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interstitial fluid. These forces not only determine the directionality of net water movement between
two different compartments but also determines the rate at which water exchange occurs.
The direction of water exchange between the plasma and interstitial fluid across the capillary wall is
largely determined by a combination of the relative hydrostatic and oncotic pressures of these two
compartments. The rate of exchange is governed by the permeability of the capillary wall itself.
Hydrostatic Pressure refers to the physical force of fluids against their enclosing barriers. Plasma
within capillaries has a positive hydrostatic pressure, a remnant of the blood pressure generated by
the heart. Fluid within the interstitial place generally has a negative hydrostatic pressure, likely due
to the action of lymphatic pumping
Oncotic Pressure refers to the osmotic pressure generated by the presence of proteinacious solutes.
Because plasma proteins cannot cross the capillary barrier, these osmotically-active solutes are at
higher concentration in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid. Consequently, the oncotic pressure
within the plasma is higher than the oncotic pressure within the interstitial fluid, generating an
oncotic pressure gradient between these two compartments.
The histological architecture of capillaries determine the permeability of capillaries to water and this
can vary by over two orders of magnitude in different capillary beds. For example, the fenestrated
architecture of the glomerular capillaries causes these vessels to display an extremely high
permeability to water whereas the extremely tight architecture of the blood brain barrier results in
an extremely low water permeability. It should be also pointed out that acute inflammation or
certain types of damage to the capillary wall such as during burns can increase the water
permeability of the microcirculation.
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