Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Q1. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C 6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of
benzene is dissolved in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride.
Ans.
Alternatively,
= 84.72%
Q2. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon
tetrachloride.
Ans.
Let the total mass of the solution be 100 g and the mass of benzene be 30 g.
= 70 g
= 78 g mol1
Number of moles of
= 0.3846 mol
= 154 g mol1
Number of moles of CCl4
= 0.4545 mol
= 0.458
Q3. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O in 4.3 L of
solution (b) 30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL.
Ans
= 291 g mol1
Moles of Co (NO3)2.6H2O
= 0.103 mol
Therefore, molarity
= 0.023 M
= 0.015 mol
Therefore, molarity
= 0.03 M
Q4. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous
solution.
Ans.
= 60 g mol1
= 15 g of urea
That is,
= 36.95 g
= 37 g of urea (approximately)
Q5. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20%
(mass/mass) aqueous KI is 1.202 g mL-1.
Ans.
That is,
= 1.506 m
= 1.51 m (approximately)
= 83.19 103 L
= 1.45 M
(c) Moles of KI
Moles of water
= 0.0263
Q6. H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility
of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henrys law constant.
Ans.
It is given that the solubility of H2S in water at STP is 0.195 m, i.e., 0.195 mol of H 2S is dissolved in
1000 g of water.
Moles of water
= 55.56 mol
= 0.0035
= 282 bar
Q7. Henrys law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 108 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2
in 500 mL of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO 2 pressure at 298 K.
Ans.
It is given that:
KH = 1.67 108 Pa
= 2.533125 105 Pa
= 0.00152
We can write,
We can write:
Now,
Hence, quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of soda water = (0.042 44)g
= 1.848 g
Q8. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively, at 350 K.
Find out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg. Also find the
composition of the vapour phase.
Ans.
It is given that:
= 450 mm of Hg
= 700 mm of Hg
ptotal = 600 mm of Hg
Therefore,
= 1 0.4
= 0.6
Now,
= 450 0.4
= 180 mm of Hg
= 700 0.6
= 420 mm of Hg
= 0.30
= 0.70
Q9. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 99.63C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of
water such that it boils at 100C. Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52 K kg mol 1.
Ans.
= 0.37 K
= 342 g mol1
We know that:
= 121.67 g (approximately)
Q10. Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea (NH 2CONH2) is
dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative
lowering.
Ans.
Now, we have to calculate vapour pressure of water in the solution. We take vapour pressure as
p 1.
Hence, the vapour pressure of water in the given solution is 23.4 mm of Hg and its relative
lowering is 0.0173.
Ans.
Mass of acetic acid, w1 = 75 g
= 176 g mol1
We know that:
= 5.08 g (approx)
Q12. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g
of polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 37C.
Ans.
It is given that:
We know that:
Osmotic pressure,
= 30.98 Pa
= 31 Pa (approximately)
Q13. Define the term solution. How many types of solutions are formed? Write briefly about each
type with an example.
Ans.
Homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components are known as solutions.
The solution in which the solvent is a gas is called a gaseous solution. In these solutions, the
solute may be liquid, solid, or gas. For example, a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gas is a
gaseous solution.
The solution in which the solvent is a liquid is known as a liquid solution. The solute in these
solutions may be gas, liquid, or solid.
The solution in which the solvent is a solid is known as a solid solution. The solute may be gas,
liquid or solid. For example, a solution of copper in gold is a solid solution.
In case a solid solution is formed between two substances (one having very large particles and the
other having very small particles), an interstitial solid solution will be formed. For example, a
solution of hydrogen in palladium is a solid solution in which the solute is a gas.
(ii) Molality
(iii) Molarity
Ans.
The mole fraction of a component in a mixture is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of the
component to the total number of moles of all the components in the mixture.
i.e.,
Similarly, the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution is given as:
(ii) Molality
Molality (m) is defined as the number of moles of the solute per kilogram of the solvent. It is
expressed as:
Molality (m)
(iii) Molarity
Molarity (M) is defined as the number of moles of the solute dissolved in one Litre of the solution.
