3.

Signature Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro (30 November 1863 10 May 1897) was a Filipino
nationalist andrevolutionary. He is often called "the father of the Philippine Revolution". He was a
founder and later Supremo("supreme leader") of the Katipunan movement which sought the
independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution.[1][2]
He is considered a de facto national hero of the Philippines,[3] and is also considered by some Filipino
historians to be the first President, but officially he is not recognized as such.[4][5] Contents [hide] 1
Family background 2 Education and early life 3 Marriages 4 Early political activism 5 Katipunan
6 Philippine Revolution o 6.1 Start of the uprising o 6.2 Campaigns around Manila o 6.3 Bonifacio in
Cavite o 6.4 The Tejeros Convention 7 Capture, trial and death 8 Historical controversies o 8.1 Trial
and execution o 8.2 Bonifacio as first Philippine President o 8.3 Bonifacio as national hero o 8.4
Bonifacio's bones 9 See also
4. 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Family background[edit] This section includes a list
of references, related reading or external links, but the sources of this section remain unclear because it
lacksinline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2013)
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please helpimprove this article by adding
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013)
Bonifacio was born in Tondo, Manila, the son of Santiago Bonifacio of Taguig and Catalina de Castro,
a native of Cabangan, Zambales. He was the eldest of six children. His siblings were Ciriaco, Procopio,
Troadio,Esperidiona and Maxima. His father was a tailor who served as a teniente mayor of Tondo,
Manila, while his mother was a mestiza born of a Spanish father and a Filipino-Chinese mother who
was a supervisor at a cigarette factory. As was custom, upon baptism he was named for the saint on
whose feast he was born,Andrew the Apostle. Education and early life[edit] Bonifacio learned his
alphabet through his mother's sister and he was first enrolled in a private school of one Guillermo
Osmea where he learned Latin and mathematics though his normal schooling was cut short when he
dropped out at about fourteen years old to support his siblings after both of their parents died of illness
one year apart. Bonifacio was blessed with good hands in craftsmanship and visual arts that he made
canes and paper fans, which he and his young siblings sold, and he made posters for business firms.
This became their thriving family business that continued on when the men of the family, Andres,
Ciriaco, Procopio and Troadio, became employed with private and government companies which
provided them decent living condition. In his late teens, he worked as a mandatorio for the British
trading firm Fleming and Company, where he rose to become a corregidor of tar, rattan and other
goods. He later transferred to Fressell and Company, a German trading firm, where he worked as a
bodeguero (storehouse keeper) where he is responsible for warehouse inventory. Bonifacio also
founded a theater company with his friends, Macario Sakay and Aurelio Tolentino, where he was also a
part-time actor performing in moro-moro plays. Not finishing his normal education, Bonifacio enriched
his natural intelligence with self- education. He read books about the French Revolution, biographies of
thePresidents of the United States, books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes, and
novels such
5. as Victor Hugo's Les Misrables, Eugne Sue's Le Juif errant and Jos Rizal's Noli Me Tngere and
El Filibusterismo. Aside from Tagalog and Spanish, he could speak and understand a little English,
which he learned while working at J.M. Fleming and Co. Marriages[edit] Bonifacio was married twice:
first to a certain Monica (of Palomar). She was Bonifacio's neighbor in Tondo. Monica died of leprosy
and they had no recorded children. In 1892 Bonifacio, a 29-year old widower, met the 18-years old
Gregoria de Jess, through his friend Teodoro Plata who was her cousin. Gregoria, also called Oriang,
was the daughter of a prominent citizen and landowner from Kalookan. Gregoria's parents did not
agree at first to their relationship as Andres was a freemason and freemasons were then against the
Catholic church. Her parents eventually gave in and Andrs and Gregoria were married through a
Catholic ceremony in Binondo Church on March 1893 or 1894. The couple also were married through
Katipunan rites in a friend's house in Sta. Cruz, Manila on the same day of their church wedding. They
had one son named Andrs, born on early 1896, who died of smallpox in infancy. Early political
activism[edit] Main article:

La Liga Filipina In 1892 Bonifacio was one of the founding members of Rizal's La Liga Filipina, an
organization which called for political reforms in Spain's colonial government of the Philippines.

However, La Liga disbanded after only one meeting as Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan in
Mindanao. Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and others revived La Liga in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio
was active at organizing local chapters in Manila. He would become the chief propagandist of the
revived Liga. La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support to the Propaganda Movement of
Filipino reformists in Spain. Andrs Bonifacio was also a member of Freemasonry with the lodge
Taliba headed by Jose Dizon; and his pseudonym was Sinukuan, possibly taken from a Philippine
mythological character Maria Sinukuan. Freemasons were the primary political activists during this
period and La Liga officers were also mostly freemasons.

Katipunan[edit] Main article: Katipunan On 7 July 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was
announced, Bonifacio and others founded the Katipunan, or in full, Kataastaasang
Kagalanggalangang[6] Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ("Highest and Most Respected Society of the
Country's Children;" Bayan can also denote community, people, and nation).[7] Thesecret society
sought independence from Spain through

6. armed revolt.[8][9] It was influenced by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization, and
several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.[10] Within the society Bonifacio used the
pseudonym May pag-asa ("There is Hope").[1] For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the Katipunan
and La Liga Filipina. La Liga eventually split because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for
peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid.[10] The more conservative members, mostly wealthy
members, who still believed in peaceful reforms set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged
continued support to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.[8] From
Manila, the Katipunanexpanded to several provinces, including Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan,
Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.[11]

Most of its members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes, and many of its
local leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities.[12] At first exclusively male, membership
was later extended to females, with Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jess as a leading member.[13] From
the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, although he did not become its
Supremo (supreme leader) or Presidente Supremo(Supreme President)[14] until 1895. He was the third
head of the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Romn Basa. Prior to this, he served as the
society'scomptroller and then as its fiscal.[15][16] The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure
and elective leadership. For each province involved, the KatipunanSupreme Council coordinated with
provincial councils in charge of public administration and military affairs, and with local councils in
charge of affairs on the district or barrio level.[5][17]
Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with Emilio Jacinto, who served as his
adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's
Kartilya primer as the official teachings of the society in place of his own Decalogue, which he judged
as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and Po Valenzuela collaborated on the society's organ, Kalayaan
(Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including
the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubang Lup (approx. "Love for One's Homeland[18] ) under the pseudonym
Agapito Bagumbayan. The publication ofKalayaan in March 1896 led to a great increase in the
society's membership. The Katipunan movement spread throughout Luzon, to Panay in the Visayas and
even as far as Mindanao.[19] From less than 300 members in January 1896,[11] it had 30,000 to 40,000
by August 1896.[19] The rapid increase in Katipunan activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish
authorities.

