 4
Vo B 9
90 . 10 N/m2
1 F 1 250 N
L = Lo = 30.0 cm = 1.9 cm
E A 5 . 10 Nm 7.9 . 10- 7 m2
9 -2
F 15200
stress = = = 1.0 . 105 N/m2
A 0.15
L 1 1
strain = = stress = 1.0 . 105 N/m2 = 5.0 . 10 7
Lo E 9
200 . 10 N/m2
1 F F
[6] L = Lo and F = kL L =
E A k
PE = 1
2 k L2 set L = L
1 F F
Lo = solved for k ; 1 m = 100 cm, 1 m2 = 1000 cm2
E A k
Base Competency
Analyzes the relation between force and harmonic motion
Learning Objectives
1 Describes the characteristic of motion on vibrate spring
2 Explains the relation between the period of harmonic
motion and mass weighted base on observations data
3 Analyzes the displacement, velocity and acceleration
planetary motion within a universe base on Kepplers Law
4 Analyses the potentian and mximum kinetic energy on
harmonic motion
References
[1] John D Cutnell dan Kenneth W. Johnson (2002). Physics 5th Ed
with Compliments. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. hal. 273-294
[2] Sunardi dan Etsa Indra Irawan (2007). Fisika Bilingual SMA/MA
untuk SMA/MA Kelas XI. CV Yrama Widya hal. 255-298
VIBRATION SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)
x = displacement
F = force due to spring
F = k x
The restoring force is opposite to the displacement.
Give m a positive displacement where x = A. then release it. F
will pull the mass back towards x = 0.
d2x k
+ x =0
dt 2 m
x = x m cos(t + )
d2x
= 2 x m cos(t + )
dt 2
k
2 x m cos(t + ) = x m cos(t + )
m
= 2 f
2
and T =
The quantity t + is called phase of the motion.
is called phase constant
xm, the maximum value of displacement, and are determined
by the initial position and velocity of the particles.
Oscillating Mass
m
T = 2 .
k
2
Therefore, m = T k2
4
Mass of an Astronaut
However, this procedure does not work in orbit, because both the
scale and the astronaut are in free-fall and cannot press against
each other.
This device
consists of a
spring-mounted
chair in which
the astronaut
sits. The chair is
then started
oscillating in
simple harmonic
motion. The
period of the
motion is
measured
electronically
and is automatically converted into a value of the astronauts
mass, after the mass of the chair is taken into account.
How to understand ?
x = xm cos(t + )
x t
xm =0
t
o =
T 2
xm =
How to compare the phases of two SHOs with same ?
x
= 0
t
o
x
=
t
o
x
x1 = xm1 cos(t + 1 )
x2 = x m2 cos(t + 2 )
t
o
= (t + 2 ) (t + 1 )
= 2 1
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
Displacement x = x m cos(t + )
dx
Velocity v x = = x m sin(t + )
dt
= x m cos(t + + )
2
d2x
Acceleration ax = = 2 xm cos(t + )
dt 2
= 2 x m cos(t + + )
x = x m cos(t + )
t
o
2 T
T = =0
xm
v
vt graph
xm
v = x m sin(t + )
T t
o
= x m cos t + +
2
xm
a a t graph
xm 2
a = xm 2 cos(t + ) t
o T
= x m 2 cos(t + + )
xm 2
SHM Parameters
2
E = 1
2 mv max = 1
2 kA2 = 1
2 mv 2 + 1
2 kx 2
when x = A,
v = 0, , all the
when v = vmax,
energy is PE
x = 0, all the
energy is KE
2
v max k
= a relation that shows how (k/m) influence
A m
simple harmonic motion
Also get the velocity (or speed) as function of x:
A2 x 2 x2
v2 =
k
( )
A2 x 2 = v max
2
= v 2
max 1
m A
2
A2
=0
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
T/2 T
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1
The Potential Energy U =
2
kx 2 = kx m cos2 (t + )
2 2
v = xm sin(t + )
Both Potential and Kinetic energies oscillate with time t and vary
between zero and maximum value of 12 k x m2 .
Both Potential and Kinetic energies vary with twice the frequency
of the displacement and velocity
SHM Comparison to Circular Motion
v Look at x-component
y of velocity in circular
motion, radius A.
x
We can show that it
is analogous to the
A2 x 2 velocity in SHM!
x x vx = vmax sin
= vmax sin t
A2 x 2 x2
But, sin = = 1 2
A A
x2
Then, v x = v max 1
A2
2 A
So, v max =
T
Spring Configurations
- parallel springs
k par = k1 + k2 ; T2 = 1
2 T1 (if k2 = 2k1 )
Exercises