It is expressed as:
Molarity (M)
The mass percentage of a component of a solution is defined as the mass of the solute in grams
present in 100 g of the solution. It is expressed as:
Mass % of a component
Q16. Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous
solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is
1.504 g mL1?
Ans.
Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in an aqueous solution.
This means that 68 g of nitric acid is dissolved in 100 g of the solution.
Given,
Density of solution = 1.504 g mL1
Molarity of solution
Q17. What role does the molecular interaction play in a solution of alcohol and water?
Ans.
In pure alcohol and water, the molecules are held tightly by a strong hydrogen bonding. The
interaction between the molecules of alcohol and water is weaker than alcoholalcohol and
waterwater interactions. As a result, when alcohol and water are mixed, the intermolecular
interactions become weaker and the molecules can easily escape. This increases the vapour
pressure of the solution, which in turn lowers the boiling point of the resulting solution.
Q18. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w, what would be the molality and mole
fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2 g mL 1, then what shall
be the molarity of the solution?
Ans.
10% w/w solution of glucose in water means that 10 g of glucose in present in 100 g of the
solution i.e., 10 g of glucose is present in (100 10) g = 90 g of water.
= 0.056 mol
= 5 mol
= 1 0.011
= 0.989
If the density of the solution is 1.2 g mL 1, then the volume of the 100 g solution can be given as:
= 0.67 M
Q19. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na 2CO3 and
NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of both?
Ans.
= 106 g mol1
= 84 g mol1
190x = 106
x = 0.5579
= 0.0053 mol
And, number of moles of NaHCO3
= 0.0053 mol
HCl reacts with Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 according to the following equation.
Therefore, 0.0053 mol of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 0.0053 mol = 0.0106 mol.
= 0.0159 mol
In 0.1 M of HCl,
Hence, 159 mL of 0.1 M of HCl is required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na 2CO3 and
NaHCO3, containing equimolar amounts of both.
Q20. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of 25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution by mass.
Calculate the mass percentage of the resulting solution.
Ans.
= 75 + 160
= 235 g
= 33.57%
= (100 33.57)%
= 66.43%
Q21. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol (C 2H6O2) and 200 g of
water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 g mL 1, then what
shall be the molarity of the solution?
Ans.
= 62 gmol1
= 3.59 mol
= 17.95 m
= 422.6 g
Given,
= 394.22 mL
= 0.3942 103 L
= 9.11 M
Q22. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform (CHCl 3)
supposed to be a carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass):
Ans.
(i) 15 ppm (by mass) means 15 parts per million (106) of the solution.
= 1.5 105 %
= 119.5 g mol1
= 1.26 104 m
Q23. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
Ans.
Therefore, when the temperature is increased, heat is supplied and the equilibrium shifts
backwards, thereby decreasing the solubility of gases.
Henrys law states that partial pressure of a gas in the vapour phase is proportional to the
mole fraction of the gas in the solution. If p is the partial pressure of the gas in the vapour
phase and x is the mole fraction of the gas, then Henrys law can be expressed as:
p = KH x
Where,
KH is Henrys law constant
(i) Bottles are sealed under high pressure to increase the solubility of CO 2 in soft drinks and soda
water.
(ii) Henrys law states that the solubility of gases increases with an increase in pressure.
Therefore, when a scuba diver dives deep into the sea, the increased sea pressure causes the
nitrogen present in air to dissolve in his blood in great amounts. As a result, when he comes back
to the surface, the solubility of nitrogen again decreases and the dissolved gas is released, leading
to the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the blood. This results in the blockage of capillaries and
leads to a medical condition known as bends or decompression sickness.
Hence, the oxygen tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air and diluted with helium to avoid
bends.
(iii) The concentration of oxygen is low in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitudes
such as climbers. This is because at high altitudes, partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at
ground level. Low-blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and disables them from thinking
clearly. These are symptoms of anoxia.
Q25. The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 10 3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If
the solution contains 5.00 102 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?
Ans.
= 30 g mol1
p = KHx
p = KHx
= 0.764 bar
Q26. What is meant by positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law and how is the sign of
solH related to positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law?