By early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of a seditious secret society, and
suspects were kept under surveillance and arrests made. On 3 May, Bonifacio held a general assembly
of Katipunan leaders in Pasig, where they debated when to start the revolution. While some officers,
especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members, especially Santiago Alvarez
andEmilio Aguinaldo of Cavite, expressed reservations and disagreement regarding the planned revolt
due to lack of firearms. The consensus was to consult Jos Rizal in Dapitan before launching armed
action, so Bonifacio sent Po Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be against the revolution,
believing it to be premature, He recommended more preparation, but suggested that, in the event the
revolution did break out,

7. they should seek the leadership of Antonio Luna, who was widely regarded as a brilliant military
leader.[20] Philippine Revolution[edit] Main article: Philippine Revolution Start of the uprising[edit]
See also: Bonifacio Plan The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the Katipunan on 19
August 1896. Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested and imprisoned
for treason.[21] Jos Rizal was then on his way to Cuba to serve as a doctor in the Spanish colonial
army in exchange for his release from Dapitan.[22][23] When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to
convince Rizal,

quarantined aboard a ship in Manila Bay, to escape and join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio
Jacinto and Guillermo Masangkay disguised themselves as sailors and went to the pier where Rizal's
ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer.[24] Rizal himself
was later arrested, tried and executed.[22] Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of
Katipunan members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. The
event, marked by the tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates) was later called the "Cry of
Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location and date of the Cry are disputed.[25][26] The
Supreme Council of the Katipunan declared a nationwide armed revolution against Spain and called for
a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital Manila on 29 August. Bonifacio appointed generals to
lead rebel forces to Manila. Other Katipunan councils were also informed of their plans.

Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into an open de facto revolutionary
government, with him as President and commander-in-chief (or generalissimo[14] ) of the rebel army
and the Supreme Council as his cabinet.[4][5][15] On 28 August, Bonifacio issued the following
general proclamation: This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the
earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are
now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren
know that on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our
agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the
same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an
enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the
regulations we have put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 ANDRS BONIFACIO[1][27]
On 30 August 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on San Juan del Monte to capture the town's
powder magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered,
fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's
forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops
8. regrouped near Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban.[28] Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and
Spanish forces occurred in Mandaluyong, Sampaloc, Santa Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Marikina,
Caloocan,[29] Makati and Taguig.[28] The conventional view among Filipino historians is that the
planned general Katipunan offensive on Manila was aborted in favor of Bonifacio's attack on San Juan
del Monte,[28][30] which sparked a general state of rebellion in the area.[31] However, more recent
studies have advanced the view that the planned offensive did push through and the rebel attacks were
integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of a bigger
whole an unrecognized "battle for Manila".[29][32] Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not
completely defeated and was still considered a threat. Further, the revolt had spread to the surrounding
provinces by the end of August.[29][32] Campaigns around Manila[edit] By December 1896, the
Spanish government recognized three major centers of rebellion: Cavite (under Mariano Alvarez,
Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan(under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (under Aquino). The
revolt was most successful in Cavite,[33] which mostly fell under rebel control by SeptemberOctober
1896.[34] Apolinario Mabini, who later joined the rebels and served as Aguinaldo's adviser, wrote that
the government troops in Cavite were limited to small, scatteredconstabulary detachments and thus the
rebels were able to take virtually the entire province.[35] The Spanish government had transferred
much of its troops from Cavite (and other provinces) to Manila in anticipation of Bonifacio's attack.
The Cavite rebels won prestige in defeating Spanish troops in set piece battles, using tactics like trench
warfare. While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila
and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of the Spanish military campaign, becoming a no
man's land. Rebels in the area were generally engaged in hit-and-run guerrilla warfare against Spanish
positions in Manila, Morong, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.[34] From Morong, Bonifacio served as
tactician for rebel guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector,[5] though his
reputation suffered when he lost battles he personally led. [36] From September to October 1896,
Bonifacio supervised the establishment of Katipunan mountain and hill bases like Balara in Marikina,
Pantayanin in Antipolo, Ugong in Pasig and Tungko in Bulacan. Bonifacio appointing generals for
these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made.[14] In November, Bonifacio led an
assault on San Mateo, Marikina and Montalban. The Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas
to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded.
While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall, other Katipunan forces set up defensive lines along the
nearby Langka (or Nangka) river against Spanish reinforcements from Marikina. After three days,
Spanish counterattacks broke through the Langka river lines. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the
rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara.[14]
They were pursued, and
9. Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which grazed his
collar.[28] In Balara, Bonifacio commissioned Julio Nakpil to compose a national anthem. Nakpil
produced a hymn called Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalogs"). [37]
However, it was rejected years later in favor of the Marcha Nacional Filipina commissioned by Emilio
Aguinaldo. Bonifacio in Cavite[edit] There were two Katipunan provincial chapters in Cavite that
became rival factions: the Magdalo, headed by Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, and
the Magdiwang, headed by Mariano lvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came
from the upper class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle class. After initial
successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto in the name of the Magdalo ruling council which
proclaimed a provisional and revolutionary government despite the existence of the Katipunan
government. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame for victories in the province.[38] The
Magdalo and Magdiwang clashed over authority and jurisdiction and did not help each other in battle.
Bonifacio was called to Cavite to mediate between them and unify their efforts.

In late 1896 he travelled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco, and
some troops. In Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the Magdalo leaders. Apolinario Mabini,
who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at this point theMagdalo leaders "already
paid little heed to his authority and orders."[35] Bonifacio was partial to the Magdiwang, perhaps due
to his kinship ties with Mariano lvarez,[39] or more importantly, due to their stronger recognition of
his authority.[40] When Aguinaldo and Edilberto Evangelista went to receive Bonifacio atZapote, they
were irritated with what they regarded as his attitude of superiority. In his memoirs Aguinaldo wrote
that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king".[41][42]

Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of one Katipunan general from Laguna surnamed
Fernandez, who was accompanying the Magdalo leaders in paying their respect to Bonifacio, for failing
to support his attack in Manila, but the other Magdalo leaders refused to surrender him. Townspeople
in Noveleta (aMagdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler of the Philippines, to the chagrin of
the Magdalo leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "long live Philippine Liberty!").[42] Aguinaldo disputed with
Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him for the capture of the town of Silang.[41]
The Spanish, through Jesuit Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the possibility of peace
negotiations.[41] When Bonifacio found out, he and the Magdiwang council rejected the proposed
peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Spanish considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the
rebellion" instead of him.[41] However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange negotiations which never took
place.[43] Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to surrender the revolution.[43] Bonifacio was
also subject to rumors that he had stolen Katipunan funds, his sister was the mistress of a priest, and he
was an agent provocateur paid by friars to foment unrest. Also circulated were anonymous letters
which told the people of Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio because he was a Mason, a mere Manila
employee, allegedly an atheist, and uneducated.

