Se 1316

ARTICLE 30 01
TERMINOLOGY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE

EXAMINATIONS STANDARD
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SE-1316 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

(ASTM E 1316-
99)
601
Copyright ASME International

Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=ExxonMobil/1890500101
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01 STANDARD TERMINOLOGY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE
EXAMINATIONS
SE-1316
(Identical with ASTM E 1316-99 except for editorial differences)
1. Scope
1.1 This Standard defines the terminology used in
the standards prepared by the E-7 Committee on Nonde-
structive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT)
methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic
testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid
penetrant examination, magnetic particle examination,
neutron radiology and gaging, ultrasonic examination,
and other technical methods.
1.2 Section 4 defines terms that are common to
multiple NDT methods, and the subsequent sections
define terms pertaining to specific NDT methods. An
alphabetical list of the terms defined in this Standard
is given in Appendix Xl, which also identifies the
section in which each term is defined.
1.3 As shown on the chart below, when nondestructive E 566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sort-
testing produces an indication, the indication is subject ing of Ferrous Metals
to interpretation as false, nonrelevant, or relevant. If E 664 Practice for Measurement of the Apparent Attenua-
it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subse- tion of Longitudinal Ultrasonic Waves by Immersion
quent evaluation will result in the decision to accept Method
or reject the material. With the exception of accept E 750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission In-
and reject, which retain the meaning found in most strumentation
dictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined E 804 Practice for Calibration of the Ultrasonic Test
in Section 4. System by Extrapolation Between Flat-Bottom Hole
Sizes
E 1033 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Ex-
amination of Type F- Continuously Welded (CW) Fer-
2. Referenced Documents
romagnetic Pipe and Tubing Above the Curie Temper-
2.1 ASTM Standards: ature
E 127 Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum E 1067 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of
Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP)
E 215 Practice for Standardizing Equipment for Electro- Tanks /Vessels
magnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy E 1118 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of
Tube Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)
E 494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Ma- E 1213 Test Method for Minimum Resolvable Tempera-
terials ture Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
602
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ARTICLE 30 TERMINOLOGY SE-1316
3. Significance and Use usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate,

measure, and evaluate flaws; to assess integrity, proper-
3.1 The terms found in this proposed standard are
ties, and composition; and to measure geometrical char-
intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all
acteristics
nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this
standard is to promote a clear understanding and inter- Nondestructive Evaluation see Nondestructive
pretation of the NDT standards in which they are used. Testing
Nondestructive Examination see Nondestructive
Testing
4. Common NDT Terms Nondestructive Inspection see Nondestructive Testing
nonrelevant indication an NDT indication that is
acceptable quality level the maximum percent defec-
caused by a condition or type of discontinuity that is
tive or the maximum number of units defective per
not rejectable. False indications are nonrelevant.
hundred units that, for the purpose of sampling test,
can be considered satisfactory as a process average relevant indication an NDT indication that is caused
by a condition or type of discontinuity that requires
calibration, instrument the comparison of an instru-
evaluation
ment with, or the adjustment of an instrument to, a
known reference(s) often traceable to the National standardization, instrument the adjustment of an
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (See instrument, prior to use, to an arbitrary reference value.
also standardization, instrument.) (See also calibration, instrument.)
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defect one or more flaws whose aggregate size,
shape, orientation, location, or properties do not meet
specified acceptance criteria and are rejectable 5. Acoustic Emission (E 750, E 1067, and E
discontinuity a lack of continuity or cohesion; an 1118)
intentional or unintentional interruption in the physical
structure or configuration of a material or component acoustic emission (AE) the class of phenomena
evaluation a review, following interpretation of whereby transient elastic waves are generated by the
the indications noted, to determine whether they meet rapid release of energy from localized sources within
specified acceptance criteria a material, or the transient waves so generated. Acoustic
emission is the recommended term for general use.
false indication an NDT indication that is interpreted
Other terms that have been used in AE literature include:
to be caused by a condition other than a discontinuity
(1) stress wave emission; (2) microseismic activity; and
or imperfection
(3) emission or acoustic emission with other qualifying
flaw an imperfection or discontinuity that may be modifiers.
detectable by nondestructive testing and is not necessar-
ily rejectable acoustic emission channel see channel, acoustic
emission
flaw characterization the process of quantifying
the size, shape, orientation, location, growth, or other acoustic emission count (emission count) (N) see
properties, of a flaw based on NDT response count, acoustic emission
imperfection a depature of a quality characteristic acoustic emission count rate see count rate, acoustic
from its intended condition emission (emission rate or count rate) (N)
indication the response or evidence from a nonde- acoustic emission event see event, acoustic emission
structive examination acoustic emission event energy see energy, acous-
tic event
DISCUSSION An indication is determined by interpretation to
be relevant, nonrelevant, or false. acoustic emission sensor see sensor, acoustic
interpretation the determination of whether indica- emission
tions are relevant or nonrelevant acoustic emission signal amplitude see signal ampli-
interpretation, n the determination of whether indica- tude, acoustic emission
tions are relevant, nonrelevant, or false. acoustic emission signal (emission signal) see signal,
Nondestructive Testing (NDT) the development and acoustic emission
application of technical methods to examine materials acoustic emission signature (signature) see signature,
or components in ways that do not impair future acoustic emission
603

SE-1316 2001 SECTION V
acoustic emission transducer see sensor, acoustic count, acoustic emission (emission count) (N) the
emission number of times the acoustic emission signal exceeds
acoustic emission waveguide see waveguide, acoustic a preset threshold during any selected portion of a test
emission count, event (Ne) the number obtained by counting
acousto-ultrasonics (AU) a nondestructive examina- each discerned acoustic emission event once
tion method that uses induced stress waves to detect count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count
and assess diffuse defect states, damage conditions, and rate)(N) the time rate at which emission counts occur
variations of mechanical properties of a test structure. count ring-down see count, acoustic emission, the
The AU method combines aspects of acoustic emission preferred term
(AE) signal analysis with ultrasonic materials character- couplant a material used at the structure-to-sensor
ization techniques. interface to improve the transmission of acoustic energy
adaptive location source location by iterative use across the interface during acoustic emission monitoring
of simulated sources in combination with computed cumulative (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution
location F(V) see distribution, amplitude, cumulative
AE activity the presence of acoustic emission during cumulative (acoustic emission) threshold crossing distri-
a test bution Ft (V) see distribution, threshold crossing,
AE rms the rectified, time averaged AE signal, cumulative
measured on a linear scale and reported in volts dBAE a logarithmic measure of acoustic emission
AE signal duration the time between AE signal signal amplitude, referenced to 1 V.
start and AE signal end
AE signal end the recognized termination of an AE Signal peak amplitude (dBAE) p 20 log10(A1/A0)
signal, usually defined as the last crossing of the
threshold by that signal where:
A0p 1 V at the sensor output (before amplification)
AE signal generator a device which can repeatedly A1p peak voltage of the measured acoustic emis-
induce a specified transient signal into an AE instrument sion signal
AE signal rise time the time between AE signal
start and the peak amplitude of that AE signal Acoustic Emission Reference Scale:
AE signal start the beginning of an AE signal as dBAE Value Voltage at Sensor Output
recognized by the system processor, usually defined by 0 1 V
an amplitude excursion exceeding threshold 20 10 V
40 100 V
array a group of two or more AE sensors positioned
60 1 mV
on a structure for the purposes of detecting and locating 80 10 mV
sources. The sources would normally be within the array. 100 100 mV
arrival time interval (tij) see interval, arrival time dead time any interval during data acquisition when
attenuation the decrease in AE amplitude per unit the instrument or system is unable to accept new data
distance, normally expressed in dB per unit length for any reason (E 750)
average signal level, n the rectified, time averaged differential (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution
AE logarithmic signal, measured on the AE amplitude f (V) see distribution, differential (acoustic emission)
logarithmic scale and reported in dBae units (where 0 amplitude f(V)
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dBae refers to 1 V at the preamplifier input) differential (acoustic emission) threshold crossing distri-
burst emission see emission, burst bution ft(V) see distribution, differential (acoustic
channel, acoustic emission an assembly of a sensor, emission) threshold crossing
preamplifier, or impedance matching transformer, filters, distribution, amplitude, cumulative (acoustic emission)
secondary amplifier, or other instrumentation as needed, F(V) the number of acoustic emission events with
connecting cables, and detector or processor signals that exceed an arbitrary amplitude as a function
of amplitude V
NOTE 1 A channel for examining fiberglass reinforced plastic
(FRP) may utilize more than one sensor with associated electronics. distribution, threshold crossing, cumulative (acoustic
Channels may be processed independently or in predetermined groups emission) Ft(V) the number of times the acoustic
having similar sensitivity and frequency characteristics. emission signal exceeds an arbitrary threshold as a
continuous emission see emission, continuous function of the threshold voltage (V)
604

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FIG. 1 BURST EMISSION ON A CONTINUOUS EMISSION

BACKGROUND (SWEEP RATE 5 ms/cm)
distribution, differential (acoustic emission) amplitude emission, continuous a qualitative description of the
f(V) the number of acoustic emission events with sustained signal level produced by rapidly occurring
signal amplitudes between amplitudes of V and V + acoustic emission from structural sources, leaks, or both
V as a function of the amplitude V. f(V) is the absolute
value of the derivative of the cumulative amplitude NOTE 3 Use of the term continuous emission is recommended
distribution F(V). only for describing the qualitative appearance of emission signals.
Figures 2 and 3 show oscilloscope traces of continuous emission
distribution, differential (acoustic emission) threshold signals at two different sweep rates.
crossing ft (V) the number of times the acoustic
energy, acoustic emission event the total elastic
emission signal waveform has a peak between thresholds
energy released by an emission event
V and V + V as a function of the threshold V. ft (V)
is the absolute value of the derivative of the cumulative energy, acoustic emission signal the energy contained
threshold crossing distribution Ft(V). in a detected acoustic emission burst signal, with units
distribution, logarithmic (acoustic emission) amplitude usually reported in joules and values which can be
g(V) the number of acoustic emission events with expressed in logarithmic form (dB, decibels)
signal amplitudes between V and V (where is a evaluation threshold a threshold value used for
constant multiplier) as a function of the amplitude. This analysis of the examination data. Data may be recorded
is a variant of the differential amplitude distribution, with a system examination threshold lower than the
appropriate for logarithmically windowed data. evaluation threshold. For analysis purposes, dependence
dynamic range the difference, in decibels, between of measured data on the system examination threshold
the overload level and the minimum signal level (usually must be taken into consideration.
fixed by one or more of the noise levels, low-level event, acoustic emission (emission event) a local
distortion, interference, or resolution level) in a system material change giving rise to acoustic emission
or sensor
event count (Ne) see count, event
effective velocity velocity calculated on the basis
of arrival times and propagation distances determined event count rate (Ne) see rate, event count
by artificial AE generation; used for computed location examination area that portion of a structure being
emission, burst a qualitative description of the monitored with acoustic emission
discrete signal related to an individual emission event examination region that portion of the test article
occurring within the material evaluated using acoustic emission technology
NOTE 2 Use of the term burst emission is recommended only Felicity effect the presence of acoustic emission,
for describing the qualitative appearance of emission signals. Figure
1 shows an oscilloscope trace of burst emission signals on a back- detectable at a fixed predetermined sensitivity level at
ground of continuous emission. stress levels below those previously applied (E 1067)
605

FIG. 2 CONTINUOUS EMISSION (SWEEP RATE 5 ms/cm)

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FIG. 3 CONTINUOUS EMISSION (SWEEP RATE 0.1 ms/cm)
606

