THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAMTHE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM NEW EDITION PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF LEADING ORIENTALISTS EDITED BY C. E, BOSWORTH, E. van DONZEL, B. LEWIS anp Cu. PELLAT ASSISTED BY F. Tu. DIJKEMA AND Mus S. NURIT UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES VOLUME V KHE—MAHI REGI0, os LEIDEN E. J. BRILL 1986EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Members: CC, Bere, C, E. Bosworrn, J. T. P. ox Brurys, Ct. Camen, A. Dias Farnana, E. van Donzer, ret, E. Garcia Gomez, A. K.S. Lanston, G. Lecowre, T. Lewrcxt, B, Lewis, Fr, Meter, Cx, Pewiat, F. ROSENTHAL, F. RUNDGREN, A. L. Upovircs, F. C. WIEDER. Associated members: layr AL-Asnt, A, S, BAZ Ansan, HaLit INatctk, [prauim MADKouR, S, H. Nasr, M. Taunt, E. Tyaw, The preparation of this volume of the Encyclopaedia of Islam was made possible in part through grants from the Research Tools Program of the National Endow- ment for the Humanities, an independent Federal Agency of the United States Government, and from Mr, Gerald L. Parsky. ‘The articles in this volume were published in double fascicules of 128 pages, the dates of publication being: 1979: Fascs. 79-80, p. 1-128 1983: Fases. 89-92, p. 641-896 1980: Fascs. 81-84, p. 129-384 1984: Fases. 93-04, p. 897-1024 198t: Fascs. 85-86, p. 385-312 1985: Fass. 95-98, p. 1025-1263, 1982: Fascs. 87-88, p. 513-640 ISBN 90 04 07839 3 Copyright 1986 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands, All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or translated in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, microfiche or any other means without written permission from the Editors. PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDSAUTHORS OF ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME For the benefit of readers who may wish to follow up an individual contributor's articles, the Editors have decided to place after each contributor’s name the numbers of the pages on which his signature appears Academic but not other addresses are given (for a retired scholar, the place of his last known academic appointment). In this list, names in square brackets are those of authors of articles reprinted or revised from the first edition of this Encyclopaedia or from the Skorter Encyclopaedia of Islam. An asterisk after the name of the author in the text denotes an article reprinted from the first edition which has been brought up to date by the Editorial Committee; where an article has been revised by second author his name appears in the text within square brackets after the name of the original author. Insaw Annas, American University, Beirut. 553. Z. Apramanowicr, University of Cracow. 723, 767. Aziz AuMAD, University of Toronto. 6. S, Magnut ANMAD, University of Kashmic, Srinagar. 938. M. Monre Axtere, University of Istanbul. 297, 837. J.P. Auata, Paris, 252. MARIE M, ALEXANDRESCU-Dersca BuLcart, Uni- versity of Bucarest. 278 Hamp Atcar, University of California, Berkeley. 41, 301, 486, 1222, UJ. ALLAN, London] 684. J.W. ALLAN, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. 357 A. ALPARStAN, University of Istanbul. 225, P. A. Anprews, University of Cologne. 60r, 637, 1220, 1261, R. Anwatpez, University of Paris. 99, 513, 579, 64, 844, 894, 1263. [T. W. Arsoun}. 353, 549, 1230. ‘Asp AL-KaRiM AL-Asiitan, University of Damascus. 2257. the tate E. Asuror, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 557, 967. NunMan ATASOY, University of Istanbul. 19, 76. M. Arman Att, Aligach Muslim Unive A.S, Ariva, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. 95. LPR. Basixcer, Munich]. 32, 171, 283, J.-L. Bacout-Grammowt, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 32, 35. Eva Baz, University of Tel-Aviv. 17, 18, 993 M. A. Baxwit, University of Jordan, Amman. 594. (W. Barriouo, Leningrad). 24, 31, 136, 247, 300, 314, 384, 397, 400, 852. {R. Basser, Algiers). 367, 379, 540. M. Cavip Baysuw, University of Istanbul. 273. A. F, L, BEESTON, University of Oxford. 120. [M, Ben Cuewes, Algiers). 345, 373. $17, 807. R. Bewcnenes, Paris. 1030. Mow M. BERWAxD, Centre National de la Recherche Sclentifique, Paris, 242. [H. Bevenipor). 74. A, Bixex, Hamburg. 776. B. Binneaum, University of Toronto. 836. A.D, H. Btvar, University of London. 223, 237 W. Byiaxwax, Uppsala. 770. J. R. Bracksurs, University of Toronto. 1242. A. J. E. Boprosticen, University of California, Los “Angeles. 539. (Ty. ve Boer, Amsterdam). 579. ‘the late Tu. Bors, Paris. 147, 447, 470, 479, 486. B. J. Bovawp, Oegstgeest, Netherlands. 715. A. Bowesaxxen, University of California, Los Angeles. 322, 841, 902, P.N. Borarav, Centre National de la Recherche ‘Scientifique, Paris. 5, 246, 270, 953. J. Boscu-ViLA, University of Granada, 587, 632, 683. CE. Boswonrx, University of Manchester. , 31, 37. 46, 47, 48, 59, 75, 102, 108, 182, 184, 243, 247, 251, 264, 280, 283, 287, 312, 353) 357; 359s 360, 361, 364, 375, 378, 385, 389, 391, 392; 497, 498, 301, 502, 52%, 539, 542, 55%, 581, 631, 649, 656, 685, 692, 698, 765, 769, 859, 897, 939, 954, 1028, 1156, 1258, 1259. Cx, Bouvanta, University of Tunis. 498. G. Buwentxs, University of Pennsylvania, Phila- delphia. 547. the late J. A. Boyer, University of Manchester. 300, 376, 498. (H. H. Brau). 331 Yu. Brecet, Hebcew University, Jerusalem. 274, 582. Manta L. Britt, Paris. 24. [C. Brocxeumann, Halle]. 584. K. L. Brown, University of Manchester. 761. J.T. P. DE Bruiyx, University of Leiden. 167, 176, 583, 835, 1027, 1105. (F. Boat, Copenhagen). 1256. R. Butter, Columbia University, New York. 1157. RM. Burkett, University of London. 576, 646. J. Burton-Pace, Church Knowle, Dorset. 233, 785, 859, 1258, Cu. CamBX, University of Paris, 22, 73, 104, 254, 272, 821, 865, 1029, 1150. J.Caumann,” Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 372, 665, 676. G. Camrs, University of Aix-en-Provence. 757. the late M. CaNaRD, University of Algiers. 106, 820. Menwen Cavugodiu, University of Istanbul. 116. Nuwav M. Cetin, University of Istanbul. 694. P. Cuateta, University of Madrid. 377, 782. D. Cusvancitr, University of Paris. 798. J. W. Cuwrox, Princeton University. 649, 97 D, Comes, University of Paris. 525. (G. S. Couax, Paris). 652, t203, 1207. RCoawevin, Académie’ des Sciences 4'Outre-Mer, Paris. 253, 279, 281, 287, 753 [A. Cour, Constantine). 49, 528. Paraicta Crone, Oxtord. 23. F. Dacnraott, University of Tunis. 1244. the late L.. Cu. Dawats, Paris. 228. A.-M, Detcamurs, Paris, 23, 25, 127, 639. the late G. DeverDvy, Paris. 655, A. Dias Fartnita, Institute of African and Oriental Languages, Lisbon, 367. A. Dierntcrt, University of Gattingen. 252, 787, 820, 1168, LE, Diez]. 296. F, Tu. DijkENA, Leiden. 225. Hiexem-Dyair, University of Tunis. 