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NaturalandMan
MadeDisasterand
theirImpacton
Environment
ArticleSharedby
Earthquakes,floodsandlandslides,etc.are
naturalenvironmentalhazardsofdisastrous
consequences.
Inrecentyearsthesehazardstooktollof
thousandsoflivesandcausedmassive
destructionofproperty.
Thesehaveadverselyaffectedthevital
sectorsofourdevelopmentasagriculture,
communication,irrigation,powerprojects
andruralandurbansettlements.
Thetimeandcostoverruninsomecases
havebeenenormousbuttheirindirect
impactonoureconomyhasneverbeen
calculated.Indiaisamongtheworldsmost
disasterproneareasandalargepartofthe
countryisexposedtonaturalhazards,which
oftenturnintodisasterscausinglossoflife
andproperty.Theuniquegeoclimatic
conditionshaveexposedthiscountryto
naturalcatastrophes.
http://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/naturalandmanmadedisasterandtheirimpactonenvironment/7134 1/36
12/4/2016 NaturalandManMadeDisasterandtheirImpactonEnvironment
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Disasterscanbedefinedasasudden,
accidentaleventofgreatmagnitudethat
causesconsiderabledamagetolifeand
property.Theyaresudden,drasticand
normallyoccurwithoutanyalarmor
warning.Somedisastersmaybeshortlived
suchasearthquakesandsomeothermaybe
oflongduration,suchasfloods.
However,irrespectiveofthedurationofa
disaster,thedamageintheformofdeaths,
injuriesandlossesofpropertyisimmense.
Themagnitudeofthedisasterscanbe
judgedbythefactthatonlyduringthepast
twodecades,occurrencesoffloods,
earthquakes,landslides,cyclones,etc.have
killedseveralmillionpeople.
Mostofthedisastershaveanatural
origin,however,somedisastersare
manmadeaswell.Onthisbasis,
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disasterscanbebroadlyclassified
intotwogroups:
Naturaldisasters:
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Whendisastersoccurduetonaturalforces
theyarecallednaturaldisasters,overwhich
manhashardlyanycontrol.Somecommon
naturaldisastersareearthquakes,landslides
floods,droughts,cyclones,etc.Tsunamis,
volcaniceruptionsandwildfiresarealso
includedundernaturaldisasters.These
disasterscauseenormouslosstolifeand
property.
Manmadedisasters:
Whenthedisastersareduetocarelessness
ofhumanormishandlingofdangerous
equipmentstheyarecalledmanmade
disasters.Commonexamplesofthese
disastersaretrainaccidents,aeroplane
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crashes,collapseofbuildings,bridges,
mines,tunnels,etc.
NaturalDisasters:
Someofthecommonnatural
disasters,theirimpacton
environment,andtheirprevention,
controlandmitigationarediscussed
below:
Earthquakes:
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Anearthquakeistheshakingoftheearths
surfacecausedbyrapidmovementofthe
earthscrustorouterlayer.Eversinceit
cameintoexistence4.6billionyearsago,the
earthhasbeenadynamic,evolvingsystem.
Thepositionofthedifferentcontinentsand
oceansthatweseetoday,haschangeda
numberoftimesintheearthshistory.
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Theearthisprimarilycomposedof
threelayers:
1.Theoutercrust,
2.Themiddlemantle,and
ADVERTISEMENTS:
3.Theinnercore
TheEarthsouterlayerorcrustismadeup
ofanumberofzigsawpieceslikestructures
thatinterlockintooneanother.Thesepieces
arecalledtectonicplates.Theseplatesarein
continuousmotionoverthemantle,whichis
knownastectonicmovements.These
tectonicprocessesarealsoresponsiblefor
themountainbuildingprocesses.
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Theplatesthataremovingpastoverone
anotherareslowedbyfrictionalongtheir
boundaries.Duetothis,therocksareunder
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
strain.Whenthestressontherocksexceeds
feverwas tofile&manage
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certainlimits,therocksruptureandforma
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Milaap Sinewave
faultalongwhichtherocksaredisplaced
duringtectonicmovements.Thissudden
ruptureoftherocksreleasesenergyinthe
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formofearthquakewaves(Fig.18.1).
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ElementsofEarthquake
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Thusearthquakeisaformofenergy,which
istransmittedtothesurfaceoftheearthin
theformofwavescalledseismicwaves.The
studyofearthquakesandthewavesthey
createiscalledseismology(fromtheGreek
seismos,toshake).Scientistswhostudy
earthquakesarecalledseismologists.The
instrumentthatrecordstheseismicwavesis
calledseismograph.