Felicity effect the presence of detectable acoustic (a) signal attenuation-based source location a source location
method that relies on the attenuation versus distance phenomenon
emission at a fixed predetermined sensitivity level at of AE signals. By monitoring the AE signal magnitudes of the
stress levels below those previously applied continuous signal at various points along the object, the source can
be determined based on the highest magnitude or by interpolation
Felicity ratio the ratio of the stress at which the or extrapolation of multiple readings.
Felicity effect occurs to the previously applied maximum (b) correlation-based source location a source location method
stress (E 1067, E 1118) that compares the changing AE signal levels (usually waveform
based amplitude analysis) at two or more points surrounding the
source and determines the time displacement of these signals. The
NOTE 4 The fixed sensitivity level will usually be the same as
time displacement data can be used with conventional hit based
was used for the previous loading or test. (E 1118)
location techniques to arrive at a solution for the source site.
instrumentation dead time see dead time, instrumen-
location, source any of several methods of evaluating
tation
AE data to determine the position on the structure
first hit location a zone location method defined from which the AE originated. Several approaches
by which channel among a group of channels first to source location are used, including zone location,
detects the signal computed location, and continuous location
floating threshold any threshold with amplitude location, zone, n any of several techniques for
established by a time average measure of the input determining the general region of an acoustic emission
signal (E 750) source (for example, total AE counts, energy, hits, and
hit the detection and measurement of an AE signal so forth)
on a channel
interval, arrival time (tij) the time interval between DISCUSSION Several approaches to zone location are used,
including independent channel zone location, first hit zone location,
the detected arrivals of an acoustic emission wave at and arrival sequence zone location.
the ith and jth sensors of a sensor array (a) independent channel zone location, n a zone location
technique that compares the gross amount of activity from each
Kaiser effect the absence of detectable acoustic channel.
emission at a fixed sensitivity level, until previously (b) first-hit zone location, n a zone location technique that
applied stress levels are exceeded compares only activity from the channel first detecting the AE event.
(c) arrival sequence zone location, n a zone location technique
location accuracy a value determined by comparison that compares the order of arrival among sensors.
of the actual position of an AE source (or simulated
logarithmic (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution
AE source) to the computed location
g(V) see distribution, logarithmic (acoustic emission)
location, cluster a location technique based upon a amplitude
specified amount of AE activity located within a speci-
overload recovery time an interval of nonlinear
fied area, for example: 5 events within 12 linear in.,
operation of an instrument caused by a signal with
or 12 sq. in.
amplitude in excess of the instruments linear op-
location, computed a source location method based erating range
on algorithmic analysis of the difference in arrival
times among sensors pressure, design pressure used in design to determine
the required minimum thickness and minimum mechani-
DISCUSSION Several approaches to computed location are used, cal properties
including linear location, planar location, three dimensional location,
and adaptive location. processing capacity the number of hits that can be
(a) linear location one dimensional source location requiring processed at the processing speed before the system
two or more channels. must interrupt data collection to clear buffers or other-
(b) planar location two dimensional source location requiring
three or more channels. wise prepare for accepting additional data
(c) 3D location three dimensional source location requiring
five or more channels.
processing speed the sustained rate (hits /s), as a
(d) adaptive location source location by iterative use of simulated function of the parameter set and number of active
sources in combination with computed location. channels, at which AE signals can be continuously
location, continuous AE signal a method of location processed by a system without interruption for data
based on continuous AE signals, as opposed to hit or transport
difference in arrival time location methods rate, event count (Ne) the time rate of the event count
DISCUSSION This type of location is commonly used in leak rearm delay time see time, rearm delay
location due to the presence of continuous emission. Some common
types of continuous signal location methods include signal attentuation ring-down count see count, acoustic emission, the
and correlation analysis methods. preferred term
607
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sensor, acoustic emission a detection device, gener- absolute coil in contrast to differential and comparative
ally piezoelectric, that transforms the particle motion measurements (see also absolute coil)
produced by an elastic wave into an electrical signal absolute readout in electromagnetic testing, the
signal, acoustic emission (emission signal) an electri- signal output of an absolute coil (see also absolute coil)
cal signal obtained by detection of one or more acoustic absolute system a system that uses a coil assembly
emission events and associated electronics to measure the total electro-
signal amplitude, acoustic emission the peak voltage magnetic properties of a test part without direct compari-
of the largest excursion attained by the signal waveform son to another section of the part or to another part
from an emission event (see absolute coil) (E 566)
signal overload level that level above which operation acceptance level a test level above or below which
ceases to be satisfactory as a result of signal distortion, test specimens are acceptable in contrast to rejection
overheating, or damage level
signal overload point the maximum input signal acceptance limits test levels used in electromagnetic
amplitude at which the ratio of output to input is inspection that establish the group into which a material
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observed to remain within a prescribed linear op- under test belongs
erating range
acceptance standard in tubing inspection, a tube
signature, acoustic emission (signature) a characteris- used to establish the acceptance level with artificial
tic set of reproducible attributes of acoustic emission discontinuities as specified in the applicable product
signals associated with a specific test article as observed standard
with a particular instrumentation system under specified
test conditions acceptance standard a tube with artificial discontinu-
ities specified in the applicable product standard used
stimulation the application of a stimulus such as
to establish the acceptance level (E 215)
force, pressure, heat, etc., to a test article to cause
activation of acoustic emission sources amplitude distortion same as harmonic distortion
system examination threshold the electronic instru- amplitude response that property of a test system
ment threshold (see evaluation threshold) at which data whereby the amplitude of the detected signal is measured
will be detected without regard to phase (see also harmonic analysis
transducers, acoustic emission see sensor, acoustic and phase analysis)
emission annular coil clearance the mean radial distance
voltage threshold a voltage level on an electronic between adjacent coil assembly and test part surface
comparator such that signals with amplitudes larger in electromagnetic encircling coil examination
than this level will be recognized. The voltage threshold annular coils see encircling coils
may be user adjustable, fixed, or automatic floating. artificial discontinuity reference discontinuities, such
(E 750) as holes, grooves, or notches that are introduced into
waveguide, acoustic emission a device that couples a reference standard to provide accurately reproducible
elastic energy from a structure or other test object to sensitivity levels for electromagnetic test equipment
a remotely mounted sensor during AE monitoring. An band pass filter a wave filter having a single
example of an acoustic emission waveguide would be transmission band, neither of the cut-off frequencies
a solid wire or rod that is coupled at one end to a being zero or infinity
monitored structure, and to a sensor at the other end.
bobbin coil see ID coil
bucking coils same as differential coils
6. Electromagnetic Testing (E 215, E 243, E circumferential coils see encircling coils
566, E 1033) coil, absolute see absolute coil
absolute coil a coil (or coils) that respond(s) to the coil, reference see reference coil
total detected electric or magnetic properties, or both, coil size the dimension of a coil, for example,
of a part or section of the test part without comparison length or diameter
to another section of the part or to another part (E 566) coil spacing in electromagnetic testing, the axial
absolute measurements in electromagnetic testing, distance between two encircling coils of a differential
measurements made without a direct reference using an system
608

coil, test in electromagnetic testing, the section of the areas of a specimen being electromagnetically tested
the probe or coil assembly that excites and/or detects will produce an unbalance in the system and thereby
the electromagnetic field in the material under test yield an indication
comparative measurements in electromagnetic test- differential measurements in electromagnetic testing,
ing, measurements made in which the unbalance in the measurements made in which the imbalance in the
system is measured using comparator coils in contrast system is measured using differential coils in contrast
to differential and absolute measurements. (See also to absolute and comparative measurements (see also
comparator coils.) differential coils)
comparative readout in electromagnetic testing, the differential readout in electromagnetic testing, the
signal output of comparator coils. (See also comparator signal output of differential coils (see also differen-
coils.) tial coils)
comparative system a system that uses coil assemblies differential signal in electromagnetic testing, an
and associated electronics to detect any electric or output signal that is proportional to the rate of change
magnetic condition, or both, that is not common to of the input signal
the test specimen and the standard (see comparator
coils) (E 566) differential system an electromagnetic testing system
that uses coil assemblies and associated electronics to
comparator coils in electromagnetic testing, two or
detect an electric or magnetic condition, or both, that
more coils electrically connected in series opposition
is not common to the areas of the specimen being
but arranged so that there is no mutual induction tested. (See also differential coils.)
(coupling) between them such that any electric or
magnetic condition, or both, that is not common to eddy current an electrical current caused to flow
the test specimen and the standard, will produce an in a conductor by the time or space variation, or both,
unbalance in the system and thereby yield an indication of an applied magnetic field
conductivity the intrinsic property of a particular eddy current testing a nondestructive testing method
material to carry electric current; it is commonly ex- in which eddy current flow is induced in the test object.
pressed in percent IACS (International Annealed Copper Changes in the flow caused by variations in the specimen
Standard) or MS/m (Megasiemens/meter) are reflected into a nearby coil, coils, or Hall effect
coupling two electric circuits are said to be coupled device for subsequent analysis by suitable instrumenta-
to each other when they have an impedance in common tion and techniques.
so that a current in one causes a voltage in the other edge effect in electromagnetic testing, the disturbance
cut-off level same as rejection level of the magnetic field and eddy currents due to the
proximity of an abrupt change in specimen geometry
defect resolution a property of a test system that
(edge). This effect generally results in the masking of
enables the separation of indications due to defects in
discontinuities within the affected region. (This effect
a test specimen that are located in close proximity to
is also termed the end effect.)
each other
depth of penetration in electromagnetic testing, the effective depth penetration (EDP) in electromagnetic
depth at which the magnetic field strength or intensity testing, for (a) thickness, the minimum depth beyond
of induced eddy currents has decreased to 37% of its which a test system can no longer reliably detect a
surface value. The depth of penetration is an exponential further increase in specimen thickness, or (b) defects, the
function of the frequency of the signal and the conduc- limit for reliably detecting metallurgical or mechanical
tivity and permeability of the material. Synonymous discontinuities by way of conventional continuous wave
terms are standard depth of penetration and skin depth. (CW) eddy current instrumentation and sensors. The
(see also skin effect) EDP point is approximately three times the standard
depth of penetration.
diamagnetic material a material whose relative
permeability is less than unity effective permeability a hypothetical quantity that
describes the magnetic permeability that is experienced
NOTE 5 The intrinsic induction Bi is oppositely directed to the under a given set of physical conditions such as a
applied magnetizing force H. cylindrical test specimen in an encircling coil at a
differential coils two or more coils electrically specific test frequency. This quantity may be different
connected in series opposition such that any electric from the permeability of the particular metal being
or magnetic condition, or both, that is not common to tested in that it takes into account such things as the
609
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geometry of the part, the relative position of the encir- IACS the International Annealed Copper Standard;
cling coil, and characteristics of the magnetic field. an international standard of electrical conductivity
electrical center the center established by the electro- ID coil a coil or coil assembly used for electromag-
magnetic field distribution within a test coil. A constant netic testing by insertion into the test piece as in the
intensity signal, irrespective of the circumferential posi- case of an inside probe for tubing. Coils of this type
tion of a discontinuity, is indicative of electrical center- are also referred to as inside coils, inserted coils, or
ing. The electrical center may be different from the bobbin coils.
physical center of the test coil. impedance the total opposition that a circuit presents
electromagnetic testing a nondestructive test method to the flow of an alternating current, specifically the
for materials, including magnetic materials, that uses complex quotient of voltage divided by current
electromagnetic energy having frequencies less than impedance analysis in electromagnetic testing, an
those of visible light to yield information regarding analytical method that consists of correlating changes
the quality of testing material in the amplitude, phase, or quadrature components, or
encircling coils in electromagnetic testing, coil(s) all of these, of a complex test signal voltage to the
or coil assembly that surround(s) the part to be tested. electromagnetic conditions within the test specimen
Coils of this type are also referred to as annular, impedance plane diagram a graphical representation
circumferential, or feed-through coils. of the locus of points, indicating the variations in the
end effect see edge effect impedance of a test coil as a function of basic test
end effect the loss in sensitivity to discontinuities parameters
located near the extreme ends of the tube as the ends incremental permeability the ratio of the change in
of the tube enter or leave the test coil (E 215) magnetic induction to the corresponding change in
feed-through coils see encircling coils magnetizing force when the mean induction differs
from zero
ferromagnetic material a material that, in general,
exhibits the phenomena of magnetic hysteresis and indications eddy-current signals caused by any
saturation, and whose permeability is dependent on the change from uniformity of a tube. These changes from
magnetizing force uniformity affect the electrical characteristic of the tube
but may not be detrimental to the end use of the
fill factor for internal probe electromagnetic testing,
product (E 215)
the ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of the
primary internal probe coil to the cross-sectional area initial permeability the slope of the induction curve
of the tube interior at zero magnetizing force as the test specimen is being
removed from a demagnetizing condition (slope at
fill factor for encircling coil electromagnetic testing,
origin of BH curve before hysteresis is observed)
the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the test specimen
to the effective cross-sectional core area of the primary inserted coil see ID coil
encircling coil (outside diameter of coil form, not inside inside coil see ID coil
diameter which is adjacent to specimen) lift-off effect the effect observed in an electromagnetic
filter a network that passes electromagnetic wave test system output due to a change in magnetic coupling
energy over a described range of frequencies and attenu- between a test specimen and a probe coil whenever
ates energy at all other frequencies the distance between them is varied
frequency the number of cycles per second of magnetic history magnetic condition of a ferromag-
alternating electric current induced into the tubular netic part under test based on previous exposures to
product. For eddy-current testing described herein, the magnetic fields (E 566)
frequency is normally 1 to 125 kHz, inclusive. (E 215) magnetic leakage flux the excursion of magnetic
gate same as rejection level lines of force from the surface of a test specimen
harmonic analysis an analytical technique whereby magnetic saturation that degree of magnetization
the amplitude or phase, or both, of the frequency where a further increase in magnetizing force produces
components of a complex periodic signal is determined no significant increase in magnetic flux density (perme-
harmonic distortion nonlinear distortion character- ability) in a specimen
ized by the appearance in the output of harmonics modulation analysis an analytical method used in
other than the fundamental component when the input electromagnetic testing that separates responses due to
wave is sinusoidal various factors influencing the total magnetic field by
610
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separating and interpreting, individually, frequencies or absolute permeability, which in general is the quotient
frequency bands in the modulation envelope of the of a change in magnetic induction divided by the
(carrier frequency) signal corresponding change in magnetizing force, or (2) rela-
noise in electromagnetic inspection, any nonrelevant tive permeability, which is the ratio of the absolute
signal that tends to interfere with the normal reception permeability to the magnetic constant (m).
or processing of a desired flaw signal. It should be NOTE 7 The magnetic constant m is a scalar quantity differing
noted that such noise signals may be generated by in value and uniquely determined by each electromagnetic system
inhomogeneities in the inspected part that are not of units. In the unrationalized cgs system m is 1 gauss /oersted and
the mksa rationalized system m p 4 107 H /m.
detrimental to the end use of the part.
nonferromagnetic material a material that is not NOTE 8 Relative permeability is a pure number which is the
magnetizable and hence, essentially not affected by same in all unit systems. The value and dimension of absolute
permeability depends on the system of units employed.
magnetic fields. This would include paramagnetic mate-
rials and diamagnetic materials. NOTE 9 For any ferromagnetic material, permeability is a function
of the degree of magnetization. However, initial permeability, 0
normal permeability the ratio of the induction (when and maximum permeability, m are unique values for a given
cyclically made to change symmetrically about zero) specimen under specified conditions.
to the corresponding change in magnetizing force
NOTE 10 Except for initial permeability, 0 , a numerical value for
off-line testing eddy current tests conducted on any of the d-c permeabilities is meaningless unless the corresponding B
equipment that includes the test coil and means to or H excitation level is specified.
propel individual tubes under test through the coil at
NOTE 11 For the incremental permeabilities and i, a
appropriate speeds and conditions numerical value is meaningless unless both the corresponding values
on-line testing eddy current tests conducted on of mean excitation level (B or H) and the excursion range (B or
H) are specified.
equipment that includes the test coil and means to
propel tubes under test through the coil at appropriate phase analysis an analytical technique that discrimi-
speeds and conditions as an integral part of a continuous nates between variables in a part undergoing electromag-
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tube manufacturing sequence netic testing part by the different phase angle changes
that these conditions produce in the test signal. See
optimum frequency in electromagnetic testing, that
also phase detection.
frequency which provides the largest signal-to-noise
ratio obtainable for the detection of an individual mate- phase angle the angular equivalent of the time
rial property. Each property of a given material may displacement between corresponding points on two sine
have its own optimum frequency. waves of the same frequency
paramagnetic material a material that has a relative phase detection the derivation of a signal whose
permeability slightly greater than unity and that is amplitude is a function of the phase angle between
practically independent of the magnetizing force two alternating currents, one of which is used as a
permeability, a-c a generic term used to express reference
various dynamic relationships between magnetic induc- phase-sensitive system a system whose output signal
tion, B, and magnetizing force, H, for magnetic material is dependent on the phase relationship between the
subjected to a cyclic excitation by alternating or pulsat- voltage returned from a pickup or sensing coil and a
ing current. The values of a-c permeability obtained reference voltage
for a given material depend fundamentally upon the phase shift a change in the phase relationship
excursion limits of dynamic excitation and induction, between two alternating quantities of the same frequency
the method and conditions of measurement, and also probe coil in electromagnetic testing, a small coil
upon such factors as resistivity, thickness of laminations, or coil assembly that is placed on or near the surface
frequency of excitation, etc. of test objects
NOTE 6 The numerical value for any permeability is meaningless probe coil clearance the perpendicular distance
unless the corresponding B or H excitation level is specified. For between adjacent surfaces of the probe and test part;
incremental permeabilities not only must the corresponding d-c B also lift-off
or H excitation level be specified, but also the dynamic range (B
or H). recovery time the time required for a test system
permeability, d-c permeability is a general term used to return to its original state after it has received a signal
to express relationships between magnetic induction, B, reference coil a coil or probe, which may be
and magnetizing force, H, under various conditions of used in conjunction with the appropriate material, to
magnetic excitation. These relationships are either (1) electrically balance a comparative system
611