10. According to these letters, Bonifacio did not deserve the title of Supremo since only God was
supreme. This last allegation was made despite the fact that Supremo was meant to be used in
conjunction with Presidente, i.e. Presidente Supremo (Supreme President) to distinguish the president
of the Katipunan Supreme Council from council presidents of subordinate Katipunan chapters like the
Magdalo and Magdiwang.[40] Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to be the work of the
Magdalo leader Daniel Tirona. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such
anger that he drew a gun and would have shot Tirona if others had not intervened.[44][45] On 31
December, Bonifacio and the Magdalo and Magdiwang leaders held a meeting in Imus, ostensibly to
determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two factions. The issue of
whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government was brought up by the
Magdalo, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. The Magdalo argued that the Katipunan, as a secret
society, should have ceased to exist once the Revolution was underway. They also held that Cavite
should not be divided. Bonifacio and the Magdiwang contended that the Katipunan served as their
revolutionary government since it had its own constitution, laws, and provincial and municipal
governments. Edilberto Evangelista presented a draft constitution for the proposed government to
Bonifacio but he rejected it as it was too similar to the Spanish Maura Law. Upon the event of
restructuring, Bonifacio was given carte blanche to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a new
government; he would also be in charge of this committee. He tasked Emilio Aguinaldo to record the
minutes of the meeting and requested for it to establish this authority, but these were never done and
never provided.[46][47]

The Tejeros Convention[edit] Main article: Tejeros Convention The rebel leaders held another meeting
in a friar estate house in Tejeros on 22 March 1897 on the pretense of more discussion between the
Magdalo andMagdiwang, but really to settle the issue of leadership of the revolution.[48] Amidst
insinuations that the Katipunan government was monarchical or dictatorial, Bonifacio maintained it
was republican. According to him, all its members of whatever rank followed the principles of liberty,
equality and fraternity, upon whichrepublicanism is founded.[14] He presided over the elections that
followed, despite his misgivings over the lack of representation by other provinces.[49] Before
elections started, he asked that the results be respected by everyone, and all agreed. The Cavite leaders
voted their own Emilio Aguinaldo President in absentia, as he was in the battlefield.[48][50][51] That
revolutionary government, now known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato, styled itself as the Philippine
Republic or Republic of the Philippines. It lasted just over a month. A later revolutionary government
now commonly known as the First Philippine Republic and also with Aguinaldo as President was
inaugurated on 23 January 1899 as the Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic).[52] That later
government is now considered to be the first Republic of the Philippines, the present-day government
of the Philippines being the fifth. Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for President.
Though it was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the
motion and
11. elections continued. Mariano Tras of the Magdalo (originally Magdiwang) was elected Vice
President. Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior. Daniel Tirona, who had
helped distribute the ballots, protested Bonifacio's election to Director of the Interior on the grounds
that the position should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested a
prominent Cavite lawyer for the position. Hurt and angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, since the
voters had agreed to respect the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology which
drove Bonifacio to draw his gun and again nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but he was
restrained by Artemio Ricarte of the Magdiwang, who had been elected Captain-General.[53] As
people left the room, Bonifacio declared: "I, as chairman of this assembly and as President of the
Supreme Council of the Katipunan, as all of you do not deny, declare this assembly dissolved, and I
annul all that has been approved and resolved."[53][54] The next day, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took
his oath of office as President in a chapel officiated by a Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was
under the authority of the Roman pope. [55]:109 According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were
posted outside with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction
while the oath-taking took place. [56] Artemio Ricarte also took his office "with great reluctance" and
made a declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity
with the true will of the people."[57] Meanwhile Bonifacio met with his remaining supporters and drew
up theActa de Tejeros (Act of Tejeros) wherein they gave their reasons for not accepting the election
results. Bonifacio alleged the election was fraudulent due to cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason
due to his negotiations with the Spanish.[58] In their memoirs Santiago lvarez (son of Mariano) and
Gregoria de Jess both alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being distributed, and
Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present. lvarez writes
that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes
were canvassed, but he had done nothing.[14][59] Aguinaldo later sent a delegation to Bonifacio to get
him to cooperate, but the latter refused. [60] Bonifacio appointed Emilio Jacinto general of the rebel
forces in Manila, Morong, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija.[61] In Naik, Bonifacio met with Artemio Ricarte
and others, including generals Po del Pilar and Mariano Noriel of theMagdalo who had gone over to
his side. [41] Bonifacio asserted his leadership of the revolution with the Naik Military Agreement, a
document which appointed Pio del Pilar commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces. [61]
Bonifacio's meeting was interrupted by Aguinaldo himself, and del Pilar and Noriel promptly returned
to Aguinaldo's fold.[41] In late April Aguinaldo fully assumed presidential office after consolidating
his position among the Cavite elite most of Bonifacio's Magdiwangsupporters declaring allegiance to
Aguinaldo.[62] Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out
of Cavite.[60][61] Capture, trial and death[edit] A party of Aguinaldo's men led by Agapito Bonzn
and Jos Ignacio Paua met with Bonifacio at his camp in Indang. Unaware of the order for his arrest,
Bonifacio received them cordially. The next day, Bonzn and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp.
Bonifacio did not fight back and ordered his men to hold their fire, though shots were nevertheless
exchanged. Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzn and Paua stabbed him in the neck who was
prevented from striking further by
12. one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to be killed instead. Andres' brother Ciriaco was shot dead,
while his other brother Procopio was beaten senseless, and his wife Gregoria may have been raped by
Bonzn.[63] Bonifacio's party was brought to Naic, where he and Procopio stood trial on charges of
sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.[62][64] The
jury was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself declared
his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state witness for the charge of conspiracy
to murder on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but after the trial the witness was seen
alive with the prosecutors.[65][66] The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty despite insufficient
evidence and recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on 8 May
1897 but Po del Pilar and Mariano Noril persuaded him to withdraw the order for the sake of
preserving unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividd and other bona fide supporters of
Aguinaldo.[67] The Bonifacio brothers were executed on 10 May 1897 in the mountains of
Maragondon.[67] [68] Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from
Manila, Laguna and Batangas who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.[35] In
other areas, Bonifacio's close associates like Emilio Jacinto and Macario Sakay continued the
Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.[37] Historical controversies[edit] The historical
assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His death is alternately viewed as a
justified execution for treason and a "legal murder" fueled by politics. Some historians[who?] consider
him to be the rightful first President of the Philippines instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians[who?]
have also called that Bonifacio share or even take the place of Jos Rizal as the (foremost) Philippine
national hero. The purported discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been questioned. Trial and
execution[edit] Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was
entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like a prosecutor as he
himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not
allowed to confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had
been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.[69][70] Teodoro Agoncillo
writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo posed a danger to the
revolution, because a split in the rebel forces would result in almost certain defeat to their united and
well-armed Spanish foe.[67] In contrast, Renato Constantino contends that Bonifacio was neither a
danger to the revolution in general for he still planned to fight the Spanish, nor to the revolution in
Cavite since he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted
control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of
compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the Pact of
Biak-na-Bato whereas the revolution
 13. was officially halted and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight especially
Katipunan leaders used to be close to Bonifacio (Aguinaldo eventually, unofficially allied with the
United States, did return to take charge of the revolution during the Spanish American War).[71]
Historians[who?] have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and
whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican
government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre- existing Katipunan
government.[72][73] Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write Aguinaldo and his faction
may be considered counter-revolutionary as well as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted
authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.[72] [74] Aguinaldo's own adviser and
official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination against the
head of the Katipunan of which he was a member". [35] Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately
recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right as the Katipunan
leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason instead of the other way around.[75] Constantino and
Villanueva also interpret the Tejeros Convention as the culmination of a movement by members of the
upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and
lower classes.[74] [76] Regionalism among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has
also been put forward as motivation for the replacement of Bonifacio.[77][78][79] Mabini considered
the execution as criminal and "assassination...the first victory of personal ambition over true
patriotism."[citation needed] He also noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were
friends of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Tras, who were united, while Bonifacio, although
he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the
province: this explains his resentment."[35] There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of
execution. The commanding officer of the execution party, Lazaro Macapagal, said in two separate
accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation.
Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also
killed while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with
bayonets and marked by twigs.[80] However, another account states that after his brother was shot,
Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock
in which he was carried to the site, being too weak to walk.[40] This version was maintained by
Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to have gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men.[80]
Also, one account used to corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he
saw five men hacking a man in a hammock.[40] Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was
bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied.[81] After bones said to be Bonifacio's including
a fractured skull - were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence supported his
version of events.[80] Writer Adrian Cristobal notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial
state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong
enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal claimed.[40] Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who
doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this
manner.[80]
14. Bonifacio as first Philippine President[edit] See also: List of Unofficial Presidents of the
Philippines Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacin, and Ramn Villegas
have pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the first President of the Philippines instead of
Aguinaldo, the officially recognised one. This view is based on his position of President/Supremo of
the Katipunan revolutionary government from 189697. This view also emphasises that Bonifacio
established a government through the Katipunan before a government headed by Aguinaldo was
formed at the Tejeros Convention. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a concept of the Philippine
nation called Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by
Aguinaldo's concept of Filipinas. In documents predating Tejeros and the First Philippine Republic,
Bonifacio is called the president of the "Tagalog Republic".[4][5][40][82] The term Tagalog
historically refers to an ethnic group, their language, and script. While historians have thus tended to
view Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation as restricted to the Tagalog regions of Luzon, as
compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (comprising the modern Philippines),
Guerrero writes that Bonifacio and the Katipunan in fact already had an all-encompassing view. The
Kartilya defines "tagalog" as "all those born in this archipelago; therefore, though visayan, ilocano,
pampango, etc. they are all tagalogs".[5] In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalo people
claim Bonifacio became the head of the Magdiwang, receiving the title Har ng Bayan ("King of the
People") with Mariano lvarez as his second-in-command.[41][83] However, these claims are
unsupported by documentary evidence.[84] Carlos Quirino suggests these claims stem from a
misunderstanding or misrepresentation of Bonifacio's title Pangulo ng Haring Bayan ("President of the
Sovereign Nation").[84] Santiago lvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the Magdiwang
government and the Katipunan Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio.[14] Bonifacio as national
hero[edit] See also: National hero of the Philippines Jos Rizal is generally considered the national
hero, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more worthy candidate on the grounds of having started the
Philippine Revolution.[63] Teodoro Agoncillo notes that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of
other countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces".[85] Renato Constantino writes that Rizal is a
"United States- sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the American
colonial period of the Philippines after Aguinaldo lost the PhilippineAmerican War. The United
States promoted Rizal, who was taken to represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more radical
figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against American rule.[86] Specifically, Rizal was selected
over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was "unregenerate."[87]
15. Historian Ambeth Ocampo gives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on
the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal inspired Bonifacio,
the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to Rizal's banishment to Dapitan, he was already
regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary president by the
Katipunan.[63] Len Mara Guerrero notes that while Rizal did not give his blessing to the Katipunan
because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the aim of independence per se.[88]
Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not replace Rizal as national hero, but they
should be honored "side by side".[85] Despite popular recognition of Rizal as "the Philippine national
hero", the title itself has no explicit legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio,
however, are given the implied recognition of being national heroes because they are commemorated
annually nationwide Rizal Day on 30 December andBonifacio Day on 30 November.[89] According
to the website of the National Center for Culture and the Arts: Despite the lack of any official
declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal and Bonifacio] remain admired and
revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.
Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be
recognition enough.[89] Bonifacio's bones[edit] In 1918, the American colonial government of the
Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in Maragondon. A group consisting of
government officials, former rebels, and a man reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which
they claimed were Bonifacio's in a sugarcane field on 17 March. The bones were placed in an urn and
put into the care of the National Library of the Philippines. They were housed at the Library's
headquarters in the Legislative Building in Ermita, Manila, together with some of Bonifacio's papers
and personal belongings. The authenticity of the bones was much disputed at the time and has been
challenged as late as 2001 by Ambeth Ocampo. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, his opponent Manuel L. Quezon (the eventual victor)
invoked the memory of Bonifacio against him, the bones being the result of Bonifacio's execution at
Aguinaldo's hands. During World War II, the Philippines was invaded by Japan in 1941. The bones
were lost due to the widespread destruction and looting during the Allied capture of Manila in February
1945.[80][90][91] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio
 16. Andrs Bonifacio Mula sa Wikipediang Tagalog, ang malayang ensiklopedya Tumalon sa:
nabigasyon, hanapin Andrs Bonifacio Larawan ni Andres Bonifacio[1] Kapanganakan 30 Nobyembre
1863 Tondo, Maynila Kamatayan 10 Mayo 1897 Maragondon, Kabite Kabansaan Filipino Iba pang
pangalan Supremo, Anak Bayan, Agapito Bagumbayan
17. Pagkamamamayan Pilipinas Kilala dahil sa Ama ng Himagsikang Pilipino, Ang Dakilang
Maralita Partidong pampulitika La Liga Filipina Katipunan Pananampalataya Katoliko Romano Asawa
Gregoria De Jesus Anak Andres Bonifacio y de Jess (namatay noong sanggol pa) Lagda Si Andrs
Bonifacio y de Castro (30 Nobyembre 1863 10 Mayo 1897) ay isang Pilipinong makabayan at
rebolusyonaryo. Binansagan siyang "ama ng Himagsikang Pilipino". Siya ang nagtatag at lumaon
nagingSupremo ng kilusang Katipunan na naglayong makamtan ang kasarinlan ng Pilipinas mula sa
Espanya at nagpasimula ng Himagsikang Pilipino.