Ans.
According to Raoults law, the partial vapour pressure of each volatile component in any solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction. The solutions which obey Raoults law over the entire
range of concentration are known as ideal solutions. The solutions that do not obey Raoults law
(non-ideal solutions) have vapour pressures either higher or lower than that predicted by Raoults
law. If the vapour pressure is higher, then the solution is said to exhibit positive deviation, and if it
is lower, then the solution is said to exhibit negative deviation from Raoults law.
Vapour pressure of a two-component solution showing positive deviation from Raoults law
solH = 0
In the case of solutions showing positive deviations, absorption of heat takes place.
solH = Positive
In the case of solutions showing negative deviations, evolution of heat takes place.
solH = Negative
Q27. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the normal
boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute?
Ans.
Here,
Vapour pressure of the solution at normal boiling point (p1) = 1.004 bar
= 41.35 g mol1
Q28. Heptane and octane form an ideal solution. At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid
components are 105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure of a
mixture of 26.0 g of heptane and 35 g of octane?
Ans.
We know that,
= 100 g mol1
= 0.26 mol
= 114 g mol1
= 0.31 mol
= 0.456
= 0.544
= 0.456 105.2
= 47.97 kPa
= 0.544 46.8
= 25.46 kPa
= 47.97 + 25.46
= 73.43 kPa
Q29. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal
solution of a non-volatile solute in it.
Ans.
1 molal solution means 1 mol of the solute is present in 100 g of the solvent (water).
= 55.56 mol
It is given that,
12.3 p1 = 0.2177
p1 = 12.0823
Q30. Calculate the mass of a non-volatile solute (molar mass 40 g mol 1) which should be
dissolved in 114 g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
Ans.
Then, the vapour pressure of the octane after dissolving the non-volatile solute is
= 114 g mol1
the solution and the new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298 K. Calculate:
Ans.
Q32. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the
freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K.
Ans.
= 2.15 K
= 342 g mol1
5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water means 5 g of cane sugar is present in (100 5)g =
95 g of water.
= 0.0146 mol
Tf = Kf m
= 13.99 K kg mol1
= 180 g mol1
= 0.0278 mol
Tf = Kf m
= 4.09 K (approximately)
Q33. Two elements A and B form compounds having formula AB 2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20 g
of benzene (C6H6), 1 g of AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K whereas 1.0 g of AB 4 lowers it by
1.3 K. The molar depression constant for benzene is 5.1 Kkg mol 1. Calculate atomic masses of A
and B.
Ans.
We know that,
Then,
= 110.87 g mol1
= 196.15 g mol1
Now, we have the molar masses of AB2 and AB4 as 110.87 g mol1 and 196.15 g mol1
respectively.
y = 42.64
x + 2 42.64 = 110.87
x = 25.59
Hence, the atomic masses of A and B are 25.59 u and 42.64 u respectively.
Q34. At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar.
If the osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be its
concentration?
Ans.
Here,
T = 300 K
= 1.52 bar
= CRT
= 0.061 mol
Since the volume of the solution is 1 L, the concentration of the solution would be 0.061 M.
Q35. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.
Ans.
Q36. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in
n-octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH 3OH, CH3CN.
Ans.
n-octane is a non-polar solvent. Therefore, the solubility of a non-polar solute is more than that of
a polar solute in the n-octane.
Q37. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly
soluble in water?
Ans.
(i) Phenol (C6H5OH) has the polar group OH and non-polar group C 6H5. Thus, phenol is partially
soluble in water.
(ii) Toluene (C6H5CH3) has no polar groups. Thus, toluene is insoluble in water.
(iii) Formic acid (HCOOH) has the polar group OH and can form H-bond with water. Thus, formic
acid is highly soluble in water.
(iv) Ethylene glycol has polar OH group and can form Hbond. Thus, it is highly
soluble in water.
(vi) Pentanol (C5H11OH) has polar OH group, but it also contains a very bulky non-polar C5H11
group. Thus, pentanol is partially soluble in water.