reference standard a tube, plate or part with artificial test frequency in electromagnetic testing, the number
discontinuities used for establishing the test sensitivity of complete cycles per unit time of the alternating
setting and for periodically checking and adjusting current applied to the primary test coil
sensitivity setting as required [see also standard (1)] test quality level see rejection level
(E 215)
three way sort an electromagnetic sort based on a
rejection level the value established for a test signal signal response from the material under test above or
above or below which test specimens are rejectable, or below two levels established by three or more calibration
otherwise distinguished from the remaining specimens standards
selectivity the characteristic of a test system that is threshold level the setting of an instrument that
a measure of the extent to which an instrument is causes it to register only those changes in response
capable of differentiating between the desired signal greater or less than a specified magnitude
and disturbances of other frequencies or phases threshold setting the setting of the instrument that
sensitivity control the control in the instrument that causes it to register only those changes in eddy-current
adjusts the amplifier gain, and is one of the factors response greater than a specified magnitude (E 215)
that determines the capacity to detect discontinuities
NOTE 12 Sensitivity and threshold settings usually are indicated
(E 215) by arbitrary numbers on the control panel of the testing instrument.
These numerical settings differ among instruments of different types.
signal gradient same as differential readout It is, therefore, not proper to translate a numerical setting on one
instrument to that of another type. Even among instruments of the
signal-to-noise ratio the ratio of values to signal same design and from the same manufacturer, sensitivity and threshold
(response containing relevant information) to that of settings may vary slightly when detecting the same discontinuity.
noise (response containing nonrelevant information) Therefore, undue emphasis on the numerical value of sensitivity and
threshold settings is not justified. (E 215)
skin depth see depth of penetration
transducer an electromagnetic device for converting
skin effect the phenomenon wherein the depth of electrical energy into magnetic or mechanical energy
penetration of electric currents into a conductor de- and vice versa (E 1033)
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
creases as the frequency of the current is increased. two-way sort an electromagnetic sort based on a
At very high frequencies, the current flow is restricted signal response from the material under test above or
to an extremely thin outer layer of the conductor. (See below a level established by two or more calibration
also depth of penetration.) standards
speed effect the phenomenon in electromagnetic wobble in electromagnetic testing, an effect that
testing of which the evidence is a change in the signal produces variations in coil spacing (operational lift-off)
voltage resulting from a change in the relative motion due to lateral motion of the test specimen in passing
between the specimen and a test coil assembly through an encircling coil
standard (1) a physical reference used as a basis
for comparison or calibration; (2) a concept that has
been established by authority, custom, or agreement to
serve as a model or rule in the measurement of quality 7. Gamma- and X-Radiology
or the establishment of a practice or procedure.
absorbed dose the amount of energy imparted by
standard depth of penetration see depth of pene- ionizing radiation per unit mass of irradiated matter.
tration Denoted by rad; 1 rad; p 0.01 j /kg. SI unit is gray;
standard depth of penetration (SDP) the depth at 1 gray p 1 j /kg.
which the eddy current density is reduced to approxi- absorbed dose rate the absorbed dose per unit of
mately 37% of the density at the surface. Eddy-current time; rads /s. SI unit, grays /s.
testing is most effective when the wall thickness does absorption the process whereby the incident particles
not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when or photons of radiation are reduced in number or energy
discontinuities of interest are within one SDP (E 215) as they pass through matter
test coil the section of the coil assembly that accelerating potential the difference in electric poten-
examines the material under test in a comparative tial between the cathode and anode in an X-ray tube
system; the coil used to examine the material in an through which a charged particle is accelerated: usually
absolute or differential comparative system (E 566) expressed in units of kV or MV
612

activation in neutron radiography, the process of blooming in radiologic real-time imaging, an undesir-
causing a substance to become artificially radioactive able condition exhibited by some image conversion
by subjecting it to bombardment by neutrons or other devices and television pickup tubes brought about by
particles exceeding the allowable input brightness for the device,
acute radiation syndrome the immediate effects of causing the image to go into saturation, producing a
a short term, whole body overexposure of a person to fuzzy image of degraded spatial resolution and grey
ionizing radiation. These effects include nausea and scale rendition
vomiting, malaise, increased temperature, and blood blow back the enlargement of a minified radiograph
changes to its original size by use of an optical direct reader
alphanumeric term pertaining to both numbers and cassette a light-tight container for holding radio-
alphabetical characters, typically used to designate a graphic recording media during exposure, for example,
device capable of handling both types of characters film, with or without intensifying or conversion screens
alpha particle a positively charged particle emitted characteristic curve the plot of density versus log
by certain radio-nuclides. It consists of two protons of exposure or of relative exposure. (Also called the
and two neutrons, and is identical to the nucleus of a D-log E curve or the H and D curve.)
helium atom cine-radiography the production of a series of
radiographs that can be viewed rapidly in sequence,
analog image an image produced by a continuously
thus creating an illusion of continuity
variable physical process (for example, exposure of film)
collimator a device of radiation absorbent material
analog to digital converter (a/d) a device that
intended for defining the direction and angular diver-
changes an analog signal to a digital representation of
gence of the radiation beam
the signal
composite viewing the viewing of two or more
anode the positive electrode of a discharge tube. superimposed radiographs from a multiple film exposure
In an X-ray tube, the anode carries the target
compton scatter radiation the scattered X-ray or
anode current the electrons passing from the cathode gamma ray, which results from the inelastic scattering
to the anode in an X-ray tube, minus the small loss of an incident X-ray or gamma ray on an electron.
incurred by the back scattered fraction Since the ejected electron has short range in most
aperture an opening in material, space, or time over materials, it is not considered part of the scattered
which an element is considered to be active radiation
array processor a special purpose logical processing computed radiology (photo stimulated luminescence
device that performs extremely fast mathematical opera- method) a two-step radiological imaging process;
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
tions on digital arrays first, a storage phosphor imaging plate is exposed to
area of interest the specific portion of the object penetrating radiation; second, the luminescence from
image on the radiograph that is to be evaluated the plates photostimulable luminescent phosphor is
detected, digitized, and presented via hard copy or
artifact spurious indication on a radiograph arising a CRT
from, but not limited to, faulty manufacture, storage,
contrast sensitivity a measure of the minimum
handling, exposure, or processing
percentage change in an object which produces a percep-
autoradiograph the image of an object containing tible density /brightness change in the radiological image
a radioelement obtained, on a recording medium, by contrast stretch a function that operates on the
means of its own radiation greyscale values in an image to increase or decrease
back scattered radiation radiation which is scattered image contrast
more than 90 deg with respect to the incident beam, definition, image definition the sharpness of delinea-
that is, backward in the general direction of the radiation tion of image details in a radiograph. Generally used
source qualitatively
betatron an electron accelerator in which acceleration densitometer a device for measuring the optical
is provided by a special magnetic field constraining density of radiograph film
the electrons to a circular orbit. This type of equipment density (film) the quantitative measure of film black-
usually operates at energies between 10 and 31 MEV ening when light is transmitted or reflected.
blocking or masking surrounding specimens or cov-
ering their sections with absorptive material D p log (Io /I ) or D p log (Io /R)
613