18. [2][3] Kinikilala rin siya ng ilang mga dalubhasa sa kasaysayan bilang unang Pangulo ng
Pilipinas, subalit hindi siya opisyal na kinikilala.[4][5] Mga nilalaman [itago] 1 Pagkabata at ang
kanyang Pamilya 2 Katipunan 3 Himagsikang Pilipino o 3.1 Simula ng pag-aaklas 4 Mga
kontrobersiya sa kasaysayan o 4.1 Paglitis at pagbitay o 4.2 Si Bonifacio bilang Unang Pangulo ng
Pilipinas o 4.3 Si Bonifacio bilang pambansang bayani 5 Mga buto ni Bonifacio 6 Mga sanggunian
7 Mga kawing panlabas Pagkabata at ang kanyang Pamilya[baguhin] Anak si Andres nina Santiago
Bonifacio at Catalina de Castro ng Tondo, Maynila, at panganay sa limang magkakapatid. Ang
kanyang mga kapatid ay sina Ciriaco, Procopio, Troadio, Esperidiona at Maxima. Mananahi ang
kanyang ama na naglingkod bilang teniente mayor ng Tondo, Maynila, samantalang ang kanyang ina
ay isang mestisang ipinanganak mula sa isang Kastilang ama at isang inang may Pilipinong may lahing
Tsino. Bilang kaugalian, isinunod ang pangalan niya sa kapistahan ng santo ng araw ng kanyang
kapanganakan, si San Andres. Naulila sa magulang nang maaaga sa edad na 14. Naging tindero siya ng
ratan at pamaypay na gawa sa papel de hapon. Nagtrabaho din siya bilang clerk, sales agent at
bodegista (warehouseman). Nahilig siyang basahin ang mga nobela ni Jose Rizal at nang itinatag ang
La Liga Filipina, sumapi siya kasama ni Apolinario Mabini. Bagamat mahirap ay mahilig bumasa at
sumulat ng mga bagay na may kabuluhan lalo na kung ito ay tungkol sa bayan, karapatang-pantao at
kasarinlan ng inang-bayan. Siya ay may diwa ng paghihimagsik laban sa malupit na mananakop na
Kastila. Siya rin ay nagnais na magbangon ng pamahalaang malaya na naging daan upang kanyang
maitatag ang Katipunan na kakatawan sa himagsikan at upang maging wasto at panatag sa kanyang
adhikaing kalayaan ng bayan. Noong 1892, matapos dakpin at ipatapon si Dr. Jose Rizal sa Dapitan,
itinatag ni Bonifacio ang Katipunan o kilala rin bilang "Kataastaasan,Kagalang-galangang Katipunan
ng mga Anak ng Bayan" (KKK), isang lihim na kapisanang mapanghimagsik, na di naglaon ay naging
sentro
19. ng hukbong Pilipinong mapanghimagsik. Kasama ni Bonifacio ay sina Valentin Diaz, Deodato
Arellano (bayaw ni Marcelo H. del Pilar), Teodoro Plata (bayaw ni Bonifacio), Ladislao Diwa, at ilang
manggagawa sa pagtatag ng Katipunan sa Calle Azcarraga (ngayon ay Avenida Claro M. Recto)
malapit sa Calle Candelaria (ngayon ay Kalye Elcano). Sa pagtatag ng Katipunan, kinilala si Andres
Bonifacio bilang "Ama ng Rebolusyon" sa Pilipinas. Si Bonifacio at ang kanyang mga kasamahan sa
Katipunan ay may iisang layunin na marahil ay siyang naging dahilan upang ang kanilang pakikidigma
ay maging matagumpay. Sa Katipunan, "Supremo" ang kanyang titulo at di naglaon nang itinatag niya
ang Pamahalang Mapaghimagsik ay tinawag siyang "Pangulo ng Haring Bayang Katagalugan". Dito
rin niya nakilala si Gregoria de Jesus na tinawag niyang Lakambini. Noong 23 Agosto 1896, sa maliit
na baryo ng Pugad Lawin (ngayo'y Bahay Toro, Project 8, Lungsod Quezon) sa Balintawak ay tinipon
nya ang mga Katipunero at isa isa'y pinunit ang kanilang mga sedula. Sa gitna ng rebolusyon, isang
halalan ang naganap sa Tejeros, Cavite, sa kahilingan ng mga Katipunerong Magdalo na ang lumahok
ay mula sa Cavite lamang. Nanalo sa pagka-pangulo si Emilio Aguinaldo, Lider ng Katipunang
Magdalo at ang Supremo ay naihalal sa mababang posisyong Tagapangasiwa ng Panloob (Interior
Director). Dahil sa ang mga kasapi ng Magdalo ay mga may kayang tao sa hilagang-kanlurang bahagi
ng Kabite at kanilang mga taga-sunod, ayaw nila kay Andres Bonifacio sapagkat ito ay isang laki sa
hirap at ayaw nilang tanggapin na sila ay pinamumunuan ng isang mahirap na kagaya ng Supremo
kaya't minamaliit nila ang kakayahan nito. Nang sinubukan ng mga kasapi ng lupon ng mga Magdalo
na usisain ang kakayahan ni Andrs Bonifacio na gawin ang tungkulin ng isang Tagapangasiwa ng
Panloob, na ayon sa kanila ay gawain lamang ng isang abogado, nainsulto si Bonifacio. Idineklara ng
Supremo, bilang pangulo ng Katipunan, na walang bisa ang naganap na eleksiyon dahilan sa pandaraya
sa botohan ng mga Magdalo. Dahil dito, kinasuhan si Bonifacio ng sedisyon at pagtataksil ng mga
Magdalo. Habang hindi pa naka-aalis ng Cavite, siya ay ipinahuli at ipinapatay ni Aguinaldo sa
kanyang mga tauhan. Iniutos kay Mariano Noriel na ibigay ang hatol sa isang selyadong sobre kay
Lazaro Makapagal. Iniutos ang pagbaril kay Bonifacio kasama ang kanyang kapatid na lalaking si
Procopio Bonifacio noong 10 Mayo 1897 malapit sa Bundok Nagpatong (o Bundok Buntis). Noong
1918, sinikap ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas na hanapin ang labi ni Andrs Bonifacio sa Maragondon.
Ayon sa isang grupo ng mga opisyal ng pamahalaan, mga dating rebelde at isang lalaking nagpakilala
bilang dating kasambahay ni Bonifacio, nahanap daw ang kaniyang mga buto sa isang taniman ng
kawayan noong 17 Marso 1918. Inilagay ang mga labi sa huling pamamahala ng Pambansang Aklatan
ng Pilipinas, at itinipon ito sa Lumang Gusaling Batasan (ang kasalukuyangPambansang Museo ng
Pilipinas) hanggang sa nawala ang urna noong panahon ng Labanan sa Maynila ng 1945.
Katipunan[baguhin] Noong 7 Hulyo 1892, isang araw pagkatapos ihayag ang pagpapatapon kay Rizal,
itinatag ni Bonifacio at ng iba pa ang Katipunan, o kapag binuo ayKataastaasang
20. Kagalanggalangang[6] Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.[7] Ang lihim na samahan ay
naglalayon ng kasarinlan mula sa Espanya sa pamamagitan ng armadong himagsikan.[8][9] Sa loob ng
lipunan, nabuo ang pagkakaibigan nila Emilio Jacinto, na naglingkod bilang kanyang tagapayo at
katiwala, at bilang kasapi rin ng Kataastaasang Lupon. Ginamit ni Bonifacio ang Kartilya ni Jacinto
bilang opisyal na panturo sa samahan bilang kapalit ng kanyang dekalogo, na ayon sa kanya ay mababa
kung ihahambing sa gawa ni Jacinto. Ang mabilis na mga kilos ng Katipunan ang nagbigay ng hinala
sa mga Kastila. Noong unang bahagi ng 1896, ang mga intelehensiyang Kastila ay alam na
pagkakatatag ng lihim na samahan, at ang mga pinaghihinalaang mga kasapi ay minatyagan at pinag-
aaresto. Noong ika-3 ng Mayo, nagsagawa ng pangkahatalang asemblea ng mga pinuno ng Katipunan
sa Pasig, kung saan pinagdebatehan nila kung kailan magsisimula ang paghihimagsik. Habang nais ni
Bonifacio na magsimula ang pag-aalsa sa lalong madaling panahon, nagpahayag ng pagpapasubali si
Emilio Aguinaldo ng Cavite dahil sa kawalan ng mga armas. Ang napagkasunduan ay sumangguni
muna kay Jos Rizal sa Dapitan bago pasimulan ang kanilang mga kilos, kaya pinadala ni Bonifacio si
