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PROJECT: RPLC DEEP CONVERSION PDVSA DOC. No.

SUBPROJECT: GENERAL 3006-5000-DCB33001
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DISCIPLINE: CIVIL REV. A DATE: 13-12-11
TITLE: SEISMIC DESIGN PROCEDURE OF LIQUID-CONTAINING
CONCRETE STRUCTURES PAGE 1 OF 21
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PROJECT: RPLC DEEP CONVERSION PDVSA DOC. No.
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CONCRETE STRUCTURES PAGE 2 OF 21
PDVSA PROJECT No.: 3006; CONFEED JOB CODE: 0-5792-20-0000

RPLC DEEP CONVERSION PROJECT

SEISMIC DESIGN PROCEDURE OF

LIQUID-CONTAINING CONCRETE STRUCTURES

UNIT 00
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Contents

1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Scope.............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.2 Concrete ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Applicable Codes, Specifications and References....................................................................... 4
2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Design Loads.................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Load combinations ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Notation .......................................................................................................................................... 7
3 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STABILITY CHECK ........................................................................... 8
3.1 Dynamic Lateral Forces ................................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Stability Check................................................................................................................................ 9
3.3 Modeling ........................................................................................................................................10
3.4 Seismic Property for Calculation of Dynamic Lateral Forces .....................................................11
4 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SECTION DESIGN............................................................................19
4.1 Dynamic Pressure Distribution.....................................................................................................19
4.2 Combining Dynamic Forces for Rectangular Tanks (Py) .............................................................20
4.3 Distribution of Reinforcement ......................................................................................................21
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1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
This document defines the seismic design procedure of liquid-containing concrete structures for
RPLC Deep Conversion Project in Venezuela. This procedure can be applied only for the
rectangular (not circular) configuration and all regions of seismic design category (SDC) shown in
Table 1-1 except the liquid-containing concrete structures at grade with an L /HL (see Fig 3-1) ratio
less than 2.0 in regions of low seismic risk (SDC A and B).
Seismic Design Category D shall be applied for RPLC PJ.
This specification shall be applied to environmental engineering concrete structures which intended
for conveying, storing, or treating water, wastewater, or other liquids and non-hazardous materials,
such as liquid-containing pits, lift stations, pits for WWT and other similar liquid-containing concrete
structures. Below-grade structures, such as pump stations and pipe galleries, which are part of
treatment facilities and which may be exposed to groundwater pressures, are also applied this
document.
Table 1-1 Seismic Design Category

1.2 Concrete
The specified concrete strength of liquid-containing structures applied this document shall be
28MPa.

1.3 Applicable Codes, Specifications and References

1.3.1 Project Specification
(1) 3006-5000-DC116001 (S-000-1310-0001P) Detailed Engineering Design Data for Civil and
Structures
(2) 3006-5000-DC116002 (S-000-1310-0002P) Seismic Design Response Spectrum
(3) 3006-5000-DC116003 (S-000-1310-0003P) Seismic Design Criteria for Structures
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1.3.2 International Codes

(1) ASCE/SEI 7-05 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
(2) ACI 350-06 Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures and Commentary
(3) ACI 350.3-06 Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures and Commentary
(4) ACI 350.4-06 Design Considerations for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures

1.3.3 References
(1) Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures for Earthquake Forces (by PCA)

2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Design Loads

2.1.1 Dead Loads (D)
Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the
liquid-containing concrete structures including, but not limited to, walls, slabs, roofs, stairways,
finishes, cladding and fixed empty equipment.

2.1.2 Operating Content Loads of Static Liquid (C)

It is static liquid load in liquid-congaing structures during operation.

2.1.3 Live Load (L)

Live load shall be referred to the table of Section 4.4 in 3006-5000-DC116001 (S-000-1310-0001P).

2.1.4 Static Soil and/or Ground Water Pressure (H)

The coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest Ko shall be used in estimating the earth pressures
unless it is demonstrated by calculation that the structure deflects sufficiently to lower the lateral
earth pressure.
The ground water pressure shall be considered when part or all of the structure is below the water
table.

2.1.5 Dynamic Soil Pressure (PE)

It is lateral soil pressure induced by earthquake against the buried portion of the wall.
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2.1.6 Wind Load (W)

Wind load shall be referred to 3006-5000-DC116004 (S-000-1310-0004P).