where film contrast a qualitative expression of the slope

D p density or steepness of the characteristic curve of a film; that
Io p light intensity incident on the film property of a photographic material which is related
I p light intensity transmitted to the magnitude of the density difference resulting
R p light intensity reflected from a given exposure difference
density comparison strip alternative term for step- film speed a numerical value expressing the response
wedge comparison film. of an image receptor to the energy of penetrating
digital the representation of data or physical quanti- radiation under specified conditions
ties in the form of discrete codes, such as numerical filter uniform layer of material, usually of higher
characters, rather than a continuous stream atomic number than the specimen, placed between
digital image an image composed of discrete pixels, the radiation source and the film for the purpose of
each of which is characterized by a digitally represented preferentially absorbing the softer radiations
luminance level fluorescence the emission of light by a substance
digital image acquisition system a system of elec- as a result of the absorption of some other radiation
tronic components which, by either directly detecting of shorter wavelengths only as long as the stimulus
radiation or converting analog radiation detection infor- producing it is maintained
mation, creates an image of the spatial radiation intensity
fluorescent screen alternative term for intensifying
map comprised of an array of discrete digital intensity
screen (b)
values (see pixel)
fluoroscopy the visual observation on a fluorescent
digital image enhancement any operation used for
screen of the image of an object exposed to penetrating,
the purpose of enhancing some aspect of the original
ionizing radiation
image
digital image processing system a system which focal spot for x-ray generators, that area of the
uses algorithms to process digital image data anode (target) of an x-ray tube which emits x-ray when
bombarded with electrons
digitize (for radiology) the act of converting an
analog image or signal to a digital presentation fog a general term used to denote any increase in
optical density of a processed photographic emulsion
dynamic range (for radiology) the span of signal
caused by anything other than direct action of the
intensity which defines the systems range of per-
image forming radiation and due to one or more of
formance
the following:
equivalent I.Q.I. sensitivity that thickness of I.Q.I.
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(a) aging deterioration, before or after exposure,

expressed as a percentage of the section thickness or both, resulting from a recording medium that has
radiologically examined in which a 2T hole or 2% been stored for too long a period of time, or other
wire size equivalent would be visible under the same improper conditions;
radiological conditions
(b) base the minimum uniform density inherent
equivalent penetrameter sensitivity that thickness of in a processed emulsion without prior exposure
penetrameter, expressed as a percentage of the section (c) chemical resulting from unwanted reactions
thickness radiographed, in which a 2T hole would be during chemical processing;
visible under the same radiographic conditions (d) dichroic characterized by the production of
erasable optical medium an erasable and rewritable colloidal silver within the developed sensitive layer;
storage medium where the digital data is represented (e) oxidation caused by exposure to air during
by the degree of reflectivity of the medium recording developing;
layer: the data can be altered (f) exposure arising from any unwanted exposure
exposure, radiographic exposure the subjection of of an emulsion to ionizing radiation or light at any
a recording medium to radiation for the purpose of time between manufacture and final fixing;
producing a latent image. Radiographic exposure is (g) photographic arising solely from the properties
commonly expressed in terms of milliampere-seconds of an emulsion and the processing conditions, for
or millicurie-hours for a known source-to-film distance. example, the total effect of inherent fog and chemi-
exposure table a summary of values of radiographic cal fog;
exposures suitable for the different thicknesses of a (h) threshold the minimum uniform density inher-
specified material ent in a processed emulsion without prior exposure.
614

fog density a general term used to denote any (a) metal screen a screen consisting of dense
increase in the optical density of a processed film metal (usually lead) or of a dense metal compound
caused by anything other than the direct action of the (for example, lead oxide) that emits primary electrons
image-forming radiation when exposed to X- or gamma-rays;
forward scattered radiation radiation which is scat- (b) fluorescent screen a screen consisting of a
tered less than 90 deg with respect to the incident coating of phosphors which fluoresces when exposed
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
beam, that is, forward in the general direction of the to X or gamma radiation;
radiation source (c) fluorescent-metallic screen a screen consisting
gamma-radiography a technique of producing radio- of a metallic foil (usually lead) coated with a material
graphs using gamma-rays that fluoresces when exposed to X or gamma radiation.
gamma ray electromagnetic penetrating radiation The coated surface is placed next to the film to provide
having its origin in the decay of a radioactive nucleus fluorescence; the metal functions as a normal metal
screen.
geometric unsharpness the penumbral shadow in a
radiological image which is dependent upon: IQI sensitivity in radiography, the minimum discern-
(a) the radiation source dimensions; ible image and the designated hole in the plaque-type,
(b) the source to object distance; and or the designated wire image in the wire type image
(c) object to detector distance. quality indicator
graininess the visual impression of irregularity of keV (kilo electron volt) a unit of energy equal to
silver deposit in a processed film one thousand electron volts, used to express the energy
half-life the time required for one half of a given of X rays, gamma rays, electrons, and neutrons
number of radioactive atoms to undergo decay kV (kilo volt) a unit of electrical potential difference
half-value layer (HVL) the thickness of an absorbing equal to one thousand volts, used to describe the
material required to reduce the intensity of a beam of accelerating potential of an X-ray tube
incident radiation to one half of its original intensity latent image a condition produced and persisting
half-value thickness the thickness of a specified in the image receptor by exposure to radiation and
substance which, when introduced into the path of a able to be converted into a visible image by processing
given beam of radiation, reduces its intensity to one half
lead screen see intensifying screen (a)
image data file a digital file containing radiological
image and text information line pair test pattern a pattern of one or more pairs
of objects with high contrast lines of equal width and
image definition see definition
equal spacing. The pattern is used with an imaging
image processing a method whereby digital image device to measure spatial resolution.
data is transformed through a mathematical function
linear accelerator an electron generator in which
image quality indicator (IQI) in industrial radiology,
the acceleration of the particles is connected with the
a device or combination of devices whose demonstrated
propagation of a high-frequency field inside a linear
image or images provide visual or quantitative data,
or corrugated waveguide
or both, to determine radiologic quality and sensitivity.
Also known as a penetrameter (disparaged). line pairs per millimetre a measure of the spatial
resolution of an image conversion device. A line pair
NOTE 13 It is not intended for use in judging size nor establishing test pattern consisting of one or more pairs of equal
acceptance limits of discontinuities.
width, high contrast lines, and spaces is utilized to
indication the response or evidence from a nonde- determine the maximum density of lines and spaces
structive examination that requires interpretation to de- that can be successfully imaged. The value is expressed
termine relevance in line pairs per millimetre.
intensifying screen a material that converts a part
location marker a number or letter made of lead
of the radiographic energy into light or electrons and
(Pb) or other highly radiation attenuative material that
that, when in contact with a recording medium during
is placed on an object to provide traceability between
exposure, improves the quality of the radiograph, or
a specific area on the image and the part
reduces the exposure time required to produce a radio-
graph, or both. Three kinds of screens in common low-energy gamma radiation gamma radiation having
use are: energy less than 200 keV
615

luminosity a measure of emitted light intensity optical density the degree of opacity of a translucent
mA (milli ampere) a unit of current equal to 0.001 medium (darkening of film) expressed as follows:
amperes, used to express the tube current of an X-
ray tube OD p log (Io /I)
magnetic storage medium a storage medium that
uses magnetic properties (magnetic dipoles) to store where:
digital data (for example, a moving drum, disk, or tape ODp optical density
or a static core or film) Iop light intensity incident on the film
MeV (mega or million electron volts) a unit of Ip light intensity transmitted through the film
energy equal to one million electron volts, used to optical line pair test pattern see line pair test
express the energy of X rays, gamma rays, electrons, pattern
and neutrons
pair production the process whereby a gamma
micro focus X-ray tube an X-ray tube having an photon with energy greater than 1.02 MeV is converted
effective focal spot size not greater than 100 m directly into matter in the form of an electron-positron
milliamperes (mA) the technical term is tube current pair. Subsequent annihilation of the positron results in
and is defined as the current passing between the the production of two 0.511 MeV gamma photons.
cathode and anode during the operation of an x-ray pencil beam a radiation beam which has little
tube, measured in milliamperes (mA) and usually taken divergence, usually created by collimating an intense
as a measure of x-ray intensity source of radiation
minifocus X-ray tube an X-ray tube having an penetrameter alternative term for image quality
effective focal spot size between 100 and 400 m indicator.
MV (mega or million volt) a unit of electrical penetrameter sensitivity alternative term for IQI
potential difference equal to one million volts, used to sensitivity.
describe the accelerating potential of an X-ray tube phosphor any substance that can be stimulated to
net density total density less fog and support (film emit light by incident radiation
base) density photo fluorography a photograph of the image
neutron radiography (NRT) a process of making formed on a fluorescent screen
an image of the internal details of an object by the photostimulable luminescence the physical phenome-
selective attenuation of a neutron beam by the object non of phosphors absorbing incident ionizing radiation,
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
noise the data present in a radiological measurement storing the energy in quasi-stable states and emitting
which is not directly correlated with the degree of luminescent radiation proportional to the absorbed en-
radiation attentuation by the object being examined ergy when stimulated by radiation of a different wave-
nonerasable optical data a nonerasable, nonre- length
writeable storage medium where the digital data is photostimulable luminescent phosphor a phosphor
represented by the degree of reflectivity of the mediums capable of storing a latent radiological image, which,
recording layer. The data cannot be altered. upon laser stimulation, will generate luminescence pro-
nonscreen-type film (direct-type film) X-ray film portional to the radiation intensity
designed for use with or without metal screens, but pixel the smallest addressable element in an electronic
not intended for use with salt screens image
nuclear activity the number of disintegrations oc- pixel, display size the dimensions of the smallest
curring in a given quantity of material per unit of time. picture element comprising the displayed image, given
Curie is the unit of measurement. One curie is equivalent in terms of the imaged objects dimensions being
to 3.7 1010 disintegrations per second. represented by the element
object-film distance the distance between the surface pixel size the length and width of a pixel
of the source side object and the plane of the recording primary radiation radiation coming directly from
medium the source
radiograph a permanent, visible image on a recording
NOTE 14 In the case where the recording medium is placed
directly in contact with the object being examined, the distance is medium produced by penetrating radiation passing
equal to the thickness of the object. through the material being tested
616

radiographic contrast the difference in density be- sensitivity see contrast sensitivity, equivalent IQI
tween an image and its immediate surroundings on a sensitivity, equivalent penetrameter sensitivity, IQI sen-
radiograph sitivity, radiographic sensitivity
radiographic equivalence factor that factor by which shim a material, typically placed under the IQI,
the thickness of a material must be multiplied in order which is radiologically similar to the object being
to determine what thickness of a standard material imaged
(often steel) will have the same absorption signal the data present in a radiological measurement
radiographic exposure see exposure which is directly correlated with the degree of radiation
attenuation by the object being examined
radiographic inspection the use of X-rays or nuclear
radiation, or both, to detect discontinuities in material, source a machine or radioactive material that emits
and to present their images on a recording medium. penetrating radiation
source-film distance the distance between the radia-
radiographic quality a qualitative term used to
tion producing area of the source and the film
describe the capability of a radiograph to show flaws
in the area under examination step wedge a device with discrete step thickness
increments used to obtain an image with discrete density
radiographic sensitivity a general or qualitative term
step values
referring to the size of the smallest detail that can be
seen on a radiograph, or the ease with which details step-wedge calibration film a step-wedge comparison
can be seen film the densities of which are traceable to a nationally
recognized standardizing body
radiography the art, act, or process of making
step-wedge comparison film a strip of processed
radiographs
film carrying a stepwise array of increasing photographic
radiological examination the use of penetrating density
ionizing radiation to display images for the detection
step wedge comparison film a radiograph with
of discontinuities or to help ensure integrity of the part
discrete density steps that have been verified by compari-
radiology the science and application of X-rays, son with a calibrated step wedge film
gamma-rays, neutrons, and other penetrating radiations storage phosphor imaging plate a flexible or rigid
radioscopy the electronic production of a radiological reusable detector that stores a radiological image as a
image that follows very closely the changes with time result of exposure to penetrating radiation
of the object being imaged subject contrast the ratio (or the logarithm of the
rare earth screens see intensifying screen ratio) of the radiation intensities transmitted by selected
real-time radioscopy radioscopy that is capable of portions of the specimen
following the motion of the object without limitation system induced artifacts anomalies that are created
of time by a system during the acquisition, display processing,
or storage of a digital image
recording media material capable of capturing or
storing, or both, a radiological image in digital or system noise the noise present in a radiological
analog form measurement resulting from the individual elements of
the radiological system
recording medium a film or detector that converts
radiation into a visible image target that part of the anode of an X-ray emitting
tube hit by the electron beam
representative quality indicator (RQI) an actual part
tenth-value-layer (TVL) the thickness of the layer
or similar part of comparable geometry and attentuation
of a specified substance which, when introduced into
characteristics to that of the test part(s), that has known
the path of a given narrow beam of radiation reduces
or measurable features, or both, representing the facets
the intensity of this radiation by a factor of ten
of nonconformance for which the test part is to be
examined tomography any radiologic technique that provides
an image of a selected plane in an object to the relative
scintillators and scintillating crystals a detector that exclusion of structures that lie outside the plane of
converts ionizing radiation to light interest (see tomogram and (CT) computed tomography)
screen alternative term for intensifying screen total image unsharpness the blurring of test object
secondary radiation radiation emitted by any sub- features in a radiological image resulting from any
stance as the result of irradiation by the primary source cause(s)
617
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--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
translucent base media materials with properties TABLE 1