351 B. Dyuepjzv, University of Sarajevo, 32.vI AUTHORS E. van Donzat, Netherlands Institute for the Near East, Leiden. 809. A. J. Dazwes, University of Leiden. 763. W. Eaotetox, Department of State, Washington. 1214. R.M. Eatox, University of Arizona, Tucson. 550. R. ¥, Estep, University of Sydney. 369, 514. A. Etaven, University of Tunis. 916. N. Euissteve, University of Lyons. 125, 593, 898, 922, 927. the late L. P. Euwett-Surton, University of Edin- burgh. 201, $02, 657, 819, 839. J. van Ess, University of Tubingen. 385, 936. T. Faup, University of Strasbourg. ror, 235, 399, 693, 860. Ravan Fanwant, Kabul. 73. [H. G. Farmer], 937. Supalva Fanognt, Middle East Technical University, ‘Ankara. 1171. (G. Ferman, Paris}. 945. ©. V, Fixpiey, Ohio State University, Columbus. 1086. K. Fiscuer, University of Bonn. 549. H. J. Fisuer, University of London. 359, the late H. Fueisce, Université St-Joseph, Beirut. 643. BAxsara FLemminc, University of Leiden. 28, 194, 65%) 1206, A. D. W. Fornzs, University of London. 588, 771, 847, 849, 8$0, 852, 938, 1123. G.S. P, FrexMan-Grenvitte, Sheriff Hutton, Yorks. 105, 107, 223, 247, 278, 656, 1032, 1158. F, Gannteut, University of Rome. 710. J-C. Garci, University of Aix-en-Provence. 99, 515, 519. L, Gaxper, Paris. 238. H. Gaunt, University of Tubingen. ro, 593. E, Geitwee, University of London. 715. I. Géauts, University of Haifa, 127. the late S. D. Gorrers, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. 339. M. Tavvim GoxaILoM, University of Istanbul. 263, 269. L. Gouvin, University of Aix-en-Provence, 221. G. Goopwin, London, 256, 274, 366. ‘the inte H., L, GortscHatx, Salzburg. 953. A.G. Goutp, University of California, Los Angeles. 284. ©. Grawar, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 299, 344- R. Grauutcx, University of Freiburg-im-Breisgat 1029. W. J. Griswotp, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 729. [A. Gromsann, Academy of Sciences, Vienna]. 715 3451 39%, 895- A. H. pr Groot, University of Leiden. 248, 250, 2853, 309, 678, 764. U. Bassaann, University of Freiburg-im-Breisgau. 50 55- Anput-Haot Hatnt, Meshed. 25, 62, 311, 1088, 1090. ‘A. Havj-Satan, University of Algiers. 806, 917. H. Hawn, University of Tubiogen. $27, the late L. Hamm, College de France, Paris, 39. A. Y.aL-Hassan, University of Aleppo. 973. J. A. Havwoon, Lewes, Sussex. 204, 962, 1107. G. Hazat, Academy of Sciences, Budapest. 126, 136, 373 [B. Hutier, Budapest]. 234, 714, 813, 833. ©, J. Heywoop, University of London. 40, 271, 313. D. R. Hit, Great Bookham, Surrey. 530, 862, 973- R. Hicewseanb, University of Edinburgh. 1154. M, Hinos, University of Cambridge. 1164. P.M, Hout, Dryden Spinney, Kirtlington. 70, 73, 595) 1253. [E. Howtomawn, Brussels). 369. (J. Hoxovire, Frankfort]. 275. (Ce, Huanr, Paris), 246, 247, 256, 509, 647. J.0, Hunwicx, Northwestern University, Evan- ston. 395, 1166. the late HR. Loris, University of Bordeaux. 6r. S, M. Imamupprm, University of Dacca. 785. C,H. Iusex, University of Manchester. 250, 507, 838. H. Inaucix, University of Chicago. 35, 566, 883. Su. IwavaTuLtas, University of the Panjab, Lahore. 44. Faure 12, Bogazigi University, Istanbul, 197, 264, 27%, 283y 359; 367, 710, 73%. P. Jackson, University of Keele. 546, 588, 590. K. Jaoutcne, Centre National de ‘la Recherche Scientifique, Paris. 527. M.A, JazaveRt, University of Texas, Austin. 1099. RC. Jenotvos, University of Ilinois, Urbana. 719, 173 A.H, Jouws, Australian National University, Can- berra, 205, 433, 526, J. Jouwver, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Btudes, Paris. 123. F, ox Jonc, University of Utrecht. 285, 546, 949. AppatLan S. Juma, Dhahran. 40. G. H. A. Juywnony, The Hague. $72. Gy. KAupy-Naoy, Budapest. 1024, J.B, Ketiy, London. 71, 184, 509, 538. H. Kexwepy, University of St, Andrews. 1239. D. K, Kenscawt, 384, M, Kies, Castricum, 788; 774, 776, 826+ D. A. Kine, University of Frankfort, 88. M. J. Kister, Hebrew University, Jerusalesa. 80, 318 J. Knarrert, University of London. 177, 206, 963. IT. Kowarsxt, Cracow]. 275. UU. H. Kwawers, Leiden). 147, 176, 281, 356, 538, 64%, 729 835, 1231. P, Kuntrzscu, University of Munich. 543, 1025. R. J. L rex Laaw, Amsterdam. 759. M. Laxnpar, Rabat. 53. Aww K, S, Lampton, Kirknewton, Northumberland. 44, 166, 171, 876. UH. Lasers, Beirut]. 632. J.M, Lanpau, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 570, 1079, 1101, D. M. Lano, University of London. 724. the late H. Laousr, Collége de France, Paris. 10. J, Lassner, Wayne State University, Detroit. $66. J. D. Latuas, University of Edinburgh. 362. B. Lawrence, Duke University, Durham. 1210, 1230. 0. N, H. Leaman, Liverpool Polytechnic, 834. (G. Levi pewta Vipa, Rome}. 362, 520, 526, 763. [E. LévieProvencar, Paris]. 707, 632, 1008, 1203, 1209, 1240, 1246, N. Levrziow, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 279. T. Lewicxs, University of Cracow. 654, 697, 698, 1022, 1165, 1183, 1230. D, P. Lirrus, MeGill’ University, Montreal, $72, D. M. MacEor, University of Cambridge, 502. D.N. MacKenzie, University of Gdttingen, 480. K. S, MeLacutay, University of London, 888. K. MePuerson, Western Australian Institute of Technology, Bentley. 648. W. Mapetuno, University of Oxford. 27, 65, 363, 434, 1033, 1238, Netherlands. 266, 535, 725,T. MAyDA, University of Warsaw. 753. G. Maxprst, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel- phia, 234, 388, 1134. L, Martinez Marrts, University of Barcelona, 951. R. Mauwy, University of Paris. 387, 651. M. Metwecke, University of Hamburg, 286. Irkwe Méurxorr, University of Strasbourg. 644. A. Meivixcen, Uppsala, x12, [Tw. Menzxt]. 210, 644. A. Mérap, University of Lyons. 597, 722. Ji. Mictox, Geneva. 18. M. Mines, University of California, Santa Barbara, 583. [V. Minors, London}. 289, 297, 464, 497, $54 604, 617, 646, 657, 714, 819, 826, 828, 829, 832, 1171. A. MonAstA, University of Toulouse, 707. (J. H. Morprwann, Bertin]. 534. B, 0, Moran, University of London. 300, 554, M. Monowy, University of California, Los Angeles. 185, 946, 1118, 1213, H, Morter, University of Freiburg-im-Breisgau. 379. R, Murputy, Columbia University, New York. 985. T. Nacet, University of Bonn. 176, 181, 500. E, Neuaaver, University of Frankfort. 937. R Nevwaxy, Department of State, Washington 1214. A.C, NieMEtjeR, Eindhoven. 7. H. T. Norris, Uriversity of London, 892. M, OcaRa Jimenez, University of Cordova, 220, 512, 994, 1008, 1010. R. S, O'FauEY, University of Bergen. 268. the late C, Oxnowtu, University of Istanbul. 45, 53, 103) 144. SOLANGE Ory, University of Aix-en-Provence. 218. the late R, Panet, Tibingen. 129. J. D. Pearson, Cambridge. 432. (J. Pepersex, Copenhagen]. 1134. Ci. Pettat, University of Paris. 3, 20, 43, 71, 118, 187, 297, 373, 375, 438, 505, $25, $28, 529, 342, $81, $86, 610, 640, 710, 1029, 1103, 1221, 1223. J. R, Perry, University of Chicago. 