Another strategy used to deal with the problems of non- equivalence is translation using loan

words or loan word plus explanation. In the particular language, words may not be existent
because of its dependence on the environment culture (Fitriyani, 2010).This kind of strategy is
very useful when coping with new culture-specific items/ notions/concepts, especially modern
concepts (Dang&Bui, 1997). When explained, the loan word can be used continually on its
own. For example, in the translation of story the little match girl, cy thng Noel is loan
word that is used throughout the work, as it is known widely by their English name (The
Little Match Girl, n.d.) . This word has been commonly used in Vietnam for some time now,
the reader can understand without further explanation. Another example is translating some
proper name diseases such as HIV and AIDS, the name of the international organization like
ASEAN, WHO that all are loan words frequently used in Vietnamese.

Fifthly, translation by paraphrase using related words is also a strategy that can be used when
translating an English word or concept that does not exist in Vietnamese, or when the English
term does not convey all the meaning of the Vietnamese term for the same concept
(Dang&Bui, 1997). Besides, Baker (1992) also stated that this strategy tends to be used
when the concept expressed by the source item is lexicalized in the target language but in the
different form. For instance, in story the little match girl the source sentence is it was so
terribly cold, however, when translating into Vietnamese, it is paraphrased by a related idiom
tri la nh nh c t (The Little Match Girl, n.d.). In this translation, the translator does not
use the direct equivalent, but he uses the related idiom for terribly, which is terribly means
nh c t to make the sentence become more vivid.

The last one is translation by omission. This strategy is not often used, however in some
cases, if the meaning of the particular expression is not important to the meaning or
development the text, translators can and often do simply omit to translate the word or
expression in question (Fitriyani, 2010). It is especially appropriate to omit words that justify
distracting the reader with lengthy explanation, awkward paraphrase or literal and unnatural
translation (Dang&Bui, 1997). In the translation of the story the little match girl, Nguyn
Anh ao (n.d.) translated the sentence there was a wonderful smell of roast goose, for it was
New Year eve. Yes, she thought of that into trong ph sc nc mui ngng quay. Cha la
m giao tha ma!. The translator omits the sentence Yes, she thought of that and replaced
by an exclamatory sentence to express the thought of the little match girl and make the
sentence more compact. Additionally, the message from the source language does not lose in
the target language, so it is acceptable that the translator used translation by omission strategy.

In short, there are six strategies that are often used to help translator overcome the problems
non-equivalence problems of translation at word level so the messages from the source
language can be transferred proportionally and appropriately into the target language. In doing
the translation, the translator should be careful with the process of transferring because it may
have more than one meaning of a word. The translator should adjust the word in the target
language with the context and culture in order to make the reader easier to get the information
from the text.
Baker, M. (1992). In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. London: Routledge.

Nguyn, A.. (n.d.). C be ban dim. Retrieved December 10 , 2017 from

https://www.erct.com/2-ThoVan/3-Unna/Cobebandiem.htm

Fitriyani, A.N. (2010). The strategies dealing with problems of non-equivalence at word level
found in the translation of Stephenie Meyers novel entitled Twilight. Retrieved December
10 , 2017 from http://lib.unnes.ac.id/597/1/7304.pdf

Dang, X.T. & Bui, T.B. (1997). Interpreting and Translating Course Book. Ha Noi: Hanoi
University.

The Little Match Girl. (n.d). Retrieved December 10 , 2017 from

http://tracnghiemanhvan.com/hocanhvan.aspx?idn=2515791768392&n=english---truyen-
song-ngu-tieng-anh---the-little-match-girl---em-be-ban-diem