that allow radiological interpretation by transmitted or COMPOSITION AND PARTIAL PRESSURES OF THE
reflected light ATMOSPHERE
transmission densitometer an instrument that mea- Constituent Volume % Partial Pressure, kPa
sures the intensity of the transmitted light through a At sea level (atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa)
radiographic film and provides a readout of the transmit- Oxygen 21 (0.21 101 p) 21
ted film density Nitrogen 78 (0.78 101 p) 79
Others 1 (0.01 101 p) 1
transmitted film density the density of radiographic Total atmospheric pressure, 101
film determined by measuring the transmitted light At 3700-m altitude (atmosphere pressure is 64 kPa)
Oxygen 21 (0.21 64 p) 13
tube current the current, measured in milliamperes,
Nitrogen 78 (0.78 64 p) 50
passing between the cathode and anode during the Others 1 (0.01 64 p) 1
operation of an X-ray tube Total atmospheric pressure, 64
tube current the transfer of electricity, created by
the flow of electrons, from the filament to the anode
target in an X-ray tube; usually expressed in unit of
milliamperes
vacuum cassette a flexible light-tight container that, atmospheric pressure the pressure of the atmosphere
when operated under a vacuum, holds film and screen at a specified place and time (see Table 1)
in intimate contact during a radiographic exposure
atomic mass unit (amu) the unit of measure of the
mass of a particle (atom, molecule, ion, etc.), defined
as 1 / 12 of the mass of carbon-12. The numerical value
of the mass of a particle in terms of amu is identical
8. Leak Testing with the older atomic weight.
absolute manometer a manometer whose calibration audible leak indicator an accessory to a leak detector
can be calculated from the measurable physical constants which converts the output signal to an audible note
of the instrument and for which calibration is the same whose frequency is a function of the leakage rate
for all ideal gases back pressure same as forepressure
absolute pressure pressure above the absolute zero back pressure test same as pressure-evacuation test
corresponding to empty space, that is, local atmospheric background signal in leak testing, the steady or
pressure plus gage pressure fluctuating output signal of the leak detector caused
absorption in leak testing, the binding or incorpora- by the presence of residual tracer gas or other substance
tion of gas in the interior of a solid (or liquid) to which the detecting element responds
accumulation test a leak test used to detect very backing pump same as fore pump
small leaks in which gas contained in a component backing space the space between a backing pump
being tested will, if a leak is present, collect for a (fore pump) and the associated diffusion pump (or
specified period of time in a closed evacuated chamber other type of pump requiring a fore pump). See also
into which the component has been placed. At the end ballast.
of the test period the chamber is opened to a leak backing space technique a method of testing for
detector which is sensitive to the gas. leaks in which the leak detector is connected to the
alkali ion diode a sensor for halogen gases. See backing space to take advantage of the compression
also halogen leak detector (2). of gas that occurs between the vacuum system and the
aperture leak a leak of such geometric configuration backing pump, due to the action of the diffusion pump
that the length of the leakage path is much smaller (or other type of pump of high speed relative to its
than the shortest diameter of the path, so that the leak backing pump)
may be considered the equivalent of an opening in an bake-out in leak testing, the degassing of a vacuum
infinitesimally thin wall system by heating during the pumping process
atmosphere (standard) the pressure exerted by a ballast in leak testing, a backing space large enough
mercury column 760 mm in height at 0C under standard to maintain a low forepressure when the fore pump is
acceleration of gravity; equivalent to 101 325 Pa temporarily stopped
618

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Bayard-Alpert ionization gage see ionization vac- having electrodes attached to a source of high-frequency
uum gage high voltage, such as a Tesla coil or induction coil,
bell jar a container, open at one end (usually the so that changes in the color of the electrical discharge
bottom), which is used as a vacuum chamber or test can be observed when a suitable tracer gas (methane,
vessel carbon dioxide, alcohol) flows through the leak
bell jar testing a test used for detecting leakage dissociation in leak testing, the breakdown of a
from an object completely or partially filled with a substance into two or more constituents
tracer gas and placed in a vacuum chamber or bell jar NOTE 15 Dissociation is sometimes referred to as cracking.
bomb test see pressure-evacuation test drift in leak testing, the relatively slow change in
bubble immersion test a form of leak test of gas- the background output level of the leak detector due
containing enclosures in which a leak is indicated by to the electronics rather than a change in the level of
the formation of a bubble at the site of a leak the tracer gas
clean-up in leak testing, the time required for a dynamic leak test a form of leak test in which
leak testing system to reduce its signal output to 37% some of the tracer gas entering through a leak is
of the signal indicated at the time the tracer gas ceases continually removed for sensing purposes
to enter the leak system. Also called clean-up time. dynamic leakage measurement leakage determined
clusec an obsolete unit of flow rate equal to 10-2 by measuring the tracer gas equilibrium partial pressure
lusecs while the system is actively being pumped
cold-cathode ionization gage see ionization vac- dynamic sensitivity of leak detector the minimum
uum gage leak rate that the detector is capable of detecting while
concentration ratio in leak testing, the ratio of the the enclosure under test is actively being evacuated
number of atoms (molecules) of a given constituent of continuously under specified conditions
a (gas) mixture to the total number of atoms (molecules) equivalent nitrogen pressure the calculated pressure
in the mixture. For ideal gases the concentration ratio that a gage or another device would indicate if the
has the same value as the volume fraction or the partial gas in the device were replaced by nitrogen at the
pressure of the constituent. same molecular density
conductance in leak testing, the ratio of the exhaust pressure in leak testing, same as fore-
throughput (under steady state, conservative conditions) pressure
of a gas flowing through a conduit or an orifice to exhaust tubulation same as pump-out tubulation
the difference in the partial pressures of the gas at the flooded system a system which, while being tested,
two ends of the conduit or on the two sides of the becomes so filled with tracer gas as to make impractica-
orifice, expressed in volume units per unit time, such ble further leak testing
as cubic metres per second
flow same as flow rate
cracking in leak testing, same as dissociation
flow rate in leak testing, (1) the rate at which gas
differential leak detector a leak detector employing passes a given cross section of a system, determined
two similar gage tubes in a bridge circuit with a trap by the product of the volume passing per unit time
which is selective for the tracer gas between the system and its (partial) pressure at the cross section; (2) a
and one of the tubes product of the (partial) pressure difference of a gas at
differential Pirani gage a leak detecting device the ends of a conduit or across the face of an orifice,
employing two similar Pirani tubes as arms of a and the conductance of the gas for the conduit or
Wheatstone bridge orifice. Expressed in pressure-volume per unit time,
diffusion in leak testing, the flow of the gas through such as pascal cubic metres per second.
a substance in which the gas actually migrates through fore-line in leak testing, the line between a fore
the crystal lattice of the substance rather than through pump and the pump it backs
a geometrical leak (molecular diameters versus hole fore-line valve in leak testing, a vacuum valve
dimension) placed in the fore-line to permit isolation of the diffusion
discharge pressure in leak testing, same as fore- pump from its backing pump
pressure forepressure in leak testing, the total pressure on
discharge tube leak indicator a glass tube attached the outlet side of a pump measured near the outlet
to a system being leak tested, with the glass tube port. Sometimes called the back pressure, backing pres-
619

sure, outlet pressure, exhaust pressure, or discharge TABLE 2

pressure. In discussing the action of a vapor jet, the DEGREES OF VACUUM
term forepressure may be used to designate the total Degrees of Vacuum Approximate Pressure Range
pressure of the gas against which the jet impinges.
Low 100 kPa to 3 kPa
fore pump in leak testing, the pump that produces Medium 3 kPa to 0.1 Pa
the necessary fore vacuum for a pump which is incapable High 0.1 Pa to 0.1 mPa
of discharging gases at atmospheric pressure. Sometimes Very high 0.1 mPa to 0.1 Pa
Ultra high 0.1 Pa and less
called the backing pump.
gage pressure difference between the absolute pres-
sure and atmospheric pressure
gas the state of matter in which the molecules are
practically unrestricted by intermolecular forces so that
detector is located, or which does not exhibit leakage
the molecules are free to occupy all space within an
with any form of liquid test
enclosure. In vacuum technology, the word gas has
been loosely applied to the uncondensed gas and vapor high vacuum see Table 2
within a vacuum system. holding pump a fore pump used to hold a vapor
halogen any element of the family of the elements pump at operating conditions while a roughing pump
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Compounds do reduces the system pressure to a point at which the
not fall under the strict definition of halogen. However, valve between the vapor pump and the system can be
for the purpose of this standard, this word provides opened without stopping the flow of vapor from the
a convenient descriptive term for halogen-containing nozzles
compounds. Of significance in halogen leak detection hood test an overall test in which an object under
are those which have enough vapor pressure to be vacuum test is enclosed by a hood which is filled with
useful as tracer gases. tracer gas so as to subject all parts of the test object
to examination at one time. A form of dynamic leak
halogen leak detector a leak detector that responds
test in which the entire enclosure or a large portion
to halogen tracer gases. Also called halogen-sensitive
of its external surface is exposed to the tracer gas
leak detector or halide leak detector. (1) The copper-
while the interior is connected to a leak detector with
flame detector or halide torch consists of a bunsen
the objective of determining the existence of leakage.
burner with flame impinging on a copper plate or
screen, and a hose with sampling probe to carry tracer hot-cathode ionization gage see ionization vac-
gas to the air intake of the burner. (2) The alkali-ion uum gage
diode halogen detector depends on the variation of hot-filament ionization gage see ionization vac-
positive ion emission from a heated platinum anode uum gage
when halogen molecules enter the sensing element. hydraulic pressure test same as hydrostatic test
helium bombing a pressure-evacuation test in which hydrostatic test in leak testing, a pressure test in
helium is used as the test gas which the component being tested is filled completely
helium drift (1) in leak testing with a probe, the with water or another liquid. Pressure, if required, is
drift from a leak or permeable gasket located at some then applied to the liquid for the required time and
distance from the end of the probe but which is the outside of the component is examined visually
detected by the probe and can mislead the operator for leaks.
into suspecting the area near the probe; (2) a gradual ideal gas a gas that obeys Boyles law and has
wandering of the output meter needle of the leak zero heat of free expansion (or also obeys Charles
detector due to slowly changing helium concentrations law). Also known as a perfect gas.
(either due to a leak or outgassing) in the detector in-leakage rate the combined leakage rate from all
tube. Expressed in scale divisions per unit time. existing leaks in a specified evacuated vessel in pressure
helium leak detector a leak detector using helium volume units per unit of time
as the tracer gas inlet the opening, flange, connection, or coupling
hermetically tight seal a seal which does not exhibit on a leak detector or leak testing system through which
leakage when dynamically tested with commercially the tracer gas may enter due to a leak in an object
built leak detectors that are sensitive to a gas on the under test
pressure side opposite to the side on which the leak inlet flange see inlet
620
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