835, 2240. D. Prices, Brown University, Providence. 131. X. De PLawnot, University of Paris. 589, 647. (M. Pursswer, Jerusalem). 499, 55%. L, Poowawata, University of California, Los Angeles. 815. Hassaweix Rasie, University of Cairo. 864. Muxtpur Rau@ax, Oakland University, Rochester, MI. 345, 615, 1033, 1136. R. RasweD, Centre National de la Recherche Scienti- fique, Paris. 123, (W. H, Rassers). 310, 1155. H. A. Reep, University of Connecticut, Storrs. 678. B. Retwert, University of Zurich, 902, 1026. 1M. REKAYA, University of Toulouse. 70. G. Rewrt, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, California, 63. R.C. Reve, University of Oxford. 35, 263. the tate J. Revouman, University of Warsaw. 767. M. E. J, RIcnaRnson, University of Manchester. 68. the latéS. A.A. Rizvi, Australian National University, Canberra, 644, 690, 1240. the late U. Rizerraxo, University of Palermo. 105, F.C. R, Rosixsow, Royal Holloway College, Egham. 781, 803, 1082. J.M. Rocens, British Museum, London. 298, 682. F. Rosentmat, Yale University, New Haven. 110, 122, $74, 616. G. Rotrer, University of Hamburg. 381. M. J. Rustera pe Eratza, University of Madrid. 1109. J.SADAN, University of Tel-Aviv. 509, 798, 1259. J. Saum, University of Rabat. 978. J. Sansé, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras, Tenerife. 47. ‘Mausup Sax, London. g2r. R. M. Savory, University of Toronto, 29, 63 66, 81, 103, 124, 245, 397, 437 (J. Scuacnr, New York]. 180, 732, 810. ©. ScHUMANN, University of Hamburg. 310, $40, 786, 1155. R. Seuuiter, University of Frankfort. 174, 175, 208, 71. (C. F. Seypoto, Tubingen}. 512, 994- UxsvLa Sezorx, Frankfort. 948. C. Suackx, University of London. 611. TRPAN SMAMtD, Georgetown University, Washington, 120, 632, 634, M. Suanox, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 3, 803. S.J. Saw, University of California, Los Angeles, ste A, Suttoam, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. 234, 646. LH. Stooigut, Muslim University, Aligarh. 887. SUSAN A, SKILLITIR, University of Cambridge. 67. G. R. Suita, University of Dutham. 602, 895, 954, 12421245, P, Smoon, University of Amsterdam. 935, 1212. the late Hanna Sourwaroe, University of Hamburg. 682, 824. D. SouRvEL, University of Paris. 398. Jantwe Sovrvet-Tromane, University of Paris. 2:6. ‘he late O. Spies, Bonn. 1122. B. Sruten, University of Hamburg. 143. J. Stewart-Roninsox, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 958, 1028. N.A.STILMAN, State University of New York, Binghamton. 7, 236, 374 750, 813. ‘Yeoroa K. STLMAN; State University of New York, Binghamton. 744, 747, 750. (M. Strec, Jena]. 811, 946. [R. Srrorusanx, Hamburg). 1242, ‘Appus Susnax, Asiatic Society, Calcutta. 31, 635, 839. UH. Sure, Zurich). 566. the late F. Taxscunun, Minster. 173. M. Tatar, University of Tunis. 52, 518, 1161, 1247. ‘Atpa Trot, University of Tripoli, Libya. 896. G. Troureau, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Paris. 121, 242, 567, 955. A. L. Unovrret, Princeton University. 130. M. Utewann, University of Tubingen. 90, 107, 115, 567. the late G. Vaso, Paris. 833, P, J. Varixtonss, University of London. 4. P. Vénux, Institut National des Langues et Civilisa- tions Orientales, Paris. 945. J. Verwet, University of Barcelona, r1r0. Ch. Vias, University of Aix-en-Provence. 193, F. S. Vapat, University of Texas, Arlington. 436. Manta J. VIGUERA, University of Madrid. 393, 498. Fa, Viet, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifi- que, Paris. 9, 134, 391, 652, 1230. J.D. J. Waanpensurs, University of Utrecht. 366, 1094. J. R. Wats, University of Edinburgh. 5. W. Montcomery Warr, Dalkeith. rot, 116, 435, 445, 895, 998. B. M. Werscuen, University of Hamburg, 166, A.T. WetcH, Michigan State University, Lansing. 429, t102, C, Wewpsxt, University of California, Santa Bar- bara. 830. Eastvir LA. J. Wensinex, Leiden). 4, 22, 41,75, 83, 395, 396, 437, 698. G. E. Wuexter, Epsom, Surrey. 28. G. M. Wickens, University of Toronto. 956. (E. Wieoemann, Erlangen}, 357, 397,537, 548, 1169. {G. Wrer, Paris). 386. RB. Winper, New York University, New York. 1007. M. WivrEa, University of Tel-Aviv, 915, AUTHORS R, Wraaw, University of Oregon, Eugene. 2, 8, 55, 81, 264, 285, 498, 579, 618, 730. M. E. Yarr, University of London. 1080. M. J. L. Youne, University of Leeds. 514, 860, (G. Yvan, Algiers). 352, 532, $97, 1010, 1184, 1196. E. A. Zacuanianou, Montreal. 268. H. Zarnant, University of Paris. 207. A. H. Zanninxoow, University of Tehran. 605. UK. V. Zertenstten, Uppsala. 437.ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA VOLUME I P, 972, A-BALADHURI, add to Bibliography: Khalil Athamina, The sources of al-Baliidhwri’s Ansa alashraf, in JSAJ'y (1984), 237-62. VOLUME II P18, GAGHANIYAN, add fo Bibliography: C. E. Bosworth, The rulers of Chaghiniyan in early Islamic times, in Iran, Jnal. of the Brit. Inst. of Pers. Studies, xix (1983), 1-20. P.75%, DADALOGHLU, add to Bibliography: KD. Wannig, Der Dichter Karaca Offan, Studien tur tit schen Liebeslyrih, Freiburg i.Br. 1980. (Studien 2ur Sprache, Geseh. und Kultur d. Turkvolker, i). P. 571%, DJUDDA, see now G.R. Hawting, The origin of Jedda and the problem of al-ShuSayba, in Arabica XxxxXi (1984), 318-26, who finds no sound evidence that Diudda existed in pre-Islamic times or that the exact location of its predecessor as the port of Makka, alShufayba, can be pinpointed with any certainty. P. 585*, DJUGHRAFIYA, |. 5,, instead of 56/1166 read 561/116 P. 7219, EXISTENGE, 10 référence add and Awnyva. P, 840%, FATHPOR-SIKRI, add 40 Bibliography S. A. A. Rizvi and V. J. A. Flynn, Fathpur-Sikri, Bombay 1975. VOLUME 111 P, 227%, at-HARRA, add to Bibliography: M. J. Kister, The Battle of the Harra, Some socio-economic aspects, in Studies in memory of Gaston Wiet, ed. M. Rosen-Ayalon, Jerusalem 1977, 33-49. P, 679%, IBN ‘ABD au-ZABIR, ll, 19-14 from bottom, instead of the sentence beginning He composed the Renealogy of al-Hakim |. read He composed the genealogy of al-Hikim, which was confirmed by the hadi, and read it in the assembly of dignitaries; he also composed the ‘ahd of al-Nasir KalawOn gn], see Kalkashandi, Sub al-aShé, x, 116 ft. VOLUME 1V Pivt 1.24, instead of J. W. Aten . .. 1105 read (J. ALLAN, London], 1105 1. 