2.1.7 Earthquake Load (E)

Earthquake load consists of the following dynamic loads.

Pw : Lateral inertia force of the accelerating wall, kN

Pr : Lateral inertia force of the accelerating roof, kN
Pi : Lateral hydrodynamic impulsive force of contained liquid, kN
Pc : Lateral hydrodynamic convective force of contained liquid, kN
Pvy : Unit equivalent hydrodynamic pressure due to vertical acceleration, kPa

2.2 Load combinations

Load combinations are based on ACI 350 Section 9.2.

2.2.1 Factored Load Combinations

A) Normal operation
( LC. A1 ) 1.2( D + C ) + 1.6( L + H )
*1
( LC. A2 ) 1.2( D + C ) + 1.0E + 1.6PE + 1.0L
( LC. A3 ) 0.9D + 1.2C + 1.6W + 1.6H
*1
( LC. A4 ) 0.9D + 1.2C + 1.0E + 1.6PE

B) Test
( LC. B1 ) 1.2( D + F ) + 1.6*0.5L

C) Empty
( LC. C3 ) 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
( LC. C4 ) 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6PE

*1 : Operating content loads of static liquid, C, shall be considered simultaneously with Pi and Pc
part of earthquake load E.
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2.3 Notation
Pw : Lateral inertia force of the accelerating wall, kN
Pr : Lateral inertia force of the accelerating roof, kN
Pi : Lateral hydrodynamic impulsive force of contained liquid, kN
Pc : Lateral hydrodynamic convective force of contained liquid, kN
PE : Dynamic soil pressure induced by earthquake, kN
Pvy : Unit equivalent hydrodynamic pressure due to vertical acceleration, kPa
Wr : Equivalent weight of the roof, plus superimposed load, kN
Ww : Equivalent weight of one wall perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake force, kN
Wi : Equivalent weight of the impulsive component of the stored liquid, kN
Wc : Equivalent weight of the convective component of the stored liquid, kN
Ci, Cc, Ct : Seismic Response Coefficients
: Effective Mass Coefficient
I : Importance factor
Rc, Ri : Response modification factors
S : Unit weight of soil, kN/m3
K0 : Coefficient of lateral soil pressure at rest
hi, hc : Height to centers of gravity of accelerating liquid, m
HS : Earth height from base of concrete wall, m
HW : Wall height (inside dimension), m
HL : Design depth of stored liquid, m
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3 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR STABILITY CHECK

3.1 Dynamic Lateral Forces
Fig 3-1 shows design lateral force on a wall perpendicular to earthquake force.

Ko S HS
Pc/2
HW PW PE
Pi/2 HL
HS
hc
hW 0.6HS
hi

Convective Dynamic earth Pressure

Wall Inertia Impulsive

Fig 3-1 Design Force on Walls Perpendicular to Earthquake Force

The dynamic lateral forces shall be calculated as follows.

[Lateral inertia force of the accelerating wall]

WW
Pw = CiI (kN) (ACI350.3, 4-1)
Ri
[Lateral inertia force of the accelerating roof]

W
Pr = CiI r (kN) (ACI350.3, 4-2)
Ri
[Lateral hydrodynamic impulsive force of contained liquid]

W
Pi = CiI i (kN) (ACI350.3, 4-3)
Ri
[Lateral hydrodynamic convective force of contained liquid]

W
Pc = C cI c (kN) (ACI350.3, 4-4)
Rc
[Dynamic soil pressures induced by earthquake]
The coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest Ko shall be used in estimating the dynamic earth
pressures PE.
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1
PE = K o sH2S
2
The PE is assumed to act at a point of 0.6 of the earth height Hs above the base like Fig 3-1.
The groundwater pressure is assumed to act at a point of 1/3 of the water depth above the base.

3.2 Stability Check

3.2.1 Sliding
The total base shear due to seismic forces applied at the bottom of the wall shall be determined by

VT = (Pi + Pw + Pr )2 + Pc2 + PE2 (kN) (ACI350.3, 4-5)

Vr (WT + WL )
= SF
VS VT

Vr = Resistant friction force, kN

VS = Total horizontal force, kN
W T = Total concrete weight including wall and top and base slab, kN
W L = Total liquid weight, kN
= Friction coefficient, ( = 0.5)
SF = Safety factor ( = 1.5)

3.2.2 Overturning
The total overturning moment due to seismic forces at the base of the liquid-containing structure
shall be determined as follow.