Pio Valenzuela kay Rizal, na salungat sa hindi pa handang pag-aaklas at nagpayong magdagdag pa ng
paghahanda.[10] Himagsikang Pilipino[baguhin] Pangunahing lathalain: Himagsikang Pilipino Simula
ng pag-aaklas[baguhin] Natiyak ng pamahalaang Kastila ang pagkakaroon ng Katipunan noong 19
Agosto 1896. Daan- daanag mga pinaghihinalaang Pilipino, ang dinakip at ikinulong sa salang
pagtataksil.[11] Paalis na noon si Jos Rizal patunong Cuba upang maglingkod bilang manggagamot sa
sandatahan ng kolonya ng Espanya bilang kapalit ng pagpapalaya sa kanya sa Dapitan.[12][13] Nang
kumalat ang balita, unang sinubukan ni Bonifacio na kumbinsihin si Rizal, na nakakulong sa barkong
patungo sa Look ng Maynila, na tumakas at sumali sa napipintong pag-aaklas. Nagpanggap sina
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto at Guillermo Masangkay bilang mga marino at nagtungo sa daungan kung
saan dadaong ang barkong sinasakyan ni Rizal. Personal na nakita ni Jacinto si Rizal, na tumanggi sa
kanilang mungkahing pagpapatakas.[14] Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and executed.[12]
Upang maiwasan ang matinding paghahanap, ipinatawag ni Bonifacio ang libu-libong kasapi ng
Katipunan sa Kalookan, kung saan pinasimulan nila ang pag-aaklas. Ang kaganapan, na minarkahan ng
pagpunit ng mga sedula ay lumaong tinawag na "Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin"; ang tiyak na pook at petsa
ng pinagdausan ng pangyayari ay pinagtatalunan.[15][16] Ang Kataastaasang Lupon ng Katipunan ay
naghayag ng malawakang himagsikang laban sa Espanya at nagpatawag ng tuloy tuloy na pagsugod sa
kabiserang Maynila noong ika-29 ng Agosto. Mga kontrobersiya sa kasaysayan[baguhin]
 21. Ang kasaysayan ni Bonifacio ay kinapapalooban ng maraming mga kontrobersiya. Ang kanyang
pagkamatay ay salitang tinitignan bilang isang paghatol sa salang pagtataksil sa bayan at isang "legal
na pagpaslang" na bunga ng politika. Paglitis at pagbitay[baguhin] Kinondena ng mga dalubhasa sa
kasaysayan ang paglitis sa magkapatid na Bonifacio bilang hindi makatarungan. Binubuo ang hukom
ng halos mga kaanib ni Aguinaldo; Ang abogado ni Bonifacio ay tila naging tagausig niya rin dahil
inihayag din niya ang pagiging may sala ni Bonifacio kaysa sa umapela para sa higit na mababang
parusa; hindi rin pinayagan si Bonifacio na harapin ang mga punong saksi para sa mga kasong
pakikipagsabwatan sa kadahilanang napaslang na ang mga ito sa mga labanan, subalit lumaon ay nakita
ang mga saksi kasama ang mga tagausig.[17][18] Isinulat ni Teodoro Agoncillo na isang malaking
hadlang si Bonifacio sa pagpapahayag ng kapangyarihang sumasalungat kay Aguinaldo sa himagsikan,
dahil hinahati nito ang lakas ng mga rebelde na maaaring magdulot ng tiyak na pagkatalo sa kanilang
kalabang mga Kastila.[19] Sa kabaligtaran, isinulat ni Renato Constantino na hindi hadlang si
Bonifacio sa himagsikan sa pangkalahatan dahil nais pa rin niyang labanan ang mga Kastila, at hindi
rin hadlang sa himagsikan sa Kabite dahil siya ay aalis na; subalit tiyak na hadlang si Bonifacio sa mga
pinuno sa Kabite na nais makuha ang pamamahala ng himagsikan, kaya siya pinatay. Si Bonifacio
bilang Unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas[baguhin] Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro
22. Si "President" Bonifacio sa La Ilustracin Espaola y Americana, 8 Pebrero 1897 Pangulo ng
Pilipinas (Hindi Opisyal) Republikang Tagalog Panunungkulan 24 Agosto 1896 Ika-10 o 22 Marso
1897 Pangalawang Pangulo Gregoria de Jess (Unofficial) Sinundan si Itinatag ang posisyon Sinundan
ni Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy Kapanganakan 30 Nobyembre 1863 Tondo, Maynila, Pilipinas
Kamatayan 10 Mayo 1897 (edad 33)
23. Maragondon, Cavite, Pilipinas Partidong politikal La Liga Filipina Katipunan Asawa Monica
Gregoria de Jess Propesyon Rebolusyonaryo Relihiyon Katoliko May ilang mga dalubhasa sa
kasaysayan tulad nina Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacin, at Ramn Villegas ang nagtutulak
na kilalanin si Bonifacio bilang unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas kaysa kay Aguinaldo, ang opisyal na
kinikilalang pangulo. Ang paniniwalang ito ay nakabatay sa posisyon nitong Supremo sa pamahalaang
himagsikan ng Katipunan mula 1896-1897. Ang paniniwalang ito ay nagbibigay diin na si Bonifacio
ang nagtatag ng pamahalaan sa pamamagitan ng Katipunan bago pa nakabuo ng pamahalaang
pinamunuan ni Aguinaldo sa pamamagitan ng Kapulungan ng Tejeros. Isinulat ni Guerrero na
mayroong konsepto si Bonifacio na bansang Pilipinas na tinawag na Haring Bayang Katagalugan, na
pinalitan ni Aguinaldo ng konseptong Filipinas.[4][5][20][21] Si Bonifacio bilang pambansang
bayani[baguhin] Pangkahalatang tinuturing si Jos Rizal bilang Pambansang bayani, subalit
iminumungkahi si Bonifacio bilang higit na karapat-dapat na kandidato bilang pambansang bayani
dahil siya ang nagpasimula ng Himagsikang Pilipino.[22] Napansin ni Teodoro Agoncillo na ang
pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas, hindi gaya ng sa ibang bansa, ay hindi ang "pinuno ng puwersa ng
liberasyon".[23] Isinulat ni Renato Constantino na si Rizal ay "bayaning itinaguyod ng Estados
Unidos" na itinaguyod bilang pinakadakilang bayaning Pilipino noong panahon ng pananakop ng mga
Amerikano sa Pilipinas - pagkatapos matalo si Aguinaldo sa Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano.
Itinaguyod ng Estados Unidos si Rizal, na piniling ang mapayapang pamamaraan , kaysa sa mga
radikal na tao na ang mga ideya ay maaaring pumukaw na lumaban sa pamumunong Amerikano. [24]
Mga buto ni Bonifacio[baguhin] Noong 1918, ang pamahalaang ginawa ng Amerika sa Pilipinas ay
nagpasimula ng paghahanap sa mga labi ni Bonifacio sa Maragondon. Isang pangkat ng mga pinuno ng
pamahalaan, mga dating rebelde, at isang kinilalang tagapaglingkod ni Bonifacio ang nakahanap ng
mga buto na sinasabi nilang mula kay Bonifacio sa isang tubuhan noong ika-17 ng Marso. Inilagay nila
ang mga buto sa isang uma at ibinigay sa pangangalaga ng Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas. Noong
Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig, sinakop ng mga Hapon ang Pilipinas. Ang mga buto ay nawala dahil
sa malawakang pagkasira at nakawan noong Digmaan ng Maynilanoong Pebrero 1945.[1][25][26]
24. http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio Andres Bonifacio simmered with rage
and humiliation. The movement that he had created to oppose Spanish colonial rule inthe Philippines
had just voted (likely in a rigged election) to make his rival Emilio Aguinaldo president in his stead.