Q38. If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g mL 1 and contains 92 g of Na+ ions per kg of water,
calculate the molality of Na+ ions in the lake.
Ans.
Number of moles present in 92 g of Na+ ions =
= 4 mol
=4m
Q38. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 1016, calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in
aqueous solution.
Ans.
Now,
=ss
= s2
Hence, the maximum molarity of CuS in an aqueous solution is 2.45 10 8 mol L1.
Q39. Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C 9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5 g of
C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g of CH3CN.
Ans.
= 456.5 g
= 1.424%
Calculate the mass of 1.5 103m aqueous solution required for the above dose.
Ans.
This implies that the mass of the solution containing 0.4665 g of nalorphene is 1000.4665 g.
Q41. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C 6H5COOH) required for preparing 250 mL of 0.15 M
solution in methanol.
Ans.
= 122 g mol1
Q42. The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid,
trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain briefly.
Ans
Among H, Cl, and F, H is least electronegative while F is most electronegative. Then, F can
withdraw electrons towards itself more than Cl and H. Thus, trifluoroacetic acid can easily lose H +
ions i.e., trifluoroacetic acid ionizes to the largest extent. Now, the more ions produced, the greater
is the depression of the freezing point. Hence, the depression in the freezing point increases in the
order:
Q43. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH 3CH2CHClCOOH is
added to 250 g of water. Ka = 1.4 103, Kf = 1.86
K kg mol1.
Ans.
Molar mass of
Now,
Again,
=1+
Q44. 19.5 g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the freezing point of
water observed is 1.0C. Calculate the vant Hoff factor and dissociation constant of fluoroacetic
acid.
Ans.
It is given that:
We know that:
Taking the volume of the solution as 500 mL, we have the concentration:
Therefore,
Q45. Vapour pressure of water at 293 Kis 17.535 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of water
at 293 Kwhen 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
Ans.
Mass of glucose, w2 = 25 g
= 180 g mol1
= 0.139 mol
= 25 mol
We know that,
17.535 p1 = 0.097
p1 = 17.44 mm of Hg
Q46. Henrys law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 Kis 4.27 10 5 mm Hg.
Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 Kunder 760 mm Hg.
Ans.
Here,
p = 760 mm Hg
kH = 4.27 105 mm Hg
p = kHx
= 177.99 105
Q47. 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol 1) was dissolved in 1000 g of liquid B (molar mass
180 g mol1). The vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour
pressure of pure liquid A and its vapour pressure in the solution if the total vapour pressure of the
solution is 475 Torr.
Ans.
= 0.714 mol
= 5.556 mol
= 0.114
= 0.886
= 500 0.886
= 443 torr
pA = ptotal pB
= 475 443
= 32 torr
Now,
= 280.7 torr
Q48. Vapour pressure of pure acetone and chloroform at 328 K are 741.8 mm Hg and 632.8 mm
Hg respectively. Assuming that they form ideal solution over the entire range of composition, plot
ptotal pchloroform and pacetone as a function of xacetone. The experimental data observed for different
compositions of mixture is.
ptota(mm Hg) 632.8 603.0 579.5 562.1 580.4 599.5 615.3 641.8
It can be observed from the graph that the plot for the ptotal of the solution curves downwards.
Therefore, the solution shows negative deviation from the ideal behaviour.
Q49. Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition.
The vapour pressure of pure benzene and naphthalene at 300 Kare 50.71
Ans
Q50. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen
K. The water is in equilibrium with air at a pressure of 10 atm. At 298 Kif the
Henrys law constants for oxygen and nitrogen are 3.30 10 7 mm and 6.51 107 mm respectively,
calculate the composition of these gases in water.
Ans
Also, it is given that water is in equilibrium with air at a total pressure of 10 atm, that is, (10 760)
mm Hg = 7600 mm Hg
Therefore,
= 1520 mm Hg
Partial pressure of nitrogen,
= 6004 mmHg
p = KH.x
For oxygen:
For nitrogen:
Hence, the mole fractions of oxygen and nitrogen in water are 4.61 10 5and 9.22 105
respectively.