29 from below, insiead of Princeton University read Hebrew University, Jerusalem P.xt, —snsiead of Taeschner ... Gotha 1926 read Taeschner, Wegenets = Franz Taeschner, Das anatotische Wegenetz nach osmanischen Quellen, 2 vols., Leipzig 1924-6. P. 118%, ISHBILIYA, add fo Bibliography: Cronica del Moro Rasis, ed. D. Catalin and Maria Soledad de Andrés, Madrid 1974, 91-6, 305°6; Ibn Hazmn, Djamharat alsansdb, Cairo 1962, index; Tbr al“ Khatib, Amal, index. P. 137%, AL-ISKANDARIYYA, add f0 Bibliography: Numerous pieces of information about the working of the port of Alexandria are given in the Minhady of al-MalsheGmi, in the parts translated and comment- ‘ed upon by Cl. Cahen, Douanes et commerce dans les ports méditerrandens de U'Egypte méditvale, in JESHO (1963), reproduced in idem, Makizimiyyat, Leiden 1978. Furthermore, the author called al-Nuwayri, Mubammad b. Kasim, author of the Zimdm al-a‘ldm, should be clearly distinguished from his homonym, the celebrated author of the Nikdya.The Iimdm, written in regard to the attack. ‘on Alexandria by Peter of Cyprus in 1367 and from which come the extracts studied in the articles ‘of Combes cited in the Bibl,, has now been edited by A.S. Atiya in 4 vols, in the Haydarabad Series, 2088-72. P. 322%, KA‘BA, add to Bibliography: G. R. Hawting, “We were not ordered with entering it but onty with circumambulating it." Hadith and figh on entering the Ka‘ba, in BSOAS xlvii (1984), 228-42, P. 471%, KALAM, add to Bibliography: C. E. Bosworth, A medieval Islamic prototype of the fountain-pem?, in JSS xxvi (1981), 229°34. P, 501%, At-KALL, |. 1, instead of 189 read 289 Il, to-t2, instead of from memory . .. into account read from memory in his new home, or he made critical observations ané commentaries, following the ‘Irak tradition which he knew, upon. 1. 25 from below, after 1392/1972 add (cf. MMA‘ xx/2 (1974), 49-130) P. 546%, KANNANDR, add fo Bibliography: G. Bouchon, Mamale de Cananor, un adversaire de U Inde portue aise (1507-1528), Hautes études islamiques et orientales d'histoire comparée 7, Paris 1975. P. 599%, KARADJA OGHLAN, add fo Bibliography: K.-D. Wannig, Der Dichter Karaca Oglan. Studien tur tirkischen Liebeslyrik, Freiburg i.Br. 1980. (Studien zur Sprache, Gesch. und Kultur d. Tirk+ valker, i). P. 733, KASRAWI TABRIZI, add to Bibliography: E. Jung, Ahmad Kasrawi. Ein Beitrag sur Ideen- ‘geschichte Persiens im 26. Jahrhundert, Diss. phil. Freiburg i.Br. 1976. P. 757%, KATIB, |. 24, instead of M. Kanter read M, Carter P. 772%, KATRAN, |. 35 from below, instead of xeBla, read xeBpla; instead of kaariya read kadrivs P. 814%, KAY KA’US b. ISKANDAR, last para and Bibl. Five completely independent Old Ottoman versions of the Kabis-ndma have in fact survived, the best known of which is that of Merdjiimek Abmed (9.0:]. The version at Kazan in 1882, 1889, ete. (and not in 1298/2880-1) is not by this last Ottoman author, but is a version in what is called by H. F. Hofman (Turkish literature, a bio- bibliographical survey, Section TIT, Part x v 6, p. 65) “Old Tatar", possibly via an Ottoman inter- mediary.P. 8700, KEMAKH add (0 Bibliograph in REL, xxxv (1967), 149-72. P. 902%, aL-KHADIR, add fo Bibliography: H. Schwarzbaum, in Fabuta, ili (x95%), $1 ff P. gro, KEAF, addin Bibliography: J Aubin, Un senton qahisian de epeque tiovriae,in REL, xxxv (2067), 185-216. B. ox4%, KHARD, add to signative and O. MeiwarDus. P. 962%, ALV-KHALIL , AHMAD, I. 39 from below, instead of at-taxAmtDl read 1.17 from below, instead of Fatknerliteratur read Falknereiliteratur P. 962%, 1. 36, instead of ibn Ahmad read ibn-Abmad |. 37, instead of Sibawayhs read Stbawaihs |, 18 from Delow, instead of 266 read 365 1. xg from below, instead of 4075 ff. read 4075 f. P. 0638, 1. 32 instead of F@id read Fi?id |, 38 from below, after author add, a pseudo-al-Khaltl, 1, 19, instead of 303 read 304 |. 22, after 67-80 add; A. Spitaler, in DLZ 8x (1960), 612-16; cf. J. Flick, in ZDMG rxx (1961), 464° 69, Arabic te. in MAILE4 (Cairo) 18 (1064), 33°47 MN. 34,and 37, instead of tf. read f. 1. 22 from below, instead of 37-9 read 37-42 1. 37 from below, after 1960; add H. Fleisch, Traité de philologic arabe, Beirut 296r, i, index; ‘A. al- Zubaydl, al-Khalil at-musibar, in al-Macorid ivl4 (1975), 23-29; 1.2 from below, after 1373/1954 add, 43-7 P, 964% KHALIL p. ISHAK, |. 14, insicad of born in Cairo read died in Cai P, 1034, Al- KHARAD, |. 52, add: R, S. Cooper, The assessment and cellectio.s “f *surai tax in medieval Egypt, J AOS 96 (1976), 365-82 (important). P, 1690%, KHASI, last line, «fier 123 add; this belief has been affirmed by Muslim law; see R. Brunschvig, Averrods juriste, in Etudes dorientalisme . . . Lévi-Provenzal, Paris 1952, i, 65, 0. 79 = Ltudes d'Isia~ mologie, Paris 1976, ii, 197, n. 79, P, 1099, AL-KHASSA. Wa-'L“AMMA, I. 30 from below, after mischief-makers. add (It should be noted, however, that the Shf‘ites applied the term ‘imma disparagingly to the Sunnites; see R. Brunschvig. Figh fatimide et histoire de Ifriqiya, in Melanges ...G. Marcais, Algiers 1057, ii, 13 = Etudes @’Ista ‘mologie, Paris 1976, i, 64.) AUKHATIB at-BAGHDADL I. 18 trom below. after hail ad (rbid., i, 427) 1. 27 from below, after Kifa add (YaKit, Udab, i, 246) 1.24 from below, after Nishapir add (Teyihh Baghdad, v, 67; x, 383) | 12 from below, after Ray add (ibid., xi, 125) 8 from below, instead of 1922 read 1911. |. 6 from below, after Dinawar add (Subki, Tabakat, iii, 12; tiv, 29) P, 111% 1. 20, instead of Udaba i,, read Udaba?, i, 1. 25, instead of 210-17 read 210-27. 1, 25 from below, instead of 1974, i, 69-75 read 3976, i, 70-74 1.17 from below, after Baghdfd adda year later I. 22, instead of Tldhiyat read fldhiyat 1 4 +R. H. Unal, Monuments salgagides de Kemah (Anatolie orientale), teFaRantot P. 063 Plans P, ara2! a7, after 197%; add *Beirut 19743 23 trom below, instead of 69-73 read 70-74 1. 22 trom below, after "Ltafrik, add a work about traditioners with similar names and their identifi- cation, 1, 18 from below, after 175 fl. add; printed Beirut 1975 1. 17 from below, after al-‘amal add, a small paraenetic book concerning 2or akadith abyat and akwdl by well-known individuais, named’ and anonymous poets, prophets and sages (e,g. quotations from the Torah), on both concepts “idm and Samal, always introduced by isndds after by al-Albani, add Beirut 1386/1966, °r389/1960, P. 11121. 12, after 13 add; iv, 33. P. 1155%, KHAYR AL-DIN PASHA, |. 13-14 from below, instead of G. S. van Krieken read idem 1. ar from below, instead of idem read G. S. van Krieken P, 1162¢, AUKHAYYAT, ABé ‘L-Husayn, l 14 ftom below, instead of Aba read Aba P. 11628, |. 9, delete about P. 21638, 6, instead of 7 read -7 . 29, instead of 6 read ~6 1. 19 trom below, instead of 5 read -5 1. 14 from below, instead of 4 read -4 last line, instead of 6 1f,, 83, 11. 3 ff. read -6 ff, 85, 11. -5 ff Plate XLVIL, KHAZAR, caption No. 1 belongs to the lejickand photograph, cuption No. 2 to the right-hand Photorraph. P, a171%, Add to Bibliography, section ‘General’: E, J. Grube, Islamic pottery of the 8th to the rsth century in the Keir collection, London 1976; G. Oney, Islantic tile art, Osaka 1975; J. Zick-Nissen, Islanische Keramik, Katalog, Diisseldor! 