Bonifacio was given the lowly consolation prize of an appointment as Secretary of the Interior in the
revolutionary government. When this appointment was announced, however, delegate Daniel Tirona
objected on the grounds that Bonifacio did not have a law degree (or any university diploma, for that
matter). Incensed, the fiery rebel leader demanded an apology from Tirona. Instead, Daniel Tirona
turned to leave the hall; Bonifacio pulled out a gun and tried to shoot him down, but General Artemio
Ricarte y Garcia tackled the former president and saved Tirona's life. Who was this scrappy and hot-
headed rebel leader, Andres Bonifacio? Why is his story still remembered today in the Republic of the
Philippines? Bonifacio's Birth and Early Life: Andres Bonifacio was born on November 30, 1863 in
Tondo, Manila. His father Santiago was a tailor, a local politician and a boatman who operated a river-
ferry; his mother, Catalina de Castro, was employed in a cigarette-rolling factory. The couple worked
extremely hard to support Andres and his five younger siblings, but in 1881 Catalina caught
tuberculosis ("consumption") and died. The following year, Santiago also became ill and passed away.
At the age of 19, Andres Bonifacio was forced to give up plans for higher education and begin working
full-time to support his orphaned younger siblings. He worked for the British trading company J.M.
Fleming & Co. as a broker or corredor for local raw materials such as tar and
25. rattan. He later moved to the German firm Fressell & Co., where he worked as a bodeguero or
grocer. Family Life: Andres Bonifacio's tragic family history during his youth seems to have followed
him in to his adulthood. He married twice, but had no surviving children at the time of his death. His
first wife, Monica, came from the Palomar neighborhood of Bacoor. She died young ofleprosy
(Hansen's disease). Bonifacio's second wife, Gregoria de Jesus, came from the Calookan area of metro
Manila. They married when he was 29 and she was just 18; their only child, a son, died as an infant.
Establishment of Katipunan: In 1892, Bonifacio joined Jose Rizal's new organization La Liga Filipina,
which called for reform of the Spanish colonial regime in the Philippines. The group met only once,
however, since Spanish officials arrested Rizal immediately after the first meeting and deported him to
the southern island ofMindanao. After Rizal's arrest and deportation, Andres Bonifacio and others
revived La Liga to continue pressure on the Spanish government to free the Philippines. Along with his
friends Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata, however, he also founded a group called Katipunan.
Katipunan, or Kataastaasang Kagalannalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan to give its full name
(literally "Highest and Most Respected Society of the Children of the Country"), was dedicated to
armed resistance against the colonial government. Made up mostly of people from the middle and
lower classes, the Katipunan organization soon established regional branches in a number of provinces
across the Philippines. (It also went by the rather unfortunate acronym KKK.)
26. In 1895, Andres Bonifacio became the top leader or Presidente Supremo of the Katipunan. Along
with his friends Emilio Jacinto and Pio Valenzuela, Bonifacio also put out a newspaper called the
Kalayaan, or "Freedom." Over the course of 1896, under Bonifacio's leadership, Katipunan grew from
about 300 members at the beginning of the year to more than 30,000 in July. With a militant mood
sweeping the nation, and a multi-island network in place, Bonifacio's Katipunan was prepared to start
fighting for freedom from Spain. Philippines Uprising Begins: Over the summer of 1896, the Spanish
colonial government began to realize that the Philippines was on the verge of revolt. On August 19, the
authorities tried to preempt the uprising by arresting hundreds of people and jailing them under charges
of treason - some of those swept up were genuinely involved in the movement, but many were not.
Among those arrested was Jose Rizal, who was on a ship in Manila Bay waiting to ship out for service
as a military doctor in Cuba (this was part of his plea bargain with the Spanish government, in
exchange for his release from prison in Mindanao). Bonifacio and two friends dressed up like sailors
and made their way onto the ship and tried to convince Rizal to escape with them, but he refused; he
was later put on trial in a Spanish kangaroo court and executed. Bonifacio kicked off the revolt by
leading thousands of his followers to tear up their community tax certificates or cedulas. This signaled
their refusal to pay any more taxes to the Spanish colonial regime. Bonifacio named himself President
and commander-in-chief of the Philippines revolutionary government, declaring the nation's
independence from Spain on August 23. He issued a manifesto, dated August 28, 1896, calling for "all
towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila," and sent generals to lead the rebel forces in this
offensive. Attack on San Juan del Monte:
27. Andres Bonifacio himself led an attack on the town of San Juan del Monte, intent on capturing
Manila's metro water station and the powder magazine from the Spanish garrison. Although they were
vastly outnumbered, the Spanish troops inside managed to hold off Bonifacio's forces until
reinforcements arrived. Bonifacio was forced to withdraw to Marikina, Montalban, and San Mateo; his
group suffered heavy casualties. Elsewhere, other Katipunan groups attacked Spanish troops all around
Manila. By early September, the revolution was spreading across the country. Fighting Intensifies: As
Spain pulled all its resources back to defend the capital at Manila, rebel groups in other areas began to
sweep up the token Spanish resistance left behind. The group in Cavite (a peninsula south of the
capital, jutting into Manila Bay), had the greatest success in driving the Spanish out. Cavite's rebels
were led by an upper-class politician called Emilio Aguinaldo. By October of 1896, Aguinaldo's forces
held most of the peninsula. Bonifacio led a separate faction from Morong, about 35 miles (56
kilometers) to the east of Manila. A third group under Mariano Llanera was based in Bulacan, north of
the capital. Bonifacio appointed generals to establish bases in the mountains all over Luzon island.
Despite his earlier military reverses, Bonifacio personally led an attack on Marikina, Montalban, and
San Mateo. Although he initially succeeded in driving the Spanish out of those towns, they soon
recaptured the cities, nearly killing Bonifacio when a bullet went through his collar. Rivalry with
Aguinaldo: Aguinaldo's faction in Cavite was in competition with a second rebel group headed by an
uncle of Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio's wife. As a more successful military leader and a member of a
much wealthier, more influential family, Emilio Aguinaldo felt justified in formed his own rebel
28. government in opposition to Bonifacio's. On March 22, 1897, Aguinaldo rigged an election at the
rebels' Tejeros Convention to show that he was the proper president of the revolutionary government.
To Bonifacio's shame, he not only lost the presidency to Aguinaldo, but was appointed to the lowly
post of Secretary of the Interior. When Daniel Tirona questioned his fitness even for that job, based on
Bonifacio's lack of a university education, the humiliated former president pulled a gun and would have
killed Tirona if a bystander had not stopped him. Sham Trial and Execution: After Emilio Aguinaldo
"won" the rigged election at Tejeros, Andres Bonifacio refused to recognize the new rebel government.
Aguinaldo sent a group to arrest Bonifacio; the opposition leader did not realize that they were there
with ill intent, and allowed them into his camp. They shot down his brother Ciriaco, seriously beat his
brother Procopio, and some reports say that they also raped his young wife Gregoria. Aguinaldo had
Bonifacio and Procopio tried for treason and sedition. After a one-day sham trial, in which the defense
lawyer averred their guilt rather than defending them, both Bonifacios were convicted and sentenced to
death. Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence on May 8, but then reinstated it. On May 10, 1897, both
Procopio and Andres Bonifacio likely were shot dead by a firing squad on Nagpatong Mountain. Some
accounts say that Andres was too weak to stand, due to untreated battle wounds, and was actually
hacked to death in his stretcher instead. Andres was just 34 years old. Andres Bonifacio's Legacy:
29. As the first self-declared President of the independent Philippines, as well as the first leader of
the Philippine Revolution, Andres Bonifacio is a crucial figure in that nation's history. However, his
exact legacy is the subject of dispute among Filipino scholars and citizens. Jose Rizal is the most
widely recognized "national hero of the Philippines," although he advocated a more pacifist approach
of reforming Spanish colonial rule rather than overthrowing it by force. Aguinaldo is generally cited as
the first president of the Philippines, even though Bonifacio took on that title before Aguinaldo did.
Some historians feel that Bonifacio has gotten short shrift, and should be set beside Rizal on the
national pedestal. Andres Bonifacio has been honored with a national holiday on his birthday, however,
just like Rizal. November 30 is Bonifacio Day in the Philippines. Sources: Bonifacio, Andres. The
Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio, Manila: University of the Philippines, 1963. Constantino,
Letizia. The Philippines: A Past Revisited, Manila: Tala Publishing Services, 1975. Ileta, Reynaldo
Clemena. Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse, and Historiography, Manila: Ateneo de
Manila University Press, 1998. http://asianhistory.about.com/od/philippines/p/Biography-of-Andres-
Bonifacio-Filipino-Anti- Colonial-Leader.htm
30. Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897), Father of Philippine Revolution. [Source of Photo:
www.bakbakan.com.heroes.html] Andres Bonifacio is known in the Philippines as the Great Plebeian.
He was born to a poor family in Tondo, Manila, on November 30, 1863. His parents were Santiago
Bonifacio and Catalina de Castro. Although not well-schooled (he reached only primary school), he
was quite literate and fluent enough to read and write in Spanish. He admired Jose Rizal, whose works
on Noli Mi Tangere and El Filibusterismo inspired him and developed a strong sense of nationalism.
He organized a secret society and revolutionary group, Katipunan, in 1892 when Rizal was arrested and
deported to Dapitan. Shortly after, Bonifacio became the Supremo (head) of the Katipunan. Unlike
those in the middle class, Bonifacio and his circle of plebeians did not seek reforms from the Spanish
government. Their aim was to liberate the native Filipinos from tyranny and procure their
independence. The Katipunan became the core of the revolutionary army under Emilio Aguinaldo
whose election as President of the Philippine Revolutionary Government cost Bonifacio's downfall.
After being tried by the council of war on charges of treason, General Lazaro Makapagal led a group of
soldiers who executed Bonifacio and his brother Procopio on May 10, 1897.
31. http://www.hawaii.edu/cps/bonifacio.html Andres Bonifacio {{#if: | }} {{#if: Nobyembre 30,
1863 | }} {{#if: Mayo 10, 1897 | }} {{#if: | }} {{#if: | }} {{#if: | }} Andrs Bonifacio Estado
{{{estado}}} Kapanganakan Nobyembre 30, 1863 Tondo, Maynila Kamatayan Mayo 10, 1897
Maragondon, Cavite Asawa {{{spouse}}} Mga Magulang {{{parents}}}
32. Palayaw {{{othernames}}} Talaksan:Gat Andres Bonifacio.jpg 200px Si Andrs Bonifacio
(Nobyembre 30, 1863 - Mayo 10, 1897) ay siyang namuno sa rebolusyon ng Pilipinas laban sa
Espanya, ang unang rebolusyon sa Asya na lumaban sa pananakop ng mga bansang imperyalista sa
Europa. Siya ay isinilang noong ika-30 ng Nobyembre, 1863 sa Tundo, Maynila. Ang kanyang
magulang ay sina Santiago Bonifacio at Catalia de Castro. Siya ay nagsimulang mag-aral sa paaralan ni
Don Guillermo Osmea sa Melsic subalit siya'y maagang nahinto sa pag-aaral. Bagamat siya'y nahinto
sa pag-aaral, marunong siyang bumasa at sumulat, at dalubhasa na rin sa pagsasalita sa wikang Kastila.
Naulila sa magulang nang maaaga sa edad na 14. Naging tindero siya ng ratan at pamaypay na gawa sa
papel de japon. Nagtrabaho din siya bilang clerk, sales agent at bodegista (warehouseman). Nahilig
siyang basahin ang mga nobela ni Jose Rizal at nang itinatag ang La Liga Filipina, sumapi siya kasama
ni Apolinario Mabini. Bagamat mahirap ay mahilig bumasa at sumulat ng mga bagay na may
kabuluhan lalo na kung ito ay tungkol sa himagsikan at digmaan. Siya ay may diwa ng paghihimagsik.
Siya rin ay nagnais na magbangon ng pamahalaang malaya na naging daan upang kanyang maitatag
ang Katipunan na kakatawan sa himagsikan at upang maging wasto at panatag sa kanyang itinatag.
Noong 1892, matapos dakpin at ipatapon si Dr. Jose Rizal sa Dapitan, itinatag ni Bonifacio ang
Katipunan o kilala rin bilang "Kataastasan,Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan"
(KKK), isang lihim na kapisanang mapanghimagsik, na di naglaon ay naging sentro ng hukbong
Pilipinong mapanghimagsik. Kasama ni Bonifacio ay sina Valentin Diaz, Deodato Arellano (bayaw ni
Marcelo H. del Pilar), Teodoro Plata(bayaw ni Bonifacio), Ladislao Diwa, at ilang mangagawa ang
pagtatag ng Katipunan sa Calle Azcarraga (ngayon ay Avenida Claro M. Recto) malapit sa Calle
Candelaria (ngayon ay Kalye Elcano). Sa pagtatag ng Katipunan, kinilala si Andres Bonifacio bilang
"Ama ng Rebolusyon" sa Pilipinas. Si Bonifacio at ang kanyang mga kasamahan sa Katipunan ay may
isang layunin na marahil ay siyang naging dahilan upang ang kanilang pakikidigma ay maging
matagumpay. Sa Katipunan, "Supremo" ang kanyang titulo at di naglaon nang itinatag niya ang
Pamahalang Mapaghimagsik ay tinawag siyang "Pangulong Hari ng Katagalugan". Dito rin niya
nakilala si Gregoria de Jesus na tinawag niyang Lakambini. Noong Agosto 23, 1896, sa maliit na baryo
33. ng Pugad Lawin (ngayo'y Bahay Toro, Project 8, Lungsod Quezon) sa Balintawak ay tinipon nya
ang mga Katipunero at isa isa'y pinunit ang kanilang mga cedula. Sa gitna ng rebolusyon, isang halalan
ang naganap sa Tejeros, Cavite, sa kahilingan ng mga Katipunerong Magdalo na ang lumahok ay mula
sa Cavite lamang. Nanalo sa pagka-pangulo si Emilio Aguinaldo, Lider ng Katipunang Magdalo at ang
Supremo ay naihalal sa mababang posisyong Tagapangasiwa ng Panloob (Interior Director). Nang
sinubukan ng mga miyembro ng lupon ng mga Magdalo na kuwistiyunin ang kakayahan ni Andrs
Bonifacio, idineklara ni Bonifacio na walang bisa ang naganap na eleksyon dahilan sa pandaraya sa
botohan ng mga Magdalo. Dahil dito, kinasuhan si Bonifacio ng sedisyon at pagtataksil. Ipinahuli at
ipinapatay ni Aguinaldo sa kanyang mga tauhan. Iniutos kay Mariano Noriel na ibigay ang hatol sa
isang selyadong sobre kay Lazaro Makapagal. Iniutos ang pagbaril kay Bonifacio kasama ang kanyang
kapatid na lalaki na si Procopio Bonifacio noong ika-10 ng Mayo, 1897 malapit sa Bundok Nagpatong
(o Bundok Buntis). Hanggang ngayon, hindi pa rin natatagpuan ang labi niya.
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