inlet port see inlet TABLE 3

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR LEAK TESTING
inside-out testing see bell jar testing
To Convert from To Multiply Column 1 by
ion pump an electrical device for pumping gas
comprising a means for ionizing the gas and a system Leakage Rate:
of electrodes at suitable potentials, and in some cases atmcm3/s Pam3/s 1.10 101
micronlitres/s Pam3/s 1.33 104
also a magnetic field, which causes the ions formed micronft3/h Pam3/s 1.05 104
to move towards a surface on which they are absorbed pascallitres/s Pam3/s 1.00 103
or buried STDcm3/s Pam3/s 1.01 101
torrlitres/s Pam3/s 1.33 101
ion source in leak testing, that part of a leak detector
Pressure:
tube in which tracer gas is ionized preliminary to being atmosphere (std) Pa 1.01 105
detected bar Pa 1.00 105
micrometre of Hg Pa 1.33 101
ionization potential the minimum energy, expressed
micron Pa 1.33 101
in (electron) volts, required to remove an electron from millimetre of Hg Pa 1.33 102
an atom or molecule to form a positive ion poundsforce/in.2 Pa 6.89 103
ionization vacuum gage a vacuum gage comprising torr Pa 1.33 102
Viscosity:
a means of ionizing the gas molecules, electrodes to centipoise Pas 1.00 103
facilitate the collection of the positive ions formed, poise Pas 1.00 101
and means of indicating the magnitude of the collected Volume:
ion current. Various types of ionization gages are cm3 m3 1.00 104
distinguished according to the method of producing the ft3 m3 2.83 102
litre m3 1.00 103
ionization. The common types are as follows:
(a) hot-cathode ionization gage the ions are pro-
duced by collisions with electrons emitted from a hot
filament (or cathode) and accelerated by an electric
field. Also called hot-filament ionization gage, or simply
ion gage. The Bayard-Alpert ionization gage employs Krypton 85 a tracer gas used to test for leakage
a tube with an electrode structure designed to minimize when the radioisotope leak test method is used
X-ray-induced electron emission from the ion collector. leak a hole, or void in the wall of an enclosure,
(b) cold-cathode ionization gage the ions are capable of passing liquid or gas from one side of the wall
produced by a cold-cathode discharge, usually in the to the other under action of pressure or concentration
presence of a magnetic field which lengthens the path differential existing across the wall, independent of the
of the electrons between cathode and anode. The dis- quantity of fluid flowing
charge tube is a transparent tube in which the color
leak artifact a device used to introduce gas into a
and form of a cold-cathode discharge (without the
system at a controlled rate, usually 107 mol /s or less
presence of a magnetic field) gives an indication of
the pressure and the nature of the gas. The Phillips leak detector a device for detecting, locating, or
ionization gage is a cold-cathode ionization gage in measuring, or combination thereof, leakage
which a magnetic field is directly parallel to the axis leakage rate the flow rate of a liquid or gas through
of an annular electrode (normally the anode) located a leak at a given temperature as a result of a specified
between two plate electrodes perpendicular to the axis. pressure difference across the leak. Standard conditions
Various modifications of the Penning gage are named for gases are 25C and 100 kPa. Leakage rates are
after the inventors, and certain types are referred to expressed in various units such as pascal cubic metres
as magnetron vacuum gages. per second or pascal litres per second (see Table 3).
(c) radioactive ionization gage the ions are pro- leak testing comprises procedures for detecting or
duced by radiations (usually alpha particles) emitted locating or measuring leakage, or combinations thereof
from a radioactive source
low vacuum see Table 2
isolation test in leak testing, a method of determining
whether a leak is present in a system, or of obtaining lusec a unit of flow rate equal to 0.133 mPa m3 /s
an estimate of its magnitude, by observing the rate of masking in leak testing, the covering of a section
rise of pressure in the evacuated system when the of a test object so as to prevent tracer gas from entering
system is isolated from the pump. See also rate of rise. leaks that may exist in the covered section
621
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

mass number the whole number nearest to the medium vacuum see Table 2
atomic mass expressed in either atomic mass units or micrometre a unit of length equal to one millionth
as (chemical) atomic weight of a metre
mass spectrometer (M.S.) an instrument that is micron a term for micrometre
capable of separating ionized molecules of different micron of mercury a unit of pressure equal to
mass to charge ratio and measuring the respective ion that exerted by a column of mercury standing one
currents. The mass spectrometer may be used as a micrometre high
vacuum gage that relates an output which is proportioned
millimetre of mercury a unit of pressure correspond-
to the partial pressure of a specified gas, as a leak
ing to a column of mercury exactly 1 mm high under
detector sensitive to a particular tracer gas, or as
standard acceleration of gravity. Sometimes called torr.
an analytical instrument to determine the percentage
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
composition of a gas mixture. Various types are distin- minimum detectable leakage rate the magnitude of
guished by the method of separating the ions. The the smallest leakage rate that can be unambiguously
principal types are as follows: detected by a given leak detector in the presence of
(a) Dempster (M.S.) The ions are first accelerated conditions existing at time of test
by an electric field through a slit, and are then deflected molecular flow the flow of gas through a passage
by a magnetic field through 180 deg. so as to pass under conditions such that the mean-free path is greater
through a second slit. than the largest dimension of a transverse section of
(b) Bainbridge-Jordan (M.S.) The ions are sepa- the passage
rated by means of a radial electrostatic field and a molecular leak a leak of such geometric configuration
magnetic field deflecting the ions through 60 deg. so that gas flow through it obeys the laws of molecular
arranged that the dispersion of ions in the electric field flow (Knudsens law). The flow is proportional to the
is exactly compensated by the dispersion in the magnetic difference of the end pressures and inversely propor-
field for a given velocity difference. tional to the square root of the molecular weight of
(c) Bleakney (M.S.) The ions are separated by the gas.
crossed electric and magnetic fields. Also called cross newton (N) the SI unit of force (kg m /s2)
fields (M.S.). noncondensable gas a gas whose temperature is
(d) Nier (M.S.) A modification of the Dempster above its critical temperature, so that it cannot be
(M.S.) in which the magnetic field deflects the ions. liquefied by increase of pressure alone
(e) Time of Flight (M.S.) The gas is ionized by occlusion the trapping of undissolved gas in a solid
a pulse-modulated electron beam and each group of during solidification
ions is accelerated toward the ion collector. Ions of
outgassing the evolution of gas from a material in
different mass to charge ratios traverse their paths in
a vacuum.
different times.
outlet pressure see forepressure
(f) Radio-Frequency (M.S.) The ions are acceler-
ated into a radio-frequency analyzer in which ions of palladium barrier leak detector a leak detector using
a selected mass to charge are accelerated through hydrogen as the tracer gas and using the principle of
openings in a series of spaced plates alternately attached hydrogen diffusing through a hot palladium barrier into
across a radio-frequency oscillator. The ions emerge an evacuated vacuum gage
into an electrostatic field which permits only the ions partial pressure the pressure caused by a gas, either
accelerated in the analyzer to reach the collector. by itself, or in the presence of other gases. When a
(g) Omegatron (M.S.) The ions are accelerated second gas is not present, the partial pressure is the
by the cyclotron principle. same as the total pressure.
mass spectrometer leak detector a mass spectrometer pascal (Pa) one pascal is approximately equal to
adjusted to respond only to the tracer gas 1 105 atm or, more precisely, 1 Pa p 0.98692
mass spectrum a record, graph, table, etc., that 105 atm
shows the relative number of ions of various mass that pascal cubic metres per second (Pa m3 /s) the
are produced when a given substance is processed in preferred unit of gas flow in the SI system. One
a mass spectrometer Pa m3 /s is approximately equal to 10 atm cm3 /s or,
mean free path the average distance that a molecule more precisely, 1 Pa m3 /s p 9.8692 atmcm3 /s.
travels between successive collisions with other mole- Penning gage see ionization vacuum gage
cules perfect gas see ideal gas
622

permeability coefficient the steady-state rate of flow pump-out tubulation a tube extending from an
of gas through unit area and thickness of a solid barrier evacuated device through which gas is pumped and
per unit pressure differential at a given temperature which is usually permanently sealed off after the device
Phillips ionization gage see ionization vacuum gage has been evacuated. Sometimes called exhaust tubu-
lation.
Pirani gage see thermal conductivity vacuum gage
radioisotope leak test system a leak test system
Poiseuille flow the particular case of laminar viscous which uses a radioactive tracer gas and a detector for
flow through a long pipe of circular cross section measuring the emission from the tracer
pressure difference in leak testing, the difference rate of rise in leak testing, the time rate of pressure
between the pressure on the inlet side of the leak and increase at a given time in a vacuum system which
the pressure on the exit side of the leak is suddenly isolated from the pump by a valve. The
pressure dye test (1) a form of leak test in which volume and temperature of the system are held constant
the item or items to be tested are filled with a liquid during the rate of rise measurement. See isolation test.
dye or fluorescent oil which is then pressurized for resistance (to flow) the reciprocal of conductance
the purpose of driving the liquid through possible
response factor in leak testing, the response of the
leakage paths with the presence of the leaks being
halogen leak detector 0.3 MPa m3 /s of refrigerant-12
visible when viewed from the exterior; (2) a form of
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(dichloro-difluoromethane, CC12F2) or less, divided by

leak test in which the item or items to be tested are
the response to the same quantity of another halogen
immersed in a liquid dye or fluorescent oil which is
test gas. Thus, the actual leak rate of a detected leak
then pressurized for the purpose of driving liquid into
will be the indication of the detector multiplied by the
possible leakage paths with their presence being visible
response factor. The response of mixture of a tracer
when the excess liquid has been removed from the
and nonhalogen gases will be the response factor of
exterior.
the tracer divided by the fraction of tracer gas in the
pressure-evacuation test a leak test in which one test gas.
or more devices are placed under gas pressure for a response time the time required for a leak detector
period of time, the objective being to accumulate enough or leak testing system to yield a signal output equal
gas in those devices that may leak to permit an indication to 63% of the maximum signal attained when tracer
on a leak detector sensitive to the gas when the devices gas is applied continuously to the system under test.
are placed in an evacuated system joined to the leak Also called response.
detector
roughing in leak testing, the initial evacuation of
pressure probe see probe a vacuum system
pressure testing a method of leak testing in which roughing line in leak testing, a line running from
the component being tested is filled completely with a mechanical pump to a vacuum chamber through
a gas or liquid which is then pressurized. The outside which preliminary pumping is conducted in the rough
of the component is examined for the detection of vacuum range
any leaks.
roughing pump in leak testing, a vacuum pump
probe in leak testing, a tube having an opening at used for the initial evacuation of a vacuum system
one end, used for directing or collecting a stream of
sampling probe in leak testing, a device used to
tracer gas
collect tracer gas from an area of the test object and
probe gas in leak testing, a tracer gas which issues feed it to the leak detector at the reduced pressure
from an orifice so as to impinge on a restricted test area required. Also called a sniffing probe.
probe test a leak test in which the tracer gas is scattering in leak testing, dispersion or diffusion in
applied by means of a probe so that the area covered various directions due to intermolecular or ionic colli-
by the tracer gas is localized. This enables the individual sions as applied to the effect of the residual gas in a
leaks to be located. mass spectrometer tube or an ion beam traversing
proportioning probe in leak testing, a probe that the tube
can vary sample to pure air ratios between 100% sample search-gas same as tracer gas
and 100% pure air without substantially changing the sensitivity in the case of a leak detector, the response
total flow from the probe of the detector to tracer gas leakage (that is, scale
pump-down time time of evacuation divisions per unit of leakage rate)
623

sensitivity of leak test the smallest leakage rate that (d) Bimetallic Strip Gage. Deflection of a bimetallic
an instrument, method, or system is capable of detecting strip with changing temperature indicates the changes
under specified conditions. See minimum detectable in pressure.
leakage rate. thermocouple gage see thermal conductivity vac-
sniffing probe same as sampling probe uum gage
sorption the taking up of gas by absorption, adsorp- throttling in leak testing, reducing the net pumping
tion, chemisorption, or any combination of these pro- speed of a pumping system by partially closing a valve
cesses or installing a section of pipeline with low conductance
throughput same as flow rate (1).
spark coil leak detector a high-frequency discharge
coil of the Tesla type which indicates pin holes in tight in leak testing, free from leaks according to
a given specification
glass vacuum systems by a spark jumping between the
core of the coil and the pin hole torr a unit of pressure equal to l /760th of an
atmosphere
spectrometer tube the sensing element of a mass
tracer gas a gas which, passing through a leak,
spectrometer leak detector
can then be detected by a specific leak detector and thus
spray probe in leak testing, a device for directing disclose the presence of a leak. Also called search gas.
a small jet of tracer gas on an object under vacuum tracer probe leak location same as probe test.
testing
transition flow in leak testing, the flow of gases
squealer same as audible leak indicator under conditions intermediate between laminar viscous
standard leak a device that permits a tracer gas to flow and molecular flow
be introduced into a leak detector or leak testing system ultra-high vacuum see Table 2
at a known rate to facilitate calibration of the leak ultrasonic leak detector an instrument that detects
detector ultrasonic energy produced by molecular turbulence
standard leakage rate the rate of flow of atmospheric that occurs in the transition from laminar to turbulent
air under conditions in which: inlet pressure is 0.1 MPa flow of a gas through an orifice and that converts this
5%; outlet pressure is less than 1 kPa; temperature is energy to a usable signal
25C 5C; and dew point is less than 25C. vacuum in vacuum technology, a given space filled
with gas at pressures below atmospheric pressure (see
thermal conductivity vacuum gage a vacuum gage
Table 2)
containing two surfaces at different temperatures be-
tween which heat can be transported by the gas mole- vacuum testing (1) a method of testing for leaks
cules so that changes in the temperature (or in the in which the object under test is evacuated and the
heating power required to maintain constant tempera- tracer gas applied to the outside surface of the object;
ture) of one of the surfaces can be correlated with the (2) a leak-testing procedure in which the enclosure
gas pressure. Various types of thermal conductivity under examination is evacuated, the tracer gas applied
gages are distinguished according to the method of to the outside surface of the enclosure, and the gas
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
indicating the temperature change. The common types detected after entering the enclosure.
are listed below: vapor pressure the pressure exerted by the vapor
(a) Pirani Gage. An increase of pressure from the of a solid or liquid when in equilibrium with the solid
zero point causes a decrease in the temperature of a or liquid
heated filament of material having a large temperature very high vacuum see Table 2
coefficient of resistance thus unbalancing a Wheatstone virtual leak (1) the semblance of a leak in a vacuum
bridge circuit (or the circuit is adjusted to maintain system caused by slow release of trapped gas. (2)
the filament temperature constant). during a rate-of-rise test, the semblance of a leak in
(b) Thermocouple Gage. The decrease in temperature a vacuum system caused by slow release of sorbed or
of a heated filament as the pressure rises is indicated occluded gas or gases on or in the surfaces and pores
by decreased emf in a thermocouple circuit having the of all materials in a system which has been exposed
junction in thermal contact with the center of the heated to atmospheric pressure prior to evacuation.
filament. viscous flow the flow of gas through a duct under
(c) Thermistor Gage. A form of Pirani gage em- conditions such that the mean free path is very small in
ploying a thermistor as the heated element. comparison with the smallest dimension of a transverse
624