1973; Keramos, No. 64, Berlin, April 1974 (in conjunction with the preceding reference). — Section ‘Technique’: J. C. Gardin, Code pour l'analyse des formes de poteries, CNRS Paris 1976. — Section ‘China and Islam: ¥. Crowe, Certains types et techniques de Ja eéramique de Suse, in Alli del VII Convegno Internazionale della ceramica, Albisola 1974. — Section ‘Turkey W.B. Denny, The ceramic reveiments of the mosque of Riistem Pasha and the environment of change, New York 1677; M. Meinecke, Fayence Dehorationen seldschukischer Sakralbasten in Kleinasien,in DAI Istanbuler Mitteilungen, xiii, Tubingen 1976; G. Oney, Turkish ceramic tile art, Tokyo 1976; idem, Tiirk cini sanats, Istanbul 1976. — Section ‘Special studies’: G. A. Brikina, Karabulak, Moscow 1974, VOLUME V P. 84, KIBLA, |. 9: al-Diaghmial lived ca 628/r221-22, since, according to Hadidif Khalffa (though not in the printed versions of the Kagh/ al-zundn), this was the date of composition of his treatise on as- ‘tronomy. P, 85%, 2nd formula from bottom: the quantity Cos qx is to be multiplied by the preceding quotient and the product is to be added to Sin qx Sin 9. G08 mt C08 AL sage R 120, tore S259 inet P. 85% 1. 8, before 115, Before SELES AL insert WL 16 and 17, insicad of OME read OM, 86, 1. 4, after sin Oy insert = rst and and equations beneath Fig. 5, insert = Table x, instead of if read @ 87%, Ul. x and 9, instead of f@ and gg read fy and go. 88%, add to Bibliography: On the problems of mosque orientation see D. A. King, Asironomical alignments in medieval Islamic religious architecture, in Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1982, . 106%, KILWA, |. 10 from below, instead of Kivinve read Kivinyn 1.8 from below, instead of Dar es Salam read Dar ¢5 Salaam, the official spelling 142-3, KIRIM, add fo Bibliography: Le Khanat de Crimés dans les archives du Musée du Palais de Topkap, prés. par A. Bennigsen, P. Boratav et autres, ParisjDen Haag 1978; M. Berindei and G. Veinstein, La présence ottomane au cud de la Crimde et en Mer d’Azou dans la premiere moitié du XVI* sicle in Cahiers du Monde russe ef sovidtique xx (1979), 389-455: G. Veinstein, La population au sud de la Crimée au début de ta domination ottomane, dans Memorial Omer Litfi Barkan, Pi 49 (Bibl. de Vast. Frangais d'Archéol. d'Istanbul, xxviii); Catalogue des microfilms interessant les musulmans de 'U.R.S.S. . .., ii: Crimée, Paris 1963 (stenecilled). P. 243%, Kz, ard paragraph: Ewliya Celebi and, following him, Mamboury are wrong when saying that the Klz-taghl, ie. the Byzantine “Maiden's stone" (of porphyry), was incorporated into the SleymAniyye Mosque, The order books (1550-7) of the Sileymniyye mention the transportation of a column from the Kiztasht Maballesi to the mosque, but that one was from granite. See C. Mango, Antique Statuary and the Byzantine beholder, in Dumbarton Oaks Papers xvii, Washington 1963, 61; 0. L. Barkan, Siileymaniye Cami ve insaats, Ankara 1972-9, i, 344°6, ii, 23-4, Nos. 44-5; J. M. Rogers, The state and the arts in Ottoman Turkey, i, The stones of the Sileymantye, in IJ MES xiv (1982), 79. 268%, KORDOS, The correct name in Ottoman Turkish of the city of Corinth emerges rather as Kordes or Gordes in the pages of Ewliya Celebi, where it is consistently spelt with Aaf/eaf and not with Adf, confirmed by such European renderings as Gourdese (Bernard Randolph, 1689) and Ghiurdos (W. M. Leake, ca, 1805). Add to the Bibliography: P. A. MacKay, The fountain at Hadji Mustafa, in Hesperia, Jnal. of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, xxxvi (1967), 193-5; idem, Acrocorinth in 1668, a Turkish account, in op. cit., xxxvii (1968), 386-97, with map, plan and photo- graphs. KURVAN, add fo Bibliography, section “General studies": A. Neuwirth, Studien sur Komposition der mekkanischen Suren, Berlin 198%. KURSAN, |, 12, instead of Knark T 1. 7, instead of Malcom’s read Maloolm's KUTB MINAR,, place Plates XXVIII-XXIX between pp. 548 and 549. KUTN, |. 24 from bottom: instead of Bozdeghan read Bordoghan . 23 from bottom: instead of Calishu read Callshlu . 19 from bottom: instead of Elugay read Ulugay Head of muslim read muslin |. 26 from bottom: instead of of read or 10: instead of 875/t470 read 875/14708 : instead of muslims read muslins instead of Starrhemberg read Starhemberg . 7: instead of Morcmer read Morimer |. 20 from bottom: inslead of 1241/1225 read r24r/1825 |. 12 from bottom: inslead of journalist read journalists 25 from bottom: instead of heyats read hayats 4: instead of Edsedy read Ecsedy AU-KUTUBE, |. 7 from bottom: A part of the “Uyiin, edited by Faysal al-Sémir and Nabila ‘Abd al-Mun‘im Diud, has been published in Baghdad in 1397/1977. Following an unconfirmed report another part has been published in Cairo in 1980 and further parts are planned, P, 604, LAHAWR, place Plates XXX-XXXJ between pp. 600 and or, P. 878, MAY, section 7: Irrigation in North Africa and Muslim Spain, add to Bibliography: R. Brunschvig, Hafsides, ji, 210-13 and the bibliography given there. Bre ow mos P. and read Khari Island 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L 4,P. 10278, MADJAZ |. 4, instead of more read mere 1 31 from below, after mind insert to P.1056°, MADJLIS, add to bibliography of section on Jordan: R. G. Khoury, Jordan Assembly meets, clears way for elections, in International Herald Tribune, 10 January 1984, p. © P. 10598, Add fo bibliography of section on ‘Uman: D. F. ickelman, Kings and people: Oman’s stale consultative council, in ME] 38/1 (Winter 1984), 51-71 P. 10778, Add to bibliography of section om Israel: J. M. Landau, The Arab vote, in D.Caspi, A. Diskin, E. Guttman (eds.), The roots of Begin’s success, London 1984, 169-189, P. 1103", MADJNOUN LAYLA, |. 7 from below, after his love add of P. 1164%, AL-MAGHAZI, add to Bibliography: Maghdst rasa! alidh li-“Urwa b. al-Zubayr bi-riwayat Abi "Aswad Sankw (al-nuskha al-mustabhradia), ed. MM. al-AGami, al-Riyad r4or/ro8r (extracted from later compilations); A. A. Duri, The rise of historical writing among the Arabs, ed. and tr, L. I Conrad, Princeton 1983 (being an annotated trans, of al-Darl, Bakth ..., referred to above). P, 12664, at-MAGHILI, |, 3 from below, add: J. 0. Hunwick, dI-Maghili and the Jews of Tuwat: the demise of a community, in ST Ixiv (1984). P.1166%,1. 54., instead of Critical text and tr. in Hunwick, Al-Maghil’s Replies read Critical text and trans. in J. 0. Hunwick, Shari'a in Songhay. The replies of al-Maghilt to the questions of Ashia al- Hajj Mukammad, Oxford 1984 (Fontes Historiae Africanae, Series Arabica, v). P. 1171", MAGHNISA, add ‘0 Bibliorraphy: Yuzo Nagata, 16. yidsytlda Manisa kéyleri, in Tarih Dergisi xxxil (1979) (= Ord. Prof. 1. Hakkr Uzungargih hatira sayist'ndan), 731-58. P. 1231", At-MAHDI, |. 