Theexactspotundertheearthsurfaceat
whichanearthquakeoriginatesiscalledthe
focusorhypocenter.Thepointontheearth
surfaceabovethefocusiscalledthe
epicenter.TheRichterscaleisusedto
MoreFromWeb
measuretheintensityofearthquakes.The
intensityismeasuredonascaleof0to8
andabove(Table18.1).
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Milaap Sinewave
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ImpactofEarthquakeonthe
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Environment:
Thedestruction,anearthquakecauses,
dependsonitsmagnitudeanddurationor
theamountofshakingthatoccurs.Inthe
last500years,earthquakesaroundthe
worldhavekilledseveralmillionpeople.
Earthquakeisoneofthemostcatastrophic
naturaldisasters.Massivelossoflifeand
propertyoccursduetocollapseofbuildings.
Besides,roads,bridges,canals,electric
poles,etc.areseverelydamaged.Certain
regionsoftheeartharemoreproneto
earthquakes.
Theseareplaceslocatedintheunstable
regionsoftheearthcrust,whichare
subjectedtotectonicactivities.Countries
MoreFromWeb
likeJapan,partsofSoutheastAsia,Turkey,
Iran,Mexico,etc.areaffectedbysevere
earthquakes.InIndia,theentireHimalayan
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
region,partsoftheGangeticPlain,Kutch
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Milaap Sinewave
andAndamanandNicobarislandsareinthe
earthquakehazardzone(Table18.2).
Themajorimpactsofearthquakesare
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asfollows:
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Shakingofthegroundandsurface
rupture:
Thisisthemaincauseofdestructionin
whichbuildings,bridges,roads,canalsand
otherstructuresaredamaged.
Liquefaction:
Earthquakesmakesandsandsiltsto
transformfromasolidtoliquidstate.This
alsoresultsinbuildingcollapse.
Landslides:
Earthquakesofhighintensityoftentrigger
manylandslidesinthehillyregions.
MoreFromWeb
Fires:
Itisamajorhazardassociatedwith
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earthquakes.Theshakingsoftheground
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andbuildingdamageoftenbreakthegas
pipesandelectriclinesthatcausefires.
Changesinthelandelevation:
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Thesurfacetopographyofaregionand
groundwaterconditionsarealteredafteran
earthquake.
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Tsunami:
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ItisaJapanesetermmeaningharbour
waves.Tsunamisaremassiveseawavesthat
aremainlycausedduetoearthquakesinthe
oceanfloororpossiblyduetoanundersea
landslideorvolcaniceruption.Whenthe
oceanflooristiltedoroffsetduringan
earthquakeasetofwavesiscreatedsimilar
totheconcentricwavesgeneratedbyan
objectdroppedintothewater.
Thesewavesaremassiveinsizeandgain
heightastheyapproachtheseashore.
Tsunamisuptotheheightof30mare
recorded(Fig.18.2).Tsunamisarethemost
catastrophicamongnaturaldisastersasthey
affectaverywidegeographicalarea.The
tsunamiof26December,2004killed
aroundthreelakhpeopleandaffectedparts
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ofIndonesia,AndamanandNicobarIslands
inIndia,SriLankaandevenSomalia.
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PreventionandMitigation:
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Despitetheadvancesmadebymodem
science,theexacttimeandplacewherean
earthquakemaystrikecannotbepredicted.
Hence,theoccurrenceofanearthquake
cannotbeprevented.However,thereare
certainregionsthatareearthquakesprone
andsotheadministrationmustworkbefore
handtominimizethedamagesdueto
occurrenceofearthquakesinsuchareas.
Thecontrolandmitigationmeasuresin
earthquakeproneregionsincludehazard
reductionprogrammes,developmentof
criticalfacilitiesandproperlanduse
planning.
Hazardreductionprogrammes:
MoreFromWeb
Theseincludethefollowing:
i.Earthquakeeducationandevacuation
plans.
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Milaap Sinewave
ii.Useofproperconstructionmaterialthat
isnotinjuriousevenifthestructures
collapse.
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iii.Constructionofquakeresistantbuildings
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havingproperstructuraldesign.