section of the duct. This flow may be either laminar developer, liquid film a suspension of developer
or turbulent. particles in a vehicle which leaves a resin /polymer
viscous leak a leak of such geometric configuration film on the test surface after drying
that gas flow through it is viscous in nature; that is, developer, nonaqueous developer particles suspended
the flow obeys Poiseuilles Law. The flow rate is in a nonaqueous vehicle prior to application
proportional to the difference of the squares of the end developer, soluble a developer completely soluble
pressures, and inversely proportional to the gaseous in its carrier, not a suspension of powder in a liquid,
viscosity. which dries to an absorptive coating
developing time the elapsed time between the applica-
tion of the developer and the examination of the part
9. Liquid Penetrant Examination dragout the carryout or loss of penetrant materials
as a result of their adherence to the test pieces
angstrom unit (A) a unit of length which may be
used to express the wavelength of electromagnetic drain time that portion of the dwell time during
radiation, that is, light. One angstrom unit is equal to which the excess penetrant or emulsifier drains from
0.1 nanometres. (1 nm p 109 m.) the part
background the surface of the test part against drying oven an oven used for increasing the evapora-
which the indication is viewed. It may be the natural tion rate of rinse water or an aqueous developer vehicle
surface of the test part or the developer coating on from test parts
the surface. drying time the time required for a cleaned, rinsed,
black light electromagnetic radiation in the near- or wet developed test part to dry
ultraviolet range of wavelength. (330390 nm) (3300 dwell time the total time that the penetrant or
3900 A) emulsifier is in contact with the test surface, including
black light filter a filter that transmits near-ultraviolet the time required for application and the drain time
radiation while absorbing other wavelengths electrostatic spraying a technique for attaining a
bleedout the action of an entrapped liquid penetrant uniform coating in which the material sprayed is given
in surfacing from discontinuities to form indications an electrical charge
blotting the action of the developer in soaking eluant a liquid used to extract one material from
up the penetrant from the discontinuity to accelerate another, as in chromatography
bleedout emulsification time the time that an emulsifier is
carrier a liquid, either aqueous or nonaqueous, permitted to remain on the part to combine with the
in which liquid penetrant examination materials are surface penetrant prior to removal. Also called emulsifi-
dissolved or suspended cation dwell time.
clean free of contaminants emulsifier a liquid that interacts with an oily sub-
contaminant any foreign substance present on the stance to make it water-washable
test surface or in the inspection materials which will emulsifier, hydrophilic a water-based liquid used in
adversely affect the performance of liquid penetrant penetrant examination which interacts with the penetrant
materials oil, rendering it water-washable
contrast the difference in visibility (brightness or emulsifier, lipophilic an oil based liquid used in
coloration) between an indication and the background penetrant examination which interacts with the penetrant
detergent remover a penetrant remover that is a oil, rendering it water-washable
solution of a detergent in water etching the removal of surface material by chemical
developer a material that is applied to the test surface or electrochemical methods
to accelerate bleedout and to enhance the contrast of family a complete series of penetrant materials
indications required for the performance of a liquid penetrant
developer, aqueous a suspension of developer parti- examination
cles in water fluorescence the emission of visible radiation by a
developer, dry powder a fine free-flowing powder substance as a result of, and only during, the absorption
used as supplied of black light radiation
625
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

footcandle (fc) the illumination on a surface, 1 ft2 post-cleaning the removal of residual liquid penetrant
in area, on which is uniformly distributed a flux of 1 examination materials from the test part after the pene-
lm (lumen). It equals 10.8 lm /m2. trant examination has been completed
hydrophilic emulsifier see emulsifier post emulsification a penetrant removal technique
immersion rinse a means of removing surface pene- employing a separate emulsifier
trant, in which the test part is immersed in a tank of precleaning the removal of surface contaminants
either water or remover from the test part so that they will not interfere with
immersion rinse a means of removing excess pene- the examination process
trant in which the test parts are dipped into an agitated rinse the process of removing liquid penetrant
tank of water or remover examination materials from the surface of a test part
inspection visual examination of the test part after by means of washing or flooding with another liquid,
completion of the liquid penetrant processing steps usually water. The process is also termed wash.
lipophilic emulsifier see emulsifier lipophilic solvent remover a volatile liquid penetrant used
liquid penetrant examination a nondestructive test to remove excess penetrant from the surface being
that uses suitable liquids that penetrate discontinuities examined
open to the surface of solid materials and, after appro- temperature envelope the temperature range over
priate treatment, indicate the presence of discontinuities which a particular penetrant inspection test will operate
overemulsification excessive emulsifier dwell time viscosity the property of a fluid that presents a
which results in the removal of penetrants from some resistance to shearing flow
discontinuities
visible light electromagnetic radiation in the 400
overwashing too long or too vigorous washing, or
700 (40007000 A) wavelength range
both, which results in removal of penetrants from some
discontinuities visual adaptation the adjustment of the eyes when
one passes from a bright to a darkened place
penetrant a solution or suspension of dye
penetrant comparator an intentionally flawed speci- wash same as rinse
men having separate but adjacent areas for the applica- water tolerance the amount of water that a penetrant
tion of different liquid penetrant materials so that a or emulsifier can absorb before its effectiveness is
direct comparison of their relative effectiveness can be impaired
obtained wetting action the ability of a liquid to spread over
NOTE 16 It can also be used to evaluate liquid penetrant and adhere to solid surfaces
techniques, liquid penetrant systems, or test conditions.
penetrant, fluorescent a penetrant that emits visible
radiation when excited by black light
penetrant, post emulsifiable a liquid penetrant that
requires the application of a separate emulsifier to 10. Magnetic Particle Examination
render the excess surface penetrant water-washable
ammeter shunt a low-resistance precision resistor
penetrant, solvent-removable a liquid penetrant so with high current carrying capacity connected in parallel
formulated that most of the excess surface penetrant with an ammeter
can be removed by wiping with a lint-free material,
with the remaining surface penetrant traces removable ampere turns the product of the number of turns
by further wiping with a lint-free material lightly moist- of a coil and the current in amperes flowing through
ened with solvent remover the coil
penetrant, visible a liquid penetrant that is character- arc strikes localized burn damage to a part from
ized by an intense color, usually red an arc caused by making or breaking an energized
electrical circuit
penetrant, water-washable a liquid penetrant with
a built-in emulsifier background in magnetic particle examination, the
penetration time same as dwell time appearance of the surface of the test part against which
indications are viewed
pooling the existence of excessive amounts of pene-
trant, emulsifier, or developer in an incompletely bath see suspension
drained area bipolar field see field, bipolar
626
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black light electromagnetic radiation in the near current induction method a method of magnetizing
ultraviolet range of wavelength (330 to 390 nm) (3300 in which a circulating current is induced in a ring
to 3900 A) component by the influence of a fluctuation magnetic
black light filter a filter that transmits near ultraviolet field that links the component
radiation while absorbing other wavelengths dark adaptation the adjustment of the eyes when
carrier fluid the fluid in which fluorescent and one passes from a bright to a darkened place
nonfluorescent magnetic particles are suspended to facil- demagnetization the reduction of residual magnetism
itate their application to an acceptable level
central conductor a conductor passed through a diffuse indications indications that are not clearly
hollow part and used to produce circular magnetization defined as, for example, indications of subsurface defects
within the part
direct contact magnetization a technique of magnetiz-
circular field see field, circular
ing in which the current is passed through a part via
circular magnetization the magnetization in a part prods or contact heads
resulting from current passed directly through the part
dry method magnetic particle inspection in which
or through a central conductor
the ferromagnetic particles employed are in the dry
coercive force the magnetizing force at which the powder form
magnetic flux density is equal to zero. The correspond-
ing field intensity value is indicative of the ease of dry powder finely divided ferromagnetic particles
difficulty or demagnetization. suitably selected and prepared for magnetic particle
inspection
coil method a method of magnetization in which
part, or whole, of the component is encircled by a dry technique in magnetic particle examination,
the examination technique in which the ferromagnetic
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current-carrying coil
particles are applied in the dry powder form
coil technique a technique of magnetization in which
all, or a portion, of the part is encircled by a current- electromagnet a soft iron core surrounded by a coil
carrying coil of wire that temporarily becomes a magnet when an
conditioning agent an additive to a water suspension electric current flows through the wire
that will impart specific properties such as proper energizing cycle the application of a magnetizing
wetting, particle dispersion, or corrosion resistance force to a conductor
contact head electrode assembly used to clamp and examination medium a powder or suspension of
support a part to facilitate passage of electrical current magnetic particles that is applied to a magnetized test
through the part for circular magnetization surface to determine the presence or absence of surface
contact pad replaceable metal pad, usually of copper or slightly subsurface discontinuities
braid, placed on electrodes to give good electrical ferromagnetic a term applied to materials that can
contact, thereby preventing damage, such as arc strikes, be magnetized or strongly attracted by a magnetic field
to the part under test
field, bipolar longitudinal magnetic field within a
continuous method with relation to magnetic particle part that has two poles
inspection: a method wherein the indicating medium
is applied while the magnetizing force is present. field, circular magnetic generally, the magnetic field
surrounding any electrical conductor or part resulting
core (of an electromagnetic inspection circuit) that
from a current being passed through the part or conduc-
part of the magnetic circuit which is within the electrical
tor from one end to another
winding
field, longitudinal magnetic magnetic field wherein
Curie point the temperature at which ferromagnetic
the flux lines traverse the component in a direction
materials can no longer be magnetized by outside
essentially parallel with its longitudinal axis
forces, and at which they lose their residual magnetism
[approximately 1,200 to 1,600F (649 to 871C) for field, magnetic the space, within and surrounding
many metals] a magnetized part or a conductor carrying current, in
current flow method a method of magnetizing by which the magnetic force is exerted
passing a current through a component via prods or field, magnetic leakage the magnetic field that leaves
contact heads. The current may be alternating, rectified or enters the surface of a part at a discontinuity or
alternating, or direct. change in section configuration of a magnetic circuit
627