Mb = (Mi + Mw + Mr )2 + M2c (kN-m) (ACI350.3 4-10)

Mw = Pw X hw, kN-m
= Bending moment of entire tank cross section just above the base due to wall inertia
force Pw
Mr = Pr X hr, kN-m
= Bending moment of entire tank cross section just above the base due to roof inertia
force Pr
Mi = Pi X hi, kN-m
= Bending moment of entire tank cross section just above the base due to the impulsive
force Pi
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Mc = Pc X hc, kN-m
= Bending moment of entire tank cross section just above the base due to the
convective force Pc

Mr (WT + WL ) Lb /2
= SF
Mot Mb
Mr = Resistant moment, kN-m
Mot = Total overturning moment, kN-m
Lb = Length of bottom slab, m
SF = Safety factor ( = 1.5)

3.3 Modeling
3.3.1 Dimensions
Fig 3-2 shows the typical schematic of a liquid-containing rectangular concrete structure with wall
length L, width B, height HW and stored liquid depth HL.

tr
Direction of
ground motion
1-m wide strip

tw

Fig 3-2 Dimensions of Rectangular Concrete Tank

L = Inside wall length, parallel to the direction of ground motion being invested, m
B = Inside wall width, perpendicular to the direction of ground motion being invested, m
HW = Wall height (inside dimension), m
HL = Design depth of stored liquid, m
tw = Wall thickness, m
tr = Roof thickness, m
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The model of the liquid-containing structure is shown in Fig 3-3 to evaluate hydrodynamic effects
due to seismic load. The containing liquid is separated the following two parts:
1. Impulsive part, which represents the portion of the liquid which moves in unison with the
structure and,
2. Convective part, which represents the effect of the sloshing action of the liquid.
Fig 3-4 shows frequency of impulsive and convective motion of the liquid in a tank subject to
earthquake forces. The period of convective oscillation is typically much longer than the impulsive
period.

Fig 3-3 Dynamic Model Fig 3-4 Frequency of Convective & Impulsive Component

3.4 Seismic Property for Calculation of Dynamic Lateral Forces

3.4.1 Equivalent weight of accelerating liquid (Wi, Wc)
Equivalent weight of stored liquid WL, roof W r and wall W w shall be calculated as follows.

W L = L X B X HLX L
W r = Lr X Br X tr X c
W w = ( L + 2 tr ) X HW X tr X c

W L = Total equivalent weight of the stored liquid, kN

W r = Equivalent weight of the roof, plus superimposed load, kN
W w = Equivalent weight of one wall perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake force,
kN
Lr = Length of roof, m
Br = Width of roof, m
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L = Unit weight of contained liquid, kN/m3

c = Unit weight of concrete, kN/m3

Equivalent weight of the accelerating liquid which is impulsive component Wi and convective
component W c can be determined as a fraction of the total liquid weight W L from Fig 3-5.

L
tanh 0.866
Wi HL (ACI350.3, 9-1)
=
WL L
0.866
HL

Wc L H
= 0.264 tanh 3.16 L (ACI350.3, 9-2)
WL HL L

W i = Equivalent weight of the impulsive component of the stored liquid, kN

W c = Equivalent weight of the convective component of the stored liquid, kN
For the value h, please refer to 3.4.4 in this document.

3.4.2 Height to Centers of Gravity of Accelerating Liquid (hi, hc)

Figure 3-3 shows the height of center of gravity hi and hc for both W i and W c respectively. The hi and
hc can be obtained from Fig 3-6 which expresses the following Equation 9-3, 4 and 5.