Developmentofcriticalfacilities:
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i.Establishmentofearthquakeregulatory
agenciesforfastrelief.
ii.Establishmentofspecifichealthcareunits
fortreatingearthquakeinjuriesProperland
useplanning.
iii.Mappingoffaultsandweakzonesin
earthquakeproneareas.
iv.Buildingssuchasschools,hospitals,
offices,etc.shouldbeinareasawayfrom
activefaults.
Floods:
Floodsrefertotheinundationoflargeparts
oflandwhichotherwiseremaindrybywater
forsomedurationoftime.Floodsareoneof
MoreFromWeb
themostcommonnaturaldisasters
occurringinmanypartsoftheworldevery
year.Floodsoccurduetoheavyrainfall
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withinashortdurationoftimeina
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particularregionwhichcausestherivers
andstreamstooverflow.
Sincemostoftheprecipitationoccurswithin
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spanoftwotothreemonthsduringtherainy
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season,mostfloodsoccurduringthattime.
Thefloodsinthemountainousregionsdue
tocloudburstsordammingofstreamsare
referredtoasflashfloods.Inflashfloods,
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thewaterdrainsawayquicklybutonlyafter
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causingextensivedamage.Theplainareas
ofaregionwhicharedrainedbyanumber
ofrivers,aretheplacesmostaffectedby
floods.
InIndia,stateslikeAssam,Biharandparts
ofGangeticUttarPradesharequiteproneto
floodsduringtherainyseason(Fig.18.3).
TheGangaandBrahmaputrariversand
theirtributariesaremostsusceptibleto
floods.However,heavyrainscause
occasionalfloodsinpartsofGujarat,
Maharashtra,KarnatakaandTamilNadu.
Flooding,inIndia,isamajorproblemand
somepartortheotherisaffectedbythefury
offloodsusuallyduringthemonthsfrom
JulytoSeptember.
MoreFromWeb
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
feverwas tofile&manage
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Milaap Sinewave
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Floodscauseuntoldmiseriestotheaffected
regionsintheformofhugelossesoflifeand
property.Thereisgreatdamageto
agricultureandlivestock.Floodaffected
areasfaceacuteshortagesoffoodand
drinkingwater.Besides,floodscausea
numberofwaterbornediseasessuchas
diarrhea,gastroenteritis,jaundice,malaria,
etc.
ImpactontheEnvironment:
Thoughtheliveslostinfloodsmaynotbeas
highasincaseofearthquakesorcyclones,
thedamagetotheenvironmentisimmense.
Theproblemisfurtheraggravatedifthe
floodslastforalongerdurationoftime.
MoreFromWeb
Floodsnotonlydamagepropertyand
endangeriflivesofhumansand
animals,buthaveothereffectsas
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
well,suchas:
feverwas tofile&manage
diagnosedas yourreturns
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Milaap Sinewave
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Milaap Sinewave
1.Floodscausethespreadofmanyepidemic
diseases.
2.Rapidrunoffcausessoilerosion.
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3.Wildlifehabitatandforestsareoften
destroyed.
4.Manmadestructureslikebuildings,
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bridges,roads,sewerlines,powerlines,etc.
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ThomasCook
5.Floodscausewidespreaddamagetothe
standingcropsanddegradetheagricultural
land.
6.Floodaffectedareasarefacedwithacute
shortageoffoodanddrinkingwater.
Prevention,ControlandMitigation:
Thoughfloodsareanaturalhazard,itis
sometimesintensifiedduetoundesirable
humanactivities.Themeasuresthatcanbe
takentocontroltheextentofflooddamage
includelanduseplanning,buildingof
physicalbarriers,preventinghuman
encroachmentanduseoftechnologyfor
relief.
MoreFromWeb
Landuseplanning:
Properlanduseplanninginflood
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
feverwas tofile&manage
proneareasincludes:
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Milaap Sinewave
1.Demarcationofthefloodproneareasthat
arefirstinundatedduringfloods.
2.Constructionworkandconcentrationof
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humanpopulationshouldbeavoidedinthe
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floodplains.
3.Afforestationontheupperreachesofthe
river(catchmentareas)tocontrolsoil
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erosionandexcessiverunoff.
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Buildingofphysicalbarriers:
Floodcanbepreventedbybuilding
certainstructures,suchas:
1.Embankmentsalongthebanksofriversin
denselypopulatedareas.
2.Buildingofreservoirstocollectexcess
waterduringfloods.
