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8kV SUBSTATIONS
POWER TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE REGULATION
Per clause 14.4.4 of IEEE C57.12.90, Voltage regulation is given by the following formula when
the load is lagging :
Where
Fp =Load Power Factor
q =+1-Fp2 = 1 0.82
= 0.6 at 0.8 pf.
R = Resistance factor of transformer = Load Loss in kilowatts
Rated kilovolt amperes
= 350
60 x 1000
=0.005833 ohms
Value of Z in ohms at principal tap = 0.27 x (139)2
60
= 86.945ohms
X = Reactance factor of transformer = +Z2 R2
= (86.945)2 (0.005833)2
=
Hence X Z
Hence transformer regulation at full load and 0.8 pf = 0.82 + (0.27 + 0.6)2 - 1
= 1.1819 1
=18.19%
Carrying out similar calculation for lowest tap with percentage impedance of 24% the regulation
at full load and 0.8 PF will be 16%
Page No. 1 of 4
Voltage Drop (Voltage Regulation) Formula per IEC 60076-8
Per clause 7.5 of IEC 60076-8 voltage drop is given by the following formula
U20 = ZL + ZT
U2 ZL
Hence regulation at 0.8 pf and full load (sin = 0.6) and neglecting resistance compared to
percentage impedance
= |{1 + (0.27 x 0.6+ 0.005 x 0.8) + j (0.27 x 0.8 0..005 x 0.6)}| -1
= |1 + 0.166 + j 0.213| - 1
= | 1.166 + j 0.213 | - 1
= 1.18529 1
= 18.529%
Regulation at Principal Tap (139kV)
Carrying out the calculation for 50%, 66.67%, 75% and 100% loading at 0.8, 0.86 and 0.9 pf the
regulation will be per tabulation given below:
Transformer Regulation
Power Factor 100% loading 75% loading 66.67% loading 50% loading
0.8 pf 18.529 13.58 12 8.82
0.86pf 16.5 12 10.6 7.6
0.9pf 14.8 10.65 9.4 6.8
Page No. 2 of 4
Regulation at Lowest Tap (118kV)
Similarly carrying out the calculation at lowest tap for 50%, 66.67%, 75% and 100% at 0.8, 0.86
and 0.9pf the regulation will be per following table:
Transformer Regulation
Power Factor 100% loading 75% loading 66.67% loading 50% loading
0.8 pf 16.34 12 10.64 7.8
0.86pf 14.5 10.9 9.4 6.8
0.9pf 13 9.4 8.3 6
Regulation per IEC methods for 100%, 75% 66.67% and 50% are given in the following table:
Transformer Regulation
Power Factor 100% loading 75% loading 66.67% loading 50% loading
0.8pf 20 14.64 13 9.1
0.86pf 17.83 13 11.43 8.3
0.9pf 16.01 11.5 10.14 7.3
Page No. 3 of 4
Tap Range TAPD letter: +4.5% to -15% (insteps of 1.5%)
Per clause 8.4.2 of IEC 60076-8 the variation of Voltage range are as follows:
Per example given in clause 8.4.4 of IEC 60076-8, rated voltage of the primary winding shall be
fixed in the middle between nmax and nmin which is 9.135 x 15.2 = 138.852 139kV.
Conclusion
Rated voltages of the winding re selected per IEC methods. However there is no need to mention
the rated current at 13.8kV side per TAPD letter in the PTS. Per 53-TMSS-01 & 53-TMSS-02,
60MVA rating is the power the transformer shall deliver at the secondary voltage and the
manufacturer shall arrive at rated current based on this. Hence there is no need to specify rated
current for primary and secondary winding for principal tap per TAPD letter in the PTS.
Page No. 4 of 4