[Center of Gravity of the Impulsive Lateral Force, hi]

L
For < 1.333 ,
HL

hi L
= 0.5 - 0.09375 (ACI350.3, 9-3)
HL HL
L
For 1.333 ,
HL

hi = 0.375HL (ACI350.3, 9-4)

hi = Height above the base of the wall to the center of gravity of the impulsive lateral force

[Center of Gravity of the Convective Lateral Force, hc]

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H
cosh 3.16 L 1
hc L (ACI350.3, 9-5)
= 1
HL H H
3.16 L sinh 3.16 L
L
L
hc = Height above the base of the wall to the center of gravity of the convective lateral
force
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Fig 3-5 Factors W i/W L and W i/W L versus ratio L/HL for Rectangular Tanks

Fig 3-6 Factors hi/HL and hic/HL versus ratio L/HL for Rectangular Tanks
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3.4.3 Seismic Response Coefficients (Ci, Cc, Ct)

SDS and SD1 shall be referred to 3006-5000-DC116003 (S-000-1310-0003P), Seismic Design
Criteria for Structures.

SDS = Design spectral response acceleration, 5% damped, at short periods

SD1 = Design spectral response acceleration, 5% damped, at a period of 1 second

Ci shall be determined as follows:

For Ti Ts ( Ts = SD1 / SDS ),
Ci = SDS (ACI350.3, 9-32)

For Ti > Ts ( Ts = SD1 / SDS ),

SD1
Ci = SDS (ACI350.3, 9-33)
Ti
Cc shall be determined as follows:
For Tc 1.6/Ts ( Ts = SD1 / SDS ),
1.5S D1
Cc = 1.5S DS (ACI350.3, 9-37)
Tc
For Tc > 1.6/Ts ( Ts = SD1 / SDS ),
2.4S DS
Cc = (ACI350.3, 9-38)
Tc2
Ct shall be determined as follows:
Ct = 0.4 SDS

3.4.4 Fundamental Period of Liquid-containing Structure Oscillation (Ti)

Fundamental period of liquid-containing structure oscillation Ti shall be calculated to determine
seismic response coefficients Ci.

2 m
Ti = = 2 (S) (ACI350.3, 9-11)
i k

m = m w + mi (ACI350.3, 9-10)

tw c
m w = Hw (kg/m) ( only for the uniform thickness wall )
10 3 g
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W L L
mi = i HL (kg/m) ( only for the uniform thickness wall )
WL 2 g

Ti = Fundamental period of liquid- containing structure oscillation plus the impulsive

component of the contents, s
m = Total mass per unit width of a rectangular wall, kg/m of wall width
mw = Mass per unit width of a rectangular wall, kg/m of wall width
mi = Impulsive mass of contained liquid per unit width of a rectangular wall, kg/m of wall
width
c = Density of concrete, 23.5 kN/m3 for RPLC PJ
L = Density of contained liquid, kN/m3
g = Acceleration due to gravity, 9.807 m/s2
3
Ec t w ( only for the fixed-base, free-top cantilever walls )
k=
4 10 6 h
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
tw = Average wall thickness, mm

h=
(0.5H W m w + himi )
(m w + mi )

3.4.5 Natural Period of Sloshing (Tc)

Natural period of the first (convective) mode of sloshing Tc shall be calculated to determine seismic
response coefficients Cc.

2 2
Tc = = L (S) (ACI350.3, 9-14)
c

Tc = Natural period of the first (convective) mode of sloshing, s

( 2 / ) in Equation 9-14 can be determined from Fig 3-7.

HL
= 3.16g tan h3.16 (ACI350.3, 9-13)
L
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Fig 3-7 Nonflexible Base Connections

3.4.6 Effective Mass Coefficient ()

Effective mass coefficient of rectangular tank shall be determined as follows:

L
2
L
= 0.0151 - 0.1908 + 1.021 1.0 (ACI350.3, 9-44)
HL HL

= Effective mass coefficient

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3.4.7 Importance Factor (I)

The importance factor I shall be selected from Table 3-1.
For this project, importance factor for liquid containing concrete structures shall be 1.25.

Table 3-1 Importance Factor (I)

Category Tank Use Factor I

III Tanks containing hazardous materials 1.5

II Tanks that are intended to remain usable for emergency purposes after 1.25
an earthquake, or tanks that are part of lifeline systems

I Tanks not listed in Categories II or III 1.0

3.4.8 Response Modification Factor (Rc and Ri)

Response modification factors, a numerical coefficient representing the combined effect of the
structures ductility, energy-dissipating capacity and structural redundancy, for convective and
impulsive component, Rc and Ri respectively are shown on Table 3-2.