Q51. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic
pressure is 0.75 atm at 27C.
Ans.
We know that,
Here,
M = 1 40 + 2 35.5
= 111g mol-1
Therefore, w
= 3.42 g
Q52. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K 2SO4 in 2 liter
of water at 25 C, assuming that it is completely dissociated.
Ans.
i =3
Given,
w = 25 mg = 0.025 g
V=2L
Types of Solutions
Homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components are called solutions.
Volume % of a component =
Mass by volume % =
=
For solution containing i number of components,
And, x1 + x2 + x3 + . + xi = 1
Molarity (M)
Molarity
Molality (m)
Molality
Solubility
Solubility of a substance is the maximum amount of the substance that can be dissolved in
a specified amount of a solvent at a given temperature.
Factors on which solubility depends:
o Nature of solute and solvent
o Temperature
o Pressure
Effect of temperature:
o Endothermic (solH > 0), then the solubility will increase with the increase in
temperature
o Exothermic (solH < 0), then the solubility will decrease with the increase in
temperature
Effect of pressure:
o Pressure has no significant effect on the solubility of solids in liquids.
o Reason Solids and liquids are negligibly affected by pressure as they are highly
incompressible.
Or
The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (p) is directly proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas (x) in the solution, i.e.,
p = KHx
The plot of the partial pressure of HCl vs. its mole fraction in a solution of
cyclohexane is given below.
o Some important applications of Henrys law
(i) Bottles are sealed under high pressure to increase the solubility of CO 2 in soft
drinks and soda water.
(ii) Henrys law states that the solubility of gas increases with an increase in
pressure. Therefore, when a scuba diver dives into the sea, the increased sea
pressure causes the nitrogen present in air to dissolve in his blood in great amounts.
As a result, when he comes back to the surface, the solubility of nitrogen again
decreases and the dissolved gas is released, leading to the formation of nitrogen
bubbles in the blood. This results in the blockage of capillaries and leads to a
medical condition known as bends, which are painful and dangerous to life. Hence,
the oxygen tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air and diluted with helium to
avoid bends.
(iii) The concentration of oxygen is low in the blood and tissues of climbers or people
living at high altitudes. This is because at high altitudes, the partial pressure of
oxygen is less than that at ground level. Low blood oxygen causes climbers to
become weak and prevents them from thinking clearly. These are symptoms of
anoxia.
Effect of temperature
Raoults law
For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is
directly proportional to its mole fraction.
p 1 p 2
And,
For component 2,
The component of vapour phase in equilibrium with the solution is determined by the partial
pressures of the components.
Let y1, y2 = Mole fractions of the components 1 and 2 respectively in the vapour phase
According to Raoults law, the vapour pressure of a volatile component in a given solution is
According to Henrys law, the partial vapour pressure of a gas (the component is so volatile
that it exists as gas) in a liquid is
p = KH x
It can be observed that in both the equations, the partial vapour pressure of the volatile
component varies directly with its mole fraction. Only the proportionality constants KH and
are different. Thus, Raoults law becomes a special case of Henrys law in which KH is
equal to .
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the vapour pressure of the liquid
decreases.
o Reason: The number of solvent molecules on the surface decreases and as a result,
number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface decreases.
Raoults law in general form: For any solution, the partial vapour pressure of each volatile
component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.
Let us take a binary solution made by dissolving a non-volatile solute in a solvent. Since the
solute is non-volatile, only the solvent molecules contribute to vapour pressure.
Here, the proportionality constant is equal to the vapour pressure of the solvent in pure
state.
The plot of vapour pressure vs. mole fraction of the solvent, which is linear, is shown below.
Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions
Ideal Solution
Solutions which obey Raoults law over the entire range of concentrations
For ideal solution:
o Enthalpy of mixing of the pure components to form the solution,
mix H = 0
An ideal solution will be formed when intermolecular forces of attraction between the
molecules of solute (A A) and those between the molecules of solvent (B B) are nearly
equal to those between solute and solvent molecules (A B).
o Examples: n-Hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and chloroethane, benzene and
toluene
Non-Ideal Solutions
Solutions which do not obey Raoults law over the entire range of concentration
The vapour pressure of a non-ideal solution is either higher or lower than that predicted by
Raoults law.
o Positive deviation from Raoults law When vapour pressure is higher
o Negative deviation from Raoults law When vapour pressure is lower
Azeotropes
Binary mixtures which have the same composition in liquid and vapour phase, and have
constant boiling points
Not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation
Two types Minimum boiling azeotrope
Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
i.e.,
Where,
= Vapour pressure of the solvent
p1 = Vapour pressure of the solution
x2 = Mole fraction of the solute
However,
Where, n2 = Number of moles of solute
n1 = Number of moles of solvent
Now,
For dilute solution, n1 >> n2
Therefore,
Or,
Or,
Where,
w2 = Mass of solute
M2 = Molar mass of solute
w1 = Mass of solvent
M1= Molar mass of solvent
With addition of non-volatile solute, vapour pressure decreases and hence, boiling point
increases.
Where,
Tb = Boiling of solution
= Boiling point of solvent
Tb = Kbm
Where,
m = Molality
Kb = Proportionality constant known as Boiling Point Elevation Constant or Molal Elevation
Constant or Ebullioscopic constant (Unit = K kg mol 1)
However,
Where,
w2 = Mass of solute
M2 = Molar mass of solute
w1 = Mass of solvent
Now,
Or,
With addition of non-volatile solute, vapour pressure decreases, which leads to a decrease
in freezing point.
Where,
= Freezing point of solvent
Tf= Freezing point of solution
Tf = Kf m
Where,
m = Molality
Kf = Proportionality constant known as Freezing Point Constant or Molal Depression
Constant or Cryoscopic constant (Unit = K kg mol 1)
However,
Where,
w2 = Mass of solute
M2 = Molar mass of solute
w1 = Mass of solvent
Now,
Or,
Where,
M1 = Molar mass of the solvent
R = Gas constant
vapH = Enthalpy of vaporisation of the solvent fusH = Enthalpy of fusion of the solvent
The process of flow of solvent molecules from pure solvent to solution or from solution of
lower concentration to solution of higher concentration through a semi-permeable
membrane is called osmosis.
The pressure required to just stop the flow of solvent due to osmosis is called osmotic
pressure () of the solution.
o The osmotic pressure has to be applied to the solution to prevent osmosis.
For dilute solution, osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the molarity C of the solution
at a given temperature T.
Where,
n2 = Number of moles of solute
V= Volume of the solution in litres
Again,
Where, w2 = Mass of the solute
M2 = Molar mass of the solute
Now,
Or,
Or,
If the pressure applied on the solution is greater than its osmotic pressure, then the
direction of osmosis is reversed i.e., the solvent starts passing from solution to solvent. The
phenomenon is called reverse osmosis.
o This phenomenon is used in purification (desalination) of sea water.
Colligative property
Therefore, due to association or dissociation of molecules, the molar mass of a substance
calculated from its colligative property is either lower or higher than the expected or normal
value. Such molar mass is called abnormal molar mass.
Dissociation:
KCl K+ + Cl
Association:
2CH3COOH (CH3COOH)2
To account for the extent of dissociation or association, vant Hoff introduced a factor i,
known as the vant Hoff factor.
o Value of i:
No association or dissociation, i = 1
Modified equations for colligative properties after inclusion of vant Hoff factor
Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent,
(ii) Questions 1 to 5 are very short answer type questions. These questions carry one mark
each.
(iii) Questions 6 and 7 are short answer type questions. These questions carry two marks
each.
(iv) Questions 8 and 9 are also short answer type questions. These questions carry three
marks each.
(v) Question number 10 and 11 are long answer type questions and carry five marks each.
Question 1 ( 1.0 marks)
What will happen to the boiling point of a solution if the weight of the solute dissolved in it is
doubled and the weight of the solvent taken is reduced by half?
Solution:
If the weight of the solute dissolved is doubled and the weight of the solvent is reduced by half,
then an elevation takes place in the boiling point of the solution. The boiling point of the solution
becomes four times the original value.
