2/3/2015

Guess.?

Digital Signal Processing

ECE300

Nikesh Bajaj
nikesh.14730@lpu.co.in
Digital Signal Processing Sir Isaac Pierre-Simon Jean Baptiste Joseph
Newton (4 January Laplace (1749- Fourier (21 March 1768
School of Electronics and Communication 16 May 1830)
1643 31 March 1827)
Lovely Professional University 2 1727 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Question???
What do you mean by Transform?
Fourier What is Fourier Series/Transform?
Analysis and Synthesis Tool Different between Fourier Series and
Fourier Transform
Different between Fourier Transform and
Laplace Transform

4 By: Nikesh Bajaj

History Fourier
In 1748 Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
L. Euler: Vibrating String -21 March 1768 16 May 1830, Auxerre, France,
Mathematician, Egyptologist,
Vertical deflation at any time is the linear
Revolutionary Discovery (1822). Scientific Advisor
combination of normal modes, he showed it
He claimed that any periodic signal can be represented by
In 1753
a series of harmonically related sinusoidal.
D. Bernouli argued same on physical ground (No math)
but was not accepted. FOURIER SERIES
Eular discarded Trigonometric series He also obtained a representation of Aperiodic signal, not
as weighted sum of harmonically related sinusoidal, but
In 1759
as weighted Integral of sinusoidal that are not at all
J. L. Langrange strongly criticized Trig. Series. harmonically related.
5 By: Nikesh Bajaj 6 -FOURIER INTEGRAL or TRANSFORM By: Nikesh Bajaj

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Fourier Series Fourier Series

Fourier Series is a Great x(t) periodic signal
Mathematical Poem
2
Lord Kelvin (William Thompson) x(t ) a
k
k
e jkt period , T

Where coefficients are
Laplace Rejected Fouriers Thesis
1
T T
a k
x(t )e jkt dt
Laplace Generalized Fouriers one

7 By: Nikesh Bajaj 8 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Fourier Series Fourier Series

Does FS always exist for any periodic signal? Periodic signal x(t) 1

Convergence Criteria: Dirichlet x(t ) a
k
k
e jkt -To/2 -T1 T1 To/2
1. Absolutely Integrable
2T1

x(t ) dt <
sin kT 1
T
ak k
2. There should be finite number of Maxima and
Minima in any period. 1 2 sin koT 1
a
3. There should be finite number of finite k
To ko w /T1

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discontinuities in any finite period By: Nikesh Bajaj 10 Line spectra, discrete
By:lines
Nikesh Bajaj

A Sum of Sine Waves Fourier Series

What is the Use of Fourier Series?
Use in Analysis :LTI system
Asin(x HOW?
Use in Synthesis

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Fourier Series to
Fourier Transform Fourier Transform
If T0 ??? For Aperiodic signal x(t), FT

1
x(t )e
jt
will become Aperiodic X ( j ) dt

-To/2 -T1 T1 To/2
Inverse Fourier Transform
2T1

1
X ( j )e
jt
x(t ) d
will become Continuese 2

Fourier Transform comes in

13 the picture By: Nikesh Bajaj 14 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Fourier Transform Fourier Transform

Does FT always exist for any aperiodic signal? For Aperiodic signal x(t), FT
Convergence Criteria: Dirichlet

x(t )e
jt
1. Absolutely Integrable X ( j ) dt
x(t ) dt <
T

Inverse Fourier Transform

There should be finite number of Maxima and 1
X ( j )e
jt
d
2.
x(t )
Minima in any finite interval. 2
3. There should be finite number of finite
discontinuities in any finite period.
15 By: Nikesh Bajaj 16 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Fourier Transform Family of Fourier

Does FT always exist for any aperiodic signal? Transform Time Frequency
Convergence Criteria: Dirichlet Continuous, Discrete,
Fourier series
1. Absolutely Integrable Periodic Aperiodic
x(t ) dt <
T
Discrete Fourier
transform
Discrete,
Periodic
Discrete,
Periodic

2. There should be finite number of Maxima and Continuous Fourier Continuous, Continuous,
transform Aperiodic Aperiodic
Minima in any finite interval.
Discrete-time Fourier Discrete, Continuous,
3. There should be finite number of finite transform Aperiodic Periodic
discontinuities in any finite period.
17 By: Nikesh Bajaj 18 By: Nikesh Bajaj

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Family of Fourier Transform Properties of FT

Linearity
Time Shifting
Conj. Property
Differentiation
Integration
Time & Freq Scaling
Duality
Freq. Differentiation
Parsevals relation

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FT Pairs Fourier
Impulse Response (t)

(t) F{(t)}

0 t 0 f

21 By: Nikesh Bajaj 22 By Nikesh Bajaj

Fourier Fourier
Gate Function Ga(t), rect(t/a) Sine signal
Sin(2fct)
rect(t/a) 2a

. . . . . . . .
0 t -fc 0 fc f
-a/2 0 a/2 t

/a

23 By Nikesh Bajaj 24 By Nikesh Bajaj

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Fourier and Laplace Fourier and Z-Transform

How and why we come from Fourier to How and why we come from Fourier to
Laplace? Z-Transform?

25 By: Nikesh Bajaj 26 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Conclusion: Fourier Conclusion: Fourier

Fourier Series
x ( n) a e
k
k
jk s t Discrete Time Fourier Transform -DTFT

ak
1
x(t )e
jk s t
dt X ( ) x ( n )e
n
jn

Ts Ts

Continuous Time Fourier Transform - FT Discrete Fourier Series or

Discrete Fourier Transform - DFT
x(t )e
jt
X ( j ) dt N 1

X (k ) x(n)e j 2nk / N
n 0

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Conclusion:
For avoiding any conditions to compute Fourier Transform or
series of continues and discrete signal, transforms extended to
Laplace Transform -for continues
Z-Transform

x(t )e
st
X ( s) dt ROC on S-plane

Z- Transform - for Discrete

X ( z) x ( n) Z
n
n ROC on Z-Plane

By: Nikesh Bajaj 30

29 By: Nikesh Bajaj

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Z-Transform

X ( z) x ( n) Z
n
n
ROC on Z-Plane

For finite length

For infinite length

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Problems

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Inverse Z-Transform

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