12 from below, add fo end of paragraph: The Companion ‘Abd Allah b. Busr al- Kaysi, who died in Hims between 88/707 and 96/715, attributed the following tradition to Katb al-Ahbar: “The Mahdi will send (an army) to fight the Rim, will be given the knowledge (fikk) of ten and will bring forth the Ark of the Divine Presence (tdbat al-sakina) from a cave in Antioch in which are the Torah which God sent down to Moses and the Gospel which he sent down to Jesus; and he will rule among the People of the Torah according to their Torah and among the People of the Gospel according to their Gospel P. 12329, I. 8-19, replace by: The theme was evidently adopted from the tradition ascribed to Ka‘ by ‘Abd Allah b. Busr in Hims, P, 12384, add to Bibliography: W. Madelung, The Sufyant between tradition and history (forthcoming). SUPPLEMENT P. 343%, AL-HAKIM a1-DJUSHAML, add to Bibliography: ‘Adnan Zareir, al-Hakim al-Djushanit wae manhadjuh ft tafsir al-Kuran, Beirut 1972. P, 393%, IBN MIKSAM, add to Bibliography: A. Jeffery, The Quran readings of Ion Migsams, in Ignas Gold- riker memorial volume, i, Budapest 1948, 1-38,K CONTINUATION KHEMSHIN (other designation, Khomsbili), a numerically small group of Muslim (Sunni) Armenians who had been converted from Christ anity in the beginning of the x8th century. In the USS.R. (population 629, according to the 1926 Soviet census), they now inhabit the Black Sea coast near the Turkish border. In Turkey they live in compact settlements along the Firtint and Karadere rivers (Bash Khemshin) and in the mountains not far from Hope (Hope Khemshin). The traditional economy is based on sheep and goat herding, and related activities. The Khemshin dialect (like the | Erzurum, Cilicia and Istanbul dialects) is part of the western dialect group of the Armenian language. The ‘Khemshin have been, to a great extent, assimilated | by the Turks, nor have they been listed in either the 1959 or 1970 Soviet censuses). (R. Wixitan) IRLA, a fortress of mediaeval India, lying to the south of Malwa and cast of Khandesh [gv], and in the extreme northern part of Berar {g.v.], just to the south of the headwaters of the Taptl River, It is in fact some so miles west of nioderm Deogath; in British India it fell within the Central Provinces, now Madhya Pradesh The foundation of the fortress is attributed to a Radiput vadia, the last of whose line is said to have been killed by'a commander of the Diblt Sultans, pethaps in the time of ¢AIz? al-Din Khaldji; but the fortress as it stands today is Istamic in construction. During the revolt of the Deccan in the latter years of Mubammad b. Tughluk, it fell into the hands of a local Gond dynasty. In the early gth/rsth century, the Gond ruler Narsingh was made subject to the | ruler of Malwa, Hushang b, Dilawar Khan Ghort (608-38/r405-35), appointed to Malwa by the Tugh- Iulsids, It now became a subject of discord and covet fousness between the rulers of Malwa and the Bah- mant sultans of the northern Deccan (see manmaxls]; thus in 831/1428 Hushang suffered a crushing defeat | at Khérla at the hands of Abmad Shah Babmani, Forty years later, in 87211467, there was again fight: ing over possession of Khérla between Mabmiid Shah Khaldit of Malwa (840-73/1436-69) and the Bahmant Muhammad Shah [1] Lashkari, but Mabmid managed to retain Khérla and possibly northern Berar as far | as Blitpur [y.v. in Suppl. In 9094/1586 the Mughal | governor of Malwa, A‘vam Khin, attempted to take over Berar; he failed to capture Khérla, but plun- dered the capital Elitpur before being repelled by the combined forces of Khandesh and the Nizam- | Shabis of Abmadnager (qv, and NizAw-SHAuis}. ‘Berar subsequently came under Mughal rule, and the Pini Akbar, tr. Blochmann and Jarrett? Calcutta Enoyelopaedia of Islam, V KHEMSHIL (see xuensim). | i 3939-48, ii, 237, lists Khérla as a sarkdr of the sitba of Berar with a revenue of 174 million dams, Bibliography: Sir Wolseley Haig, in Camb, hist. of India, ii, index. {C. E. Bosworte) EHMAB (4), 2 term denoting the dyeing of certain parts of the body (and especially, in re- gard to men, the beard and hair) by means of henna [see six?) oF some similar substance. It is still used in this sense today, but is used moreover for the items of make-up and cosmeties employed by modem women; the reader may find under man’s informa: tion about those items of cosmetics used by women altached to'the traditional usages. (Ep) KHIDASH (or Khaddash, ef, Wellhausen, 509; his real name was probably ‘Amroar or ‘Umara b. Yazid) one of the leaders of the early Hashimiyya movement in Khurasin. Having played a part un+ acceptable to the ‘Abbisids in the formative stages of their da‘wa in Khurdsin, the official ‘Abbasid propaganda later obliterated as much as possible of his memory, minimised his part in the da‘wa and presented him as a heretic. This propaganda suce ceeded to such a degree that his life and achieve- ments are hardly mentioned in the Arabio sources and donbt was even cast as to his real name. Conse- quently, orientalist scholarship, in those few cases ‘when it mentions him, is highly influenced by this. Wellhausen, with his unusual historical instinct, was the first to understand his significance in the ‘Ab- basid daSea, and B, Lewis also mentions his role as ‘one of the first emissaries of the Hashimiyya in Khurasin (see ‘ppistos). Cl. Cahen and Lewis both tend to accept at least some of the accusations of the ‘Abbasid propaganda, namely that he was a Khur- rami, and they raise doubts as to whether Khidash was an ‘Abbasid emissary at all (Cahen, Point de vue sur Ia révolution ‘Abbaside, 324-5). However, with the discovery and publication of the anonymous source AkAbir al-‘Abbas (ed. Dirt and Muttalibt under the title ABs ad-dawla al‘abbasivya), a fresh study is possible, based on new material which permits a reconsideration of the already-known tradi tions about him. ‘According to the Abbisid tradition, Khidash was a nickname derived from Ai-d-sh “to tear apart”, “to scratch” because ‘the has torn religion to pieces (whadasha al-din) (Tabari, ii, 1503; Baladhurt, Ansdb, 4. 