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1. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BJT COMMON EMITTER
AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION
1.1 OBJECTIVE
1.3 THEORY
Amplifier is an electronic circuit that is used to raise the strength of a weak signal. The
process of raising the strength of a weak signal is known as amplification. One importance
requirement during amplification is that only the magnitude of the signal should increase and
there should be no change in signal shape. The transistor is used for amplification. When a
transistor is used as an amplifier, the first step is to choose a proper configuration in which
device is to be used. Then the transistor is biased to get the desired Q-point. The signal is
applied to the amplifier input and gain is achieved.
1.3.1 CE amplifier operation
Consider a CE amplifier circuit as shown in fig. 1-1
When the capacitors are regarded as ac short circuits, it is seen that the circuit input
terminals are the transistor base and emitter, and the output terminals are the collector and the
emitter. So, the emitter terminal is common to both input and output, and the circuit
configuration is termed Common Emitter (CE).
h fe
Circuit voltage gain, AV ( RC RL )
hie
h fe RC RB
Circuit current gain, Ai
( RC RL )( RC hie )
For satisfactory transistor operation, Ic should not be less than 500A. A good
minimum Ic to aim for is 1mA.
The VCE should typically be around 3v to ensure that the transistor operates linearly and
to allow a collector voltage swing of 1v which is usually adequate for small-signal amplifier
o Note: RC should normally be very much larger than R L, so that RL has little effect on
voltage gain.
Select VE = 5v for good bias stability in most circumstances.
o Note: When VE>>VBE, VE will be only slightly affected by any variation in VBE (due
to temperature change or other effects)
Once VE, VCE and Ic are selected, VRC is determined as VRC = VCC VCE VE
VRC V
Then, RC and RE are calculated as RC and RE E
IC IC
Selecting R2 = 10RE gives I2 = IC/10 the precise level of I2 can be calculated as I2 = VB/R2 and
this can be used in the equation for R1.
Selection of bypass capacitor, CE
Basically the capacitor values are calculated at the lowest signal frequency that the
circuit is required to amplify. This frequency is the lower cut-off frequency, fL.
hie
Choose X CE at fL for CE calculation to give the smallest value for the bypass
1 h fe
capacitor.
Selection of coupling capacitors, C1 and C2
The coupling capacitors C1 and C2 should have a negligible effect on the frequency
response of the circuit. To minimize the effects of C1 and C2, the reactance of each coupling
capacitor is selected to be approximately equal to one-tenth of the impedance in series with it
at the lowest operating frequency of the circuit (fL).
Z i rs
X C1
10
Z O RL
X C3
10
Usually, RL >> ZO and often Zi >> rS, so that ZO and rS can be omitted in the above equations.
(i) Design a single stage CE transistor amplifier using BC107 transistor with Vcc = 15V,
VCEQ = 5V, VE = 3V, RL = 47K and fL = 100Hz.
(ii) Determine Zi, ZO, AV, Ai and AP for the CE circuit designed in problem (i).
Procedure
Given VCC = 15V, VCE = 5V, VE = 3V, RL = 47k and fL = 100Hz.
The data sheet of BC107 transistor shows:
hie = 3k and hFE=190
Selection of RC
RC << RL so that RL will have little effect on the circuit voltage gain.
RL 47 K
Select RC 4.7 K (Standard value)
10 10
Selection of RE
VE VE
RE
IE IC
I C 1.4mA
and I 2 1404
10 10
VCC VB 15 (VBE VE ) 15 (0.7 5)
R1 66.43K (use standard 68k)
I2 1404 1404
Selection of C1 and C2
The coupling capacitors C1 and C2 should have negligible effect on the frequency response of
the circuit. So, the reactance of each coupling capacitor is selected to be approximately equal
to 1/10th of the impedance in series with it at the lowest operating frequency for the circuit.
Z i R 1 R 2 h ie 68K 22K 3K
X C1 254
10 10 10
1 1
C1 6F
2L X C1 2 100 254 (Standard value 10F)
R L 47K 1 1
X C2 4.7K C2 0.34F
10 10 2L X C2 2 100 4.7K
1 1
CE 101.360 (use a standard 100f)
2L X CE 2 100 15.71
15V
4.7K
68K
0.33F
6F
47K
22K
100mV, 100F
1KHz
2.2K
1.7 PROCEDURE
Transient and Frequency response curve measurements
a. Feed 100mV (peak-to-peak) sinusoidal signal at 1KHz frequency as the input signal (Vs)
to the CE circuit.
b. Observe the input and output voltages simultaneously on a CRO. Note down the amplitude,
frequency and phase difference between the two voltages in the table.
c. In the above assembled circuit, keep the magnitude of the source same, ie., 100mv and
vary the frequency from 50 Hz to 10 MHz and measure the voltage gain of the amplifier
at each frequency across RL. Take atleast 10 readings and tabulate the reading in Table.
Plot on a semi log graph sheet the frequency response (voltage gain Vs frequency) curve
using the above measurements.
d. From the plot, determine the values of (a) Mid band voltage gain, Av(mid), (b) Lower
Cut-off frequency,(c) upper cut-off frequency and (d) Bandwidth.
1.8 TABULATION
Transient Analysis
Amplitude Frequency Phase difference
Input signal
Output signal
(a)
Frequency Response Vi = 100mV
Frequency Output Voltage Gain Gain in db
(Vo) Av = 20
log(Vo/Vi)
(b)
1.9 PRELAB QUESTIONS
1. Define Biasing.
2. Identify the type of biasing circuit used in the amplifier and justify its selection over
other biasing circuits.
3. How the bypass and coupling capacitances affect the low frequency response of the
amplifier?
4. What are the different h-parameters of CE amplifier.
5. What are the main applications of CE amplifier.
1.10 POSTLAB QUESTIONS
1. How do coupling capacitors C1 and C2 affect the frequency response? Why?
2. What is the effect on the amplifier performance of omitting RE?
3. What is the effect on input impedance of removing bypass capacitor CE?
4. (a) What is the phase relationship between the input and output signals of a CE
amplifier?
(b) Was this relationship confirmed by the results of your experiments? Explain how.
5. Is the output impedance of a Common emitter amplifier a fixed quantity? Confirm your
answer by referring specifically to any substantiating data in this experiment.
6. From a measurement of the rise time of the output pulse of an amplifier, whose input is
a small amplitude square wave, one can estimate the ________ parameter of the
amplifier.
7. What is the effect found when VCE>VCC/2?
1.11 RESULT
a. The phase difference between the input and output voltage waveform is _________
b. The Mid-band voltage gain =
c. The Lower cutoff frequency =
d. The Upper cutoff frequency =
e. Bandwidth =