field, residual magnetic the field that remains in a induced current method see current induction method
piece of magnetizable material after the magnetizing induced field see indirect magnetization
force has been removed
inherent fluorescence fluorescence that is an intrinsic
field, resultant magnetic (sometimes called vector): characteristic of a material
a magnetic field that is the result of two magnetizing
inspection medium see examination medium
forces impressed upon the same area of a magnetizable
object leakage field see field, magnetic leakage
field strength see magnetic field strength leeches permanent magnets or electromagnets that
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are attached to the electrodes carrying magnetizing
fill factor in magnetic particle examination, the ratio
current and that are strong enough to hold electrode
of the cross-sectional area of the part being tested to
contact firmly
the cross-sectional area of the encircling coil
flash magnetization magnetization by a current flow light intensity the light energy reaching a unit area
of very brief duration of surface per unit time
flash point the lowest temperature at which vapors lines of force a conceptual representation of magnetic
above a volatile combustible substance ignite in air flux based upon the line pattern produced when iron
when exposed to a flame filings are sprinkled on paper laid over a permanent
magnet
fluorescence the emission of visible radiation by a
substance as the result of, and only during, the absorp- local magnetization magnetization of a prescribed
tion of black light radiation volume or surface of a part
fluorescent examination method the magnetic particle longitudinal magnetization a magnetic field wherein
examination method employing a finely divided fluo- the lines of force traverse the part in a direction
rescent ferromagnetic inspection medium essentially parallel with its longitudinal axis
fluorescent magnetic particle inspection the magnetic magnet, permanent see permanent magnet
particle inspection process employing a finely divided magnetic field the volume within and surrounding
fluorescent ferromagnetic inspection medium that fluo- either a magnetized part or a current-carrying conductor
resces when activated by black light [3200 to 4000 A wherein a magnetic force is exerted
(320 to 400 nm)] magnetic field indicator a pocket meter that is used
flux density, magnetic the strength of a magnetic to locate or determine the relative intensity of leakage
field, expressed in flux lines per unit area field emanating from a part
flux leakage field the magnetic field that leaves or magnetic field meter an instrument designed to
enters the surface of a part as the result of a discontinuity measure the flux density of magnetic fields
or a change in section magnetic field strength the measured intensity of a
flux lines see lines of force magnetic field at a point, expressed in oersteds or
flux penetration the depth to which a magnetic flux amperes per metre
exists in a part magnetic hysteresis in a magnetic material, as iron,
full-wave direct current (FWDC) a rectified three- a lagging in the values of resulting magnetization due
phase alternating current to a changing magnetic force. (See also hysteresis.)
furring buildup or bristling of magnetic particles magnetic particle examination a nondestructive test
due to excessive magnetization of the component under method utilizing magnetic leakage fields and suitable
examination resulting in a furry appearance indicating materials to disclose surface and near-surface
half-wave current (HW) a rectified single-phase discontinuity indications
alternating current that produces a pulsating unidirec- magnetic particle examination flaw indications the
tional field accumulation of ferromagnetic particles along the areas
hysteresis (1) the lagging of the magnetic effect of flaws or discontinuities due to the distortion of the
when the magnetic force acting upon a ferromagnetic magnetic lines of force in those areas
body is changed (2) the phenomenon exhibited by a magnetic particle field indicator an instrument,
magnetic system wherein its state is influenced by its typically a bi-metal (for example, carbon steel and
previous history copper) octagonal disk, containing artificial flaws used
indirect magnetization magnetization induced in a to verify the adequacy or direction, or both, of the
part when no direct electrical contact is made magnetizing field
628

magnetic particles finely divided ferromagnetic mate- residual technique the application of the magnetic
rial capable of being individually magnetized and at- particles after the magnetizing force has been discon-
tracted to distortion in a magnetic field tinued
magnetic pole one of two or more areas of flux resultant field see field, resultant
leakage on a part retentivity the ability of a material to retain a portion
magnetic writing a form of nonrelevant indication of the applied magnetic field after the magnetizing
sometimes caused when the surface of a magnetized part force has been removed
comes in contact with another piece of ferromagnetic saturation, magnetic the total magnetization produced
material in a ferromagnetic material, at which point the incremen-
magnetization, circular see field, circular tal permeability has progressively decreased to ap-
magnetization, longitudinal see field, longitudinal proach unity
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magnetizing current the flow of either alternating sensitivity the degree of capability of a magnetic
or direct current used to induce magnetism into the particle examination technique for indicating surface
part being inspected or near surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials
magnetizing force the magnetizing field applied to shot a short energizing cycle in a magnetic particle
a ferromagnetic material to induce magnetization examination
multidirectional magnetization the alternative appli- skin effect the phenomenon that causes the magnetiza-
cation of magnetic fields in different directions during tion produced by alternating current to be contained
the same time frame near the surface of a ferromagnetic part
near surface discontinuity a discontinuity not open solenoid an electrical conductor formed into a coil
to, but lying near, the surface of a part undergoing subsurface discontinuity any defect that does not
examination which produces broad, fuzzy, lightly held open onto the surface of the part in which it exists
powder patterns surge magnetization use of a high initial current
overall magnetization magnetization of an entire for a short period (less than a second), then a continuous
part with a single energizing cycle reduced current while the inspection medium is applied
permanent magnet a magnet that retains a high suspension a two-phase system consisting of a finely
degree of magnetization virtually unchanged for a long divided solid dispersed in a liquid
period of time (characteristic of materials with high swinging field see multidirectional magnetization
retentivity)
test piece a specimen containing known artificial
permeability the ratio of flux density produced to or natural defects used for checking the efficiency of
magnetizing force (the ease with which a material can magnetic particle flaw detection processes
become magnetized)
test ring a ring specimen containing artificial subsur-
pole the area on a magnetized part from which the face discontinuities which is used to evaluate and
magnetic field is leaving or returning into the part compare the overall performance and sensitivity of
polymer technique the examination technique in magnetic particle examination techniques
which a polymer is used as the particle suspension through-coil technique see coil technique
vehicle
true continuous technique magnetic particle examina-
powder see dry powder tion in which the magnetizing current is applied prior
powder blower a compressed air device used to to the application of the magnetic particles and is
apply magnetic powder over the surface of a part maintained without interruption throughout the exami-
undergoing inspection nation
prods hand-held electrodes vehicle a liquid medium for the suspension of
quick break a sudden interruption of the magnetizing magnetic particles
current visible light radiant energy generated in 400 to 700
residual magnetic field the field that remains in nm (4000 to 7000 A) wavelength range
ferromagnetic material after the magnetizing force has water break test a quality control test of condi-
been removed tioned water
629

wet slurry technique a magnetic particle examination It does not necessarily coincide with the geometrical
technique in which the magnetic particles are suspended cross-sectional area r2. It is given in units of area,
in a high-viscosity vehicle 1 barn p 1024 cm2.
wet technique the examination technique in which direct exposure imaging in the direct exposure
the magnetic particles are suspended in a liquid vehicle imaging method, the conversion screen and image re-
white light see visible light corder are simultaneously exposed to the neutron beam
yoke a magnet that induces a magnetic field in the electron volt the kinetic energy gained by an electron
area of a part that lies between its poles. Yokes may after passing through a potential difference of 1 V
be permanent magnets or either alternating-current or facility scattered neutrons neutrons scattered in the
direct-current electromagnets facility that contribute to the film exposure
yoke magnetization a longitudinal magnetic field effective gamma content. is the percent back-
induced in a part, or in an area of a part, by means ground film darkening caused by low-energy photon
of an external electromagnet shaped like a yoke radiation absorbed by pair production in 2 mm of lead
gamma ray electromagnetic radiation having its
origin in an atomic nucleus
11. Neutron Radiology half-life the time required for one half a given
number of radioactive atoms to undergo decay
activation the process of causing a substance to
half-value layer the thickness of an absorbing mate-
become artificially radioactive by subjecting it to bom-
rial required to reduce the intensity of a beam of
bardment by neutrons or other particles
incident radiation to one-half of its original intensity
attenuation coefficient related to the rate of change
in the intensity of a beam of radiation as it passes image quality indicator a device or combination of
through matter. See linear and mass attenuation coeffi- devices whose image or images on a neutron radiograph
cient. provide visual or quantitative data, or both, concerning
the radiographic sensitivity of the particular neutron
attenuation cross section the probability, expressed
radiograph
in barns, that a neutron will be totally absorbed by
the atomic nucleus indirect exposure a method in which only a gamma-
insensitive conversion screen is exposed to the neutron
barn a unit of area used for expressing the area
beam. After exposure, the conversion screen is placed
of nuclear cross sections: 1 barn p 1024 cm2.
in contact with the image recorder.
cadmium ratio the ratio of the neutron reaction rate
L /D ratio one measure of the resolution capability
measured with a given bare neutron detector to the
of a neutron radiographic system. It is the ratio of the
reaction rate measured with an identical neutron detector
distance between the entrance aperture and the image
enclosed by a particular cadmium cover and exposed
plane (L) to the diameter of the entrance aperture (D).
in the same neutron field at the same or an equivalent
spatial location linear attenuation coefficient a measure of the frac-
tional decrease in radiation beam intensity per unit of
NOTE 17 In practice, meaningful experimental values can be distance traveled in the material (cm1)
obtained in an isotropic neutron field by using a cadmium filter
approximately 1-mm thick. low-energy photon radiation gamma- and X-ray
cassette a light-tight device for holding film or photon radiation having energy less than 200 keV
conversion screens and film in close contact during (excluding visible and ultraviolet light)
exposure mass attenuation coefficient a measure of the frac-
contrast agent a material added to a component to tional decrease in radiation beam intensity per unit of
enhance details by selective absorption of the incident surface density cm2 gm1
radiation moderator a material used to slow fast neutrons.
conversion screen a device that converts the imaged Neutrons are slowed down when they collide with
neutron beam to radiation or light that exposes the atoms of light elements such as hydrogen, deuterium,
radiographic film beryllium, and carbon
cross section the apparent cross-sectional area of NC effective thermal neutron content or neutron
the nucleus as calculated on the basis of the probability radiographic contrast. NC is the percent background
of occurrence of a reaction by collision with a particle. film exposure due to unscattered thermal neutrons.
630
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neutron a neutral elementary particle having an by identification of type of indicator, size of defect,
atomic mass close to 1. In the free state outside of and the absorber thickness on which the discontinuity
the nucleus, the neutron is unstable having a half-life is observed.
of approximately 10 min. thermalization the process of slowing neutron veloci-
neutron radiography the process of producing a ties by permitting the neutrons to come to thermal
radiograph using neutrons as the penetrating radiation equilibrium with a moderating medium
object scattered neutrons neutrons scattered by the thermalization factor the inverse ratio of the thermal
test objects that contribute to the film exposure neutron flux obtained in a moderator, per source neutron
P effective pair production content. P is the percent thermal neutrons neutrons having energies ranging
background exposure caused by pair production in 2 between 0.005 eV and 0.5 eV; neutrons of these energies
mm of lead. are produced by slowing down fast neutrons until they
pair production the process whereby a gamma are in equilibrium with the moderating medium at a
photon with energy greater than 1.02 MeV is converted temperature near 20C.
directly into matter in the form of any electron-positron total cross section the sum of the absorption and
pair. Subsequent annihilation of the positron results in scattering cross sections
the production of two 0.511 MeV gamma photons. vacuum cassette a light-tight device having a flexible
process control radiograph a radiograph which entrance window, which when operated under a vacuum,
images a beam purity indicator and sensitivity indicator holds the film and conversion screen in intimate contact
under identical exposure and processing procedures as during exposure
the test object radiograph. A process control radiograph
may be used to determine image quality parameters in
circumstances of large or unusual test object geometry.
radiograph a permanent, visible image on a recording 12. Ultrasonic Examination (E 127, E 494,
medium produced by penetrating radiation passing E 664, and E 804)
through the material being tested A-scan a method of data presentation utilizing a
radiographic inspection the use of X rays or nuclear horizontal baseline that indicates distance, or time, and
radiation, or both, to detect discontinuities in material, a vertical deflection from the baseline which indicates
and to present their images on a recording medium amplitude
radiography the process of producing a radiograph amplitude the vertical pulse height of a signal,
using penetrating radiation usually base to peak, when indicated by an A-scan
radiological examination the use of penetrating presentation
ionizing radiation to display images for the detection angle beam a term used to describe an angle of
of discontinuities or to help ensure integrity of the part incidence or refraction other than normal to the surface
radiology the science and application of X rays, of the test object, as in angle beam examination, angle
gamma rays, neutrons, and other penetrating radiations beam search unit, angle beam longitudinal waves, and
radioscopic inspection the use of penetrating radia- angle beam shear waves
tion and radioscopy to detect discontinuities in material apparent attenuation the observed ultrasound energy
radioscopy the electronic production of a radiological loss. In addition to the true loss, the apparent attenuation
image that follows very closely the changes with time may also include losses attributable to instrumentation,
of the object being imaged specimen configuration, beam divergence, interface re-
real-time radioscopy radioscopy that is capable of flections, and measurement procedure. (E 664)
following the motion of the object without limitation area amplitude response curve a curve showing the
of time changes in amplitude at normal incidence from planar
S effective scattered