2g2b). This is a clear indication of the efforts made on the part of the ‘Abbdsids to blackea his name, especially after his death. In another tradition, how- ever, Tabari says that it was Khidish who adopted this ‘name whereas his real name was ‘Ammar ot “Umara b. Yazid (ii, 1588, ef. Ansdb, f. 292a, inf.; Iba al-Athit, Kamil, Beirat 1965, v, 144). As fac as thea KHIDASH name is concerned, Khidish is not an uncommon name in Arabic, derived from the third form of the verb Bi-d-sh (of. Lane's Lexicon and LA, sv. and Aghdni, xix, 52 and index). It is quite possible that the ‘Abbiisids added their interpretation to the name later, when already there existed a tradition accord- ing to which the Prophet disliked the name Khad. dash. (Iba Wahb, Diam‘, Cairo 1939, 97, cf. Kister, “Call yourselves by graceful names”, in Lectures ini memory of Prof. Martin M. Plessner, Jerusalem 1975, 132), However, whether Khidish wes his name or not, it does not make much difference to the fact that his activities in Khurisin for over eight years as head of the Hashimiyya [¢..], caused s0 much trouble to the ‘Abbasids that his memory was almost completely obliterated from the records of the ‘Abbasid da‘we. In order to understand the enigmatic personality of Khidash, one must remember that in the early phases of the da‘wa the contacts between the centre of its activity in Khurasin and the parallel centre ini Rafa were, for security reasons, very weak. The same considerations necessitated extreme caution in the contacts between the Khurdsinis and the ‘Abbasid Imam in Humayma. Although the sources say that the propagandists in Khurésin acted in the name of the ‘Abbasids, itis highly improbable that Umayyad intelligence failed to uncover this connection or to discover the identity of the Imam until the very end. The contents of the da‘ea teachings were extremely ambiguous throughout, and its propagandists spoke in general terms about the rights of Aidt al-bayl (cf alImrant, al-Inbi?, ed, Samarrai, Leiden 1973, 571 1 28) a term which was accepted to mean the family ‘of the Prophet (cf. M. Sharon, The ‘Abbasid da‘wa re-examined, 9, n. 23). Thus through most of its phases, the da‘wa in Khur3sin was, in fact, nothing Dut an extension of the Hashimiyya of Kiifs. It is thus highly possible that even the leaders did not known what exactly were the essential ideas that differentiated their activities from those of the other ‘Shi‘is in Khurdsin, and especially those in Nishapar ‘and its environs. ‘The only information about Khidash supplied by ‘abari and Baladhuri is as follows. After Asad b. “Abd Allah al- Kasti had killed several of the first prop: agandists ot the da‘wa in Khurasin, headed by ABA ‘Tkrima, and had severely punished some of the others, another leader was sent from Kifa to Khuri- ‘in, The new leader was Abu ‘I-Husayn Kathir b. Safa. As he was an uneducated man (if the term ummi in Tabat’s account is to be understood thus), Khidash was able to overcome him and assume the leadership (Tabari, ii, 1503, Ansad, f. 2920), In another tradition there is some more and rather different information about Khidash. According to this tradition, it was Bukayr b. Maban, one of the veteran adherents of the Hashimiyya who, in 218) 736 sent ‘Ammar b, Yazid to Khurisin as a ‘leader of the Shia of Banu "Abbas" (Waliyan ‘ald shf'ali bani 'l“abbasi). He resided in Marw and changed his name to Khidash (a custom common to the early adherents of the da‘we, who for reasons of secrecy, used to adopt new Aunyas once initiated into the movement [see KAgTABA]. He began making propa~ ganda for Mubammad b. SAI, in which he was very Successful. According to another tradition in the Anséb, it was Mubammad b. Ali who nominated him. Sometime later, however, Khidish changed his origi nal propaganda and “turned away from the Zimdm's instructions and began to teach improper and dis: graceful ideas. Therefore, the adherents of Mubam- mad b. ‘Ali fell upon him and killed him, Some say thatit was Asad b. ‘Abd Allah al-Kasrt that killed and ‘srucitied him” (Baladhurl, Ansdb, f, 292a). The “dis sraceful ideas" according to Tabaci (loc. cit.) were those of the Khurramiyya (9.0). His execution by Asad took place, according to Tabart, in xx8, during the governor's second term of office (ii, 1588-9; Welthausen, 5x0). Although these traditions reflect clearly the later ‘Abbisid distortion of the informa- tion about Khidish, it is possible, however, to build the following picture, from the combination of the above narrations with the information transmitted in the Akkhdr. Khidish’s predecessor as the leader of the Hashimiyya in Khurisin, Kathir b. Sad, led the movement in Marw from ¢a, 108/726 for three years until ca. 113/729, It was probably in that year that Khidish arrived from Nishibpfr, acentre of Hashim! activity, and took over, For at least seven years, until his execution in 118(736, he was the leader (sahid) of the Hashimiyya there (Tabast, ii, 1589, 1 2) and the one responsible for creating its sound organi- sation, as Wellhausen rightly observes, He was the first to achieve a real and enduring suocess and to gain wide support among both Arabs and matodll. ‘The lists of the leaders of the da‘wa in his time show people from Tamim, Rabi‘a, Azd and other Arab tribes, including Sulayman b, Kathir of Khuza‘a, who ‘was later to replace him (Wellausen, $14, Tabacf, i, 1586-7, AMAbar, 216-22). There is no neutral evidence whatsoever that he was Khurram, though Well- hausen, Cahen and Lewis tend to accept ‘Abbasid traditions which attributed to him Khurramt and Mazdakite theories (this tradition is presented in its ‘complete form by al-Nashi al-Algbar, ed. J. van Ess, Beirut 1971, 32-5, of. Wellhausen, ‘515-18; Cahen, Point de vue..., 324-3). Cahen, however, points ‘out that many people who fell out of favour were acctised of sandata, and this is clearly true of Khidash ‘a tradition which presents him as a Christian from. Hira should be understood also as representing the same trend (Ansdb, loc eif.|. From a unique tradition in the Athbar, we know exactly the nature and ¢on- tent of his propaganda, and this also explains why the ‘Abbasids later hated him. This tradition speaks of a group of Khidash’s adherents in Nishap@r, called the Khilidiyya after its leader, a certain AbG Khalid. “The group acted against the Abbasids from the very beginning of their reign, and in the time of AbO ‘Dja‘far al-Mangdr changed its name and became the Fatimiyya, They argued that, since after the death of Ibrahim al-Imam (¢.0.] a new imdm was not nomi- nated in the way of wasiy.ya, the imma must return to the ‘Alids, now already represented by the de- seendents of Fatima (Abbi, 403-4). From the statement that the Khélidiyya-Fati miyya continued the former Khiddshiyya, it is clear that Kbidish as a Hashim leader furthered the cause of the ‘Alids. Having worked for a while ia Nishipir, Khidash seized the opportunity of the growing activity of the Hashimiyya in Marw in order to move there in x11/ 730, and being intellectually superior to Kathir b. ‘Sa‘d, he was able to depose him and take over the leadership of the movement there, For the Hishi- miyya of Marw, both his leadership and ideology ‘were congenial. After the death of AbO Hashim, the original Hishimiyya continued in general terms to support the cause of the House of the Prophet, which. decane more and more identified with the Fatimid ‘Allds. This development disturbed Mubammad b. ANI, and on one occasion he is said to have warned ‘one of his early eimissaries to Khurasin, the KGfan leader Aba ‘Ikrima, about the ‘Alid leaders in NIghi-KHIDASH — KHIDHLAN 3 pir, whose