Table 3-2 Response Modification Factor (R)

Ri
Type of Structure Rc
*1
On or Above Grade Buried
*2 *2
Anchored, flexible-base tanks 3.25 3.25 1.0

Fixed or hinged-base tanks 2.0 3.0 1.0

*3
Unanchored, contained or uncontained tanks 1.5 2.0 1.0

Pedestal-mounted tanks 2.0 - 1.0

Note
*1 : Buried tank is defined as that whose maximum water surface at rest is at or below ground level.
*2 : Ri = 3.25 is the maximum Ri value permitted to be used for any liquid-containing concrete
structure.
*3 : Unanchored, uncontained tanks shall not be built in locations where SDS 0.75

Ri = Impulsive component of response modification factor

Rc = Convective component of response modification factor
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PROJECT: RPLC DEEP CONVERSION PDVSA DOC. No.
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CONCRETE STRUCTURES PAGE 19 OF 21
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The type of the connection between bottom slab and wall shall be referred to Figure 3-8 and 3-9.

Fig 3-8 Nonflexible Base Connections

Fig 3-9 Flexible Base Connections

4 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SECTION DESIGN

4.1 Dynamic Pressure Distribution
The vertical distribution, per meter of wall height, of the dynamic forces acting perpendicular to the
plane of the wall is assumed like Figure 4-1.

[ Lateral inertia force due to W w per unit height of wall occurring at any given height y ]
PW
Pwy = (kN/m)
HW

[ Lateral impulsive force due to Wi per unit height of wall occurring at any given height y ]

Pi y
4HL 6hi (6HL 12hi )
2 HL
Piy = 2
(kN/m)
HL

[ Lateral convective force due to Wc per unit height of wall occurring at any given height y ]
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SUBPROJECT: GENERAL 3006-5000-DCB33001
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Pc y
4HL 6hc (6HL 12h c )
2 HL
Pcy = 2
(kN/m)
HL

[ Hydrodynamic pressure due to vertical acceleration at any given height y ]

p vy = u v qhy (kPa) (ACI350.3, 4-14)

u v =Effective spectral acceleration from an inelastic vertical response spectrum

b
uv = C tI 0.2S DS (ACI350.3, 4-14)
Ri
b = Ratio of vertical to horizontal design acceleration
In the absence of a site-specific response spectrum, b shall not be less than 2/3
qhy = Unit hydrostatic pressure at given liquid level, y, above base, kPa
qhy = L (HL y )

HW
PWy Piy Pcy HL Pvy

y y y

Wall Inertia Hydrodynamic pressure

Impulsive Convective
due to vertical acceleration
Fig 4-1 Distribution of Dynamic Force

4.2 Combining Dynamic Forces for Rectangular Tanks (Py)

Combined horizontal force due to the impulsive and convection components of the accelerating
liquid, the walls inertia and the hydrodynamic pressure due to the vertical acceleration at any given
height y from the base shall be determined as follow.

Py = (Pwy + Piy ) + Pcy2 + (p vyB )

2 2
(ACI350.3, 5-1)
 REFINING MAJOR PROJECTS GENERAL MANAGEMENT
PROJECT: RPLC DEEP CONVERSION PDVSA DOC. No.
SUBPROJECT: GENERAL 3006-5000-DCB33001
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AREA: GENERAL S-000-1325-0001P
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CONCRETE STRUCTURES PAGE 21 OF 21
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4.3 Distribution of Reinforcement

4.3.1 Minimum Rebar Size
Minimum rebar size shall be No.4. (ACI350 7.12.2.2)

4.3.2 Maximum Bar Spacing

To control flexural reinforcement, the maximum allowable stresses are specified as a function of bar
spacing. Figure 4-2 is plots of the following equation.

320
fs, max = [ksi] (ACI350 10.6.4)
s 2 + 25
However, this requirement do not apply to load combinations that include earthquake loads.

fs, max= Maximum allowable stress in reinforcement at service load, ksi

s = center-to-center spacing of deformed bars, in
= 1.2 for h>= 400mm, 1.35 for h < 400m (h is overall thickness of member.)

Maximum bar spacing shall be 300mm. (ACI350 7.12.2.2)

Fig 4-2 Maximum Bar Spacing

4.3.3 Minimum Ratio of Reinforcement

Minimum ratio of reinforcement shall be 0.003. (ACI350 7.12.2.1)