Solution:
'10% aqueous solution of sodium carbonate' means that 10 g of sodium carbonate (solute) is
present in 100 g of solution containing water and sodium carbonate.
Solution:
The value of Vant Hoff factor is more than unity when a solute undergoes dissociation in the
solution.
Under what conditions do non-ideal solutions exhibit negative deviations from Raoults law?
Solution:
Non-ideal solutions exhibit negative deviations from Raoults law if the vapour pressure of the
solution is lower than the value predicted by Raoults law. This happens when the forces of
interaction between the compounds are greater than those in the pure components.
Between 0.1 molal solutions of glucose and sodium chloride, which will have a higher boiling
point?
Solution:
0.1 M solution of NaCl will have a higher boiling point than 0.1 M solution of glucose. This is
because sodium chloride undergoes dissociation in the solution. Thus, an elevation is observed in
the boiling point.
The mole fraction of the solute of an X molal solution of a compound in benzene is 0.2. What is the
value of X?
Solution:
Hence,
And,
Taking, (Molecular mass of C6H6 = 78)
Solution:
When the temperature of a solution is increased, the molarity decreases. This is because the
volume of the solution increases with an increase in temperature but the number of moles of the
solute remains the same.
Molarity =
a. The freezing point of a solution containing 0.3 g of acetic acid in 30.0 g of benzene is lowered
by 0.45 K. Calculate Vant Hoff factor. (Kf for benzene = 5.12 Kkgmol1)
b. The osmotic pressure of a 0.0103 molar solution of an electrolyte is found to be 0.70 atm at
27C. Calculate Vant Hoff factor. (R = 0.082 Latmmol 1K1)
Solution:
Tf(calculated)
Or,
i = 0.527
b.
Or,
i = 2.76
a. The outer shell of two eggs is removed and kept in dilute HCl. Then, one shell is placed in
distilled water, while the other is placed in a saturated solution of NaCl. What will be observed?
b. Explain why a bottle containing liquid ammonia is kept in ice before it is opened.
Solution:
a. The egg shell kept in distilled water will get swollen. On the other hand, the egg shell kept in
NaCl solution will shrink. This happens because of osmosis, in which the net flow of solvent from
the less concentrated to the more concentrated solution takes place. Here, the membrane beneath
the outer shell of the egg acts as a semi-permeable membrane.
b. The vapour pressure of liquid ammonia at room temperature is very high. On cooling, the
vapour pressure inside the bottle containing liquid ammonia decreases. As a result, on opening
the bottle, liquid ammonia does not splash out.
a. Name and explain the factor introduced in 1880 to account for the extent of association or
dissociation.
b. Arrange the following solutions in the increasing order of their osmotic pressure. Give reasons
for your answer.
Solution:
a. In 1880, Vant Hoff introduced the Vant Hoff factor i.e., i to account for the extent of association
or dissociation. The Vant Hoff factor i.e., 'i' is defined as the ratio of experimental value of
colligative property to its calculated value i.e.,
Or,
b. Molar mass of sucrose (C12H22O11) = 342 gmol1
However, NaCl is a strong electrolyte and one formula unit of NaCl dissociates to give two ions
i.e., Na+ and Cl. Thus, the molar concentration of particles in the solution is 2 M.
The osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the number of particles in the solution. Hence, the
increasing order of the osmotic pressure will be:
a. Why is molality preferred over molarity while expressing the concentration of a solution?
b. Why does the boiling point of water increase when sodium chloride is added to it?
Solution:
b. When a non-volatile solute such as sodium chloride is dissolved in water, the vapour pressure
of water decreases. This happens because on addition of NaCl, some of the solvent molecules on
the surface are replaced by the non-volatile solute molecules. Hence, the solution has to be
heated at a higher temperature to make the vapour pressure equal to the external pressure.
Hence, the boiling point of the solution increases.
c. As a general rule, like dissolves like. Phenol has a polar OH group but an aromatic phenyl
C6H5 group. Hence, it is partially soluble in water.