names include one AbG Khalid al-Djawa- lik (AAWbér, 204, of. Ibn. Khaldan, ‘Tbar, ed, BOlak, iii, ror). His influence in Khurdsin, however, was 100 slight to act against Khidash, and he may have had to give his tacit approval to the latter’s position. Ehidish built a strong centre in Khurasin which was completely independent and detached trom both Kafa and Humayma. During the seven years of his activity, the ‘Alid cause gained wide support there, while the ‘Abbasid Imém was kept completely in the shade. Khidash spoke in favour of al-Ragt min At Mubammad or ‘vent a valid marriage; every impediment to marriage is an impediment to betrothal. The parties to a BAitba are on the one hand, the man making the demand im marriage, and on the other, the woman, who may be represented by her wali [seo xtxAy). Yet if be- trothal does not in priviciple involve any legal obli-KHITBA — KHIWA gation and is not a legal act, certain effects uever- theless follows from it: x. The right of seeing the woman. Certain authorities state that the fiancé has this right, even if looking at her is accompanied by sexual desire. Ibn Rushd specifies that this right should be limited to seeing the face and hands only (Biddya, ii, 3); | others extend the right, but they never go so far as, to admit the possibility of the couple being left alone (Bhaiea), which is the right to be alone with each other away from all indiscrest looks, 2, The tight of priority. Betrothal gives the fiancé a right of priority, in that once a woman is betrothed to a man, that woman cannot be sought in marriage by another man; but this right is only sanctioned by the Malikis, Dissolving of a be:rothal. Either of the two parties can end the state of betrothal unilaterally. ‘The only problem is that of disposal of presents which have been exchanged, and which are subject to the | rules of donation. However, in various Islamic coun- tries, part of the dowry is paid over at the time of betrothal, and this must in all cases be given back. Finally, there remains one problem: can one award damages to the victim of an unjustifiable breaking: off of betrothal? Although certain modern Islamic authorities are endeavouring to introduce an obliga tion to pay an indemnity for damages in the case of an ill-founded breaking-off, the action for damages is not an absolute right, Even 50, many Islamic coun- tries have been compelled to adopt the solutions of western law, since on the plane of practical law, be- trothal is of no legal concern except in case ofits being dissolved. Bibliography: Ch. Chehata, Etudes de droit musulman, Paris 1971, 75; Ibn Rushd, Bidaya, Cairo 1952, ii, 2; Ibn Kudima, Mughni, vi, 536; land see NiKAI. (A.M, Dewcamene) KHITTA ("piece of land marked out for building upon”), a term used of the lands allotted to tribal groups and individuals in the garrison cities founded by the Arabs at the time of the con- ‘quests. The lay-out of these cities everywhere followed the kinship organisation of the conquerors, who were distributed in tribal quarters around a centre housing the Friday mosque and the dar al-imdra, The smallest unit of the BAi/af was the dar, in the case of prominent individuals often a sizable estate (usually known as atta), otherwise a modest plot of land occupied by one or several families. Next came the quarter based on the smallest political unit of the tribe (what is often known as the Saghira in Arabic sources, “clan” or “‘subtribe" in modern literature); these quarters usually had their own mosque, and how small the ‘unit in question tended to be is indicated by the fact that the tribe Kinda, which was strongly represented in Fustaf, Damascus and Himg in addition to Kaa, hhad at least twelve such mosques in the latter city. Finally, there was a larger quarter reflecting the tribe proper, often endowed with its own djahbina, a piece of unbuilt land serving, inéer alia, as a meeting place and a cemetery, In Syria, where the Arabs settled in existing cities, the tribal quarters were less self- contained and possessed neither mosques nor djab- binas of their own. ‘The kbifaf sorved as military and administrative units from the start, but their small size was im- practical and amalgamation of the tribal groups be- gan already with the foundation of Kafa, which was divided into sevenths, to be continued under Mu‘awi- ya when Basra was divided into fifths, and other settlements into quarters. Every such new division 23 was placed under an officially appointed leader, the ras al-rubS or 7a°s al-khums, who was selected from among the chiefs of the larger tribal groups repre- sented in the division, and who was responsible for the command of the division in war and the mainte- nance of law and order within it in peacetime. The to serve as military and ad- ‘The entire range of tribal chiefs (the aghrif of the Umayyad period) served as the link between govern- ment and subjects in the Sufyanid system of indirect rule, askraf and governor coming together in the latter's madilis where information, orders and re- quests were exchanged, accompanied by a traditional display of generosity, The ra’s al-rubé | ra°s al-Rhums in turn passed on information, orders and gifts in his ‘own madilis, and the process was repeated in the madjatis of the lesser chiefs until we reach the smallest political unit reflected in the Bhifaf. The erosion of the tribal ties in the Marwanid period rendered the system obsolete; the aghraf dis- appeared from the political scene, while the Bivfat survived only as place-names. The larger quarters and fifths, on the other hand, persisted until the end of the Umayyad period, physically as military divi- sions, now housing regiments rather than tribal ‘groups, and morally as categories for the definition of factional loyalties. When the ‘Abbasids came to ower these too disappeared, and the allotments in Baghdad (known as datas rather than Alitas) were made on the basis of geographical provenance, not tribal affiliation. Bibliography: Tabart, i, 2488-95, and passim; Balidhurl, Futnit, 275 ff., 366 ff.; Yaka, Bulddn, 309, 312; Ibn al-Kalbl, Djavharat al-nasab, ed. W. Cashel, Leiden 1966, if, Register, passim; Ibm Abd al-Hakam, Fudta Migr, ed. Torrey, or ff.; Toa ‘Aasakir, TaPrtkh madinat Dimashk, ed. $. ale Munadidjid, Damascus 1372/r951 {f,, 1, 262, il, 95 tr. N. Eliséeff, La description de Damas, Damascus 3959, 175) and passim; the battle orders in Khallfa vv. Khayyat, Tanith, ed. S. Zakkar, Damaseus 1967, 222, and Nast b. Muzahim, Wab'at Sifin, ed. ‘A. M. Harin, Cairo 1365, 232-4, both reflect the Syrian arba‘; L. Massignon, Explication du plan de Rea, in Mélanges Maspero, Cairo 1934-49; idem, Explication du plan de Basra, in WestOsiiche Ab- handlungen R. Tschudi, Wiesbaden 19543 S. al Diwahdit, KAitat Mawsit, in Sumer, vii (1951); $-