3.Theconstructionofchannelsthatdivert
floodwater.
Preventinghumanencroachment:
Humanencroachmentshouldbe
avoidedinthefollowingareas:
MoreFromWeb
1.Floodplainsandcatchmentareas.
2.Thiswouldcontroldeforestationandsoil
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
erosionwhichwouldpreventexcessive
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runoff.
Useoftechnologyforrelief:
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Advancedtechnologycanbeusedin
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thefollowingways:
1.Advancedcommunicationtechniquesfor
floodforecastingandwarning.
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2.Fastevacuationofpeople.
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3.Toprovidereliefintemporaryshelters.
4.Immediatesupplyofmedicines,drinking
water,foodandclothes.
5.Epidemicdiseasesmustbecontrolled
throughspraying,vaccination,etc.
Drought:
Droughtisaconditionofabnormallydry
weatherwithinageographicregion.
Droughtreferstothelackorinsufficiencyof
rainforanextendedperiodoftimeina
specificregion.Duringdroughts,rainfallis
lessthannormalcausingawaterimbalance
andresultantwatershortage.Itoccurswhen
therateofevaporationandtranspiration
MoreFromWeb
exceedsprecipitationforaconsiderable
period.Droughtshouldnotbeconfusedwith
dryclimate,asintheSaharaorTharDesert.
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Itismarkedbyanunusualscarcityofwater
andfoodforthehumansaswellasanimals.
Certainregionsoftheworld,suchaspartsof
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CentralAfrica,arecharacterizedbylow
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amountofrainfallresultinginperennial
droughtlikeconditions.SomepartofIndia
isoftenaffectedbydroughtevenduringthe
rainyseason.AsIndiaisprimarilyan
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agriculturalcountry,droughtscauseuntold
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miseriestothecommonpeople.
ManyIndianfarmersarestilltotally
dependentonrainfallforirrigationand
becauseofabnormallydryspellsthereis
extensivecropdamage.Themaindrought
proneareasofthecountryarepartsof
Rajasthan,Maharashtra,Karnataka,Orissa,
TamilNaduandChhattisgarh.However,
sometimesdroughtlikeconditionsalso
prevailintheGangeticPlainalso.
ImpactontheEnvironment:
Theseverityofthedroughtisgaugedbythe
degreeofmoisturedeficiency,itsduration,
andthesizeoftheareaaffected.Ifthe
droughtisbrief,itisknownasadryspellor
MoreFromWeb
partialdrought.
Droughtcausesserious
environmentalimbalances,whichare
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
summarizedbelow:
feverwas tofile&manage
diagnosedas yourreturns
cancer
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1.Watersupplyreservoirsbecomeempty,
wellsdryupandthereisacutewater
shortage.
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2.Groundwaterlevelisalsodepleted
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becauseoflessrecharge.
3.Soildegradationanderosionoccurs.Soil
cracksbecauseofshrinkageduring
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desiccation(Fig.18.4).
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4.Thereisextensivecropdamage.
5.Peoplebecomeimpoverishedandthere
arediseasesduetomalnutrition.
6.Widespreaddamagetofloraandfaunaair
includingdomesticanimals.
MoreFromWeb
Prevention,controlandmitigation:
Rainsarecausedbyanumberofnatural
factorslikeaircurrents,winddirection,etc.
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
Thus,droughtsareanaturalphenomenon,
feverwas tofile&manage
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beyondhumancontrolandprevention.
Though,globalwarmingmayhavechanged
thepatternofrainfallintherecenttimes.In
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predicttheweatherpatternoveraparticular
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area.Droughtlikeconditionscanbe
overcomebybetterwaterharvesting
techniques.Certainprecautionscanbe
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takenindroughtproneareas,whichrelate
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tomanagementofwaterresources,proper
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agriculturaltechniquesandreliefby
differentagencies.
Managementofwaterresources:
Theseincludethefollowing:
1.Conservationofwaterthroughrainwater
harvesting,buildingcheckdams,bunds,etc.
2.Constructionofreservoirstohold
emergencywatersupplies.
Properagriculturaltechniques:
Theseincludethefollowing:
1.Increaseduseofdroughtresistantcrops.
MoreFromWeb
2.Properirrigationtechniques,suchasdrip
andtrickleirrigationthatminimizetheuse
ofwater.
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
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3.Overcroppingandovergrazingshouldbe
avoided.
Reliefmeasures:
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Immediaterelieftothedrought
affectedpeopleshouldbeprovidedin
theformof:
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1.Employmentgenerationprogrammes,like
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foodforworkinthedroughtaffectedareas.
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2.Toprovidefodderfordomesticanimals.
Cyclones:
Cycloneisanareaoflowatmospheric
pressuresurroundedbyawindsystem
blowinginanticlockwisedirection,formed
inthenorthernhemisphere.Incommon
terms,cyclonecanbedescribedasagiant
circularstormsystem.Inacyclone,thewind
speedmustbemorethan119km/hr.
Cyclonesgenerateintheseasandoceans
andmovewithaveryhighspeedtowards
theland.
Cyclonesformwhenmoistureevaporates
fromthewarmoceansduringthehot
MoreFromWeb
season.Theairrises,condensesandgathers
momentumasitmovesovertheocean.Due
totheextremelowpressureinthecentre,
moreandmoreairrushesinwardsandit
Whenfrequent SinewaveTDSPro
feverwas tofile&manage
growstoaconsiderablesizeandintensity.
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Itstrikesthelandwithadevastatingforce
andgraduallywithersoffonlandwhenthey
arecutfromtheirsourceofoceanmoisture.
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Cyclonesarenamedvariouslydependingon
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theirsourceoforigin.Theyarecalled
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hurricanesintheAtlantic,typhoonsinthe
Pacific,cyclonesintheIndianOceanand
willywilliesaroimdAustralia.
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ImpactontheEnvironment:
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CyclonesarequitecommonintheBayof
Bengalandoftencausemuchdamagein
BangladeshandcoastalareasofWest
Bengal,Orissa,AndhraPradeshandTamil
Nadu.Bangladeshhasbeendevastatedby
cyclonesanumberoftimes.InNovember
1970,aseverecyclonecauseda6mrisein
sealevelandtheconsequentfloodingkilled
approximatelythreelakhpeople.
Anothercyclonein1971killedmorethan
onelakhpeople.ThecyclonethathitOrissa
in1999,istheworstrecordednatural
disasterinIndia.Evenanadvancedcountry
likeAmericarecordedmorethan10,000
deathsandhugefinanciallosseswhenNew
Orleanswashitbyahurricanenamed
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Katrina,duringAugust2005.Cyclones
causedevastationwhentheyhitthe
landmassintheformofverystrongwinds,
heavyrainsandstormtides.
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Theimpactontheenvironmentis
severe,someofwhichareasunder
(Fig.18.5):
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1.Thecoastallowlyingareasaremost
affected.
2.Theaffectedareasareinundatedboth
withrainfallandthesurgeofseawater.
3.Devastationisalsoincreasedduetothe
accompanyinghighvelocitywinds.
4.Widespreaddamageintheformof
uprootedtrees,blownoffrooftops,
standingcrops,injuriesanddeathto
humansandanimals.
5.Manyshipwrecksoccurduringcyclonic
MoreFromWeb
storms.
6.Theaffectedareasareimpoverishedand
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arefollowedbyspreadofepidemicand
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diseases.
Prevention,ControlandMitigation:
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Theoccurrenceofcyclonesisanatural
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phenomenon,overwhichhumanshaveno
control,henceitcannotbeprevented.
However,somescientistshavespeculated
thatriseinglobalwarmingmaycausean
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devastatingeffectsofcyclonescanonlybe
controlledandmitigatedthroughsome
effectivepoliciessuchasuseofadvanced
technology,hazardreductioninitiativesand
reliefmeasures.
UseofAdvancedTechnology:
1.Satellitescaneasilyforecasttheoriginof
cyclonesinadvance.
2.Satelliteimagescantrackthemovement
andintensityofcyclones.
3.Installationofearlywarningsystemsin
thecoastalareas.
Hazardreductioninitiatives:
MoreFromWeb
1.Increasingpublicawarenessregarding
cyclones.
2.Increasingthepublicresponsetocyclone
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3.Developmentofundergroundshelter
beltsinthecycloneproneareas.
Reliefmeasures:
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1.Rushingrelieftotheaffectedareasinthe
formofmedicines,food,clothes,etc.
2.Checkingthespreadofepidemicwater
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bornediseasesascyclonesaregenerally
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accompaniedbyflooding.
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Landslides:
Landslidesrefertoarapiddownslope
movementofrocksorsoilmassunderthe
forceofgravity.Itisalsoknownasslope
failureandmasswasting.Landslidesmaybe
typedasmudflowwherethereisdownslope
movementofsoilanddebrisflow,whichis
thedownslopemovementofcoarse
materialandrocks.Landslidesmayoccur
whenwaterfromrainandmeltingsnow,
seepsthroughtheearthonasloppysurface
andencountersalayerofloose,unstable
materialsuchasclay.
Landslidesmostlyoccuronunstable
hillsidesbytheactionofrainorsnowthat
MoreFromWeb
seepthroughthesoilsandrocks(Figs.18.6
and18.7).Thisresultsintheslidingofearth
androckmassesdownthehillslopes.These
arefurthertriggeredduetodeforestation
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slopes.Allthehillyregionsofourcountry
arepronetolandslides.
Landslide
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MalpaLandslide
Theimportantfactorsresponsiblefor
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landslideoccurrenceareasfollows:
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1.Stabilityofslopes
2.Thetypeofearthandrockmaterial
3.Thetypeofvegetation
4.Theroleofgroundwaterconditionsand
precipitation
5.Presenceofstreams,etc.
Avalanche:
Itisatypeoflandslideinvolvingalarge
massofsnow,iceandrockdebristhatslides
andfallrapidlydownamountainside.
Avalanchesareinitiatedwhenamassof
snowandicebeginstorapidlymove
downhillbecauseoftheoverloadcauseddue
MoreFromWeb
toalargevolumeofnewsnowfall.This
resultininternalchangesofthesnowpack,
producingzonesofweaknessalongwhich
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fissureoccurs.
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ImpactontheEnvironment:
Landslides,thoughlocalinnature,occur
quiteofteninmanypartsoftheworld.
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Landslidesoccurinthehillyregionsthe
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HimalayanregioninIndiaisparticularly
pronetolandslides.Everyyearlandslides
occur,especiallyduringthemonsoonseason
andcausemuchdamagetolifeand
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property.Forexample,Malpalandslidein
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1999intheKumaonhills,tookthelivesof
manypilgrimswhoweregoingto
MansarovarinTibet.
Theimpactontheenvironmentis
manifestedintheformof:
1.Uprootedtreesanddegradedsoil
2.Buriedbuildingandsettlements
3.Damagetocropsandplantation
4.Frequentroadblocksinthehillyareas
5.Injuriesanddeathtohumansandanimals
Prevention,ControlandMitigation:
MoreFromWeb
Thoughlandslidesareanatural
phenomenonandmayoccurwithouthuman
interference,incertaincaseshuman
activitieslikedeforestation,mining,etc.can
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alsoinducelandslides.Landslidescanbe
diagnosedas yourreturns
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controlled,tosomeextent,byadopting
initiatives,suchasprovidingslopesupport
andminimizinghumanencroachment.
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Providingslopesupport:
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i.Bybuildingretainingwallsmadeof
concrete,gabions(stonefilledwireblocks)
andwoodenandsteelbeams,etc.
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ii.Byprovidingdrainagecontrolmeasures
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sothatwatermaynotinfiltrateintothe
slope
Minimizinghumanencroachment:
i.Miningactivitiesshouldbemonitoredin
thehilly,unstableregions.
ii.Plantationoftreesshouldbeundertaken
ontheunstablehillyslopes.
iii.Bypreventinghumanencroachmentin
theformofbuildings,roads,agriculture,
grazing,etc.onunstableslopes.
ManMadeDisasters:
Manmadedisastersaretheresultof
carelessnessorhumanerrorsduring
MoreFromWeb
technologicalandindustrialuse.The
disastersareintheformofaccidents,which
occurallofasuddenandtakeahugetollon
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lifeandproperty.Mostlysuchdisasters
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causeinjuries,diseasesandcasualtieswhere
theyoccur.
Manmadedisastersaremainlyoftwo
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types:
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Localdisasters:
Thesearesmallscaledisasterssuchastrain
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accidents,planecrashesandshipwrecks.
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Industrialandtechnological
disasters:
Thesearemuchlargerinscaleandarethe
resultoftechnologyfailuresorindustrial
accidents.Suchdisastersaffectbothlocal
populationandmayevencoveramuch
largerarea.Industrialdisastersresultdueto
accidentalleakageofwaterorairpollutants.
Manyofthechemicalsareextremelytoxic
andcarcinogenicwhichaffectthehuman
populationinanadverseway.Somepeople
dieinstantlywhileothersarecrippledfor
wholelifeintheformofblindness,paralysis
andmanyotherchronicdiseases.
Impactontheenvironment:
MoreFromWeb
Leakageoftoxicchemicalsfromthe
industriesandaccidentsinthenuclear
reactorshasshorttermandlongterm
effectsontheenvironmentandhuman
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health.Shorttermeffectsonhumanhealth
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relatetocasualtiesanddiseaseslike
blindness,cancer,paralysis,hearttrouble,
gastricandrespiratoryabnormalities.Long
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financialservices yourheartis.
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generations.Soilandwatersourcesalso
remainpollutedforlongdurationsoftime.
Prevention,controlandmitigation:
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Manmadedisasterscanbe
minimizedtoalargeextentby
adoptingthefollowingmeasures:
1.Propertrainingofpersonnelworkingin
thehazardousindustries.
2.Propermaintenanceandcareofsafety
measures.
3.Removinghumanencroachmentsaround
hazardousindustries.
4.Makingthepeopleawareaboutthefirst
aidmethodsincaseofaccidents.
5.Applyingwetclothoverthemouthand
noseincaseofgasleakagesminimizesthe
healthhazards.
MoreFromWeb
6.Remainingindoorsincaseofradioactive
accidents.
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7.Providingthepeoplewithpropermedical
care,insomecasesthroughouttheirlife.
8.Providingadequatecompensationtothe
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employment.
BhopalGasTragedy(BGT):
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Themostseriousindustrialdisaster
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occurredonDecember3,1984atBhopal,
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India,whichisknownastheBhopalGas
Tragedy(BGT).TheBhopalgastragedy
occurredduetoleakageofmethyl
isocyanide(MIC)gasfromthefactoryof
UnionCarbideofIndiaLtd.MICgasisused
asaningredientinpesticides.
Itleakedfromthefactoryandformedthe
deadlycloudoverBhopal.Peoplelivingin
slumsinthevicinityofthefactorywerethe
mostaffectedandmorethan5000people
werekilled,halfofthemduetodirect
exposureandotherhalfduetoafteraffects.
MICisacolourlessgaswhichcausessevere
irritation,violentcoughing,swellingofthe
lungs,bleedinganddeathduetodirect
inhalation.Italsocausedlossofeyesightin
morethan1000people.Morethan50,000
MoreFromWeb
peoplewereaffectedwithrespiratory,eye,
gastric,neurologicalandgynaecological
problems(Figs.18.8and18.9).
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Peoplewithdamagedeyes
duetoBGT
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Anothertechnologicaldisasterisduetothe
potentialdamagesofnuclearfallout.An
exampleistheChernobylNuclearDisaster.
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ChernobylNuclearDisaster:
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Thisnucleardisasteroccurredatthe
ChernobylNuclearPowerPlant,whichwas
oneofthelargestpowerplantsinthe
UkrainianRepublicoferstwhileUSSR,on
April26,1986.Itistheworstnuclear
disasterrecordedinanuclearpowerplant.
Thisnuclearpowerplanthadfourreactors
of1000megawatteachforelectricity
generation.Asuddenpowersurgeresulted
intwoexplosions,whichdestroyedthe
reactorcoreandblastedalargeholeinthe
roofofthereactorbuilding.
TheRadioactivedebrismovedupthrough
thatholetoheightsof1km.Approximately
100to150millioncuriesofradiation
(radioactiveisotopesofiodineandcaesium)
MoreFromWeb
escapedintotheatmosphere.Toreduce
emissions,therescueteambombardedthe
reactorwith5,000metrictonnesof
shieldingmaterialconsistingoflead,boron,
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sandandclay.Sovietofficialsplacedthetoll
ofhumanlivesto31.
However,accordingtowesternestimates,
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2000peoplewerekilled.Largeareasofthe
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Ukrainian,ByelorussiaRepublicsofthe
USSRandevenpartsofPoland,Denmark
andSwedenwerecontaminated.Around
200,000peoplehadtobeevacuatedand
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resettled.Theafteraffectslastedformany
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yearsandariseintheincidenceofthyroid
andbloodcancerhasbeenobservedina
widegroupofpeople.Otheraffectsonthe
humanhealthincludedskindiseases,hair
loss,nausea,anemia,respiratoryand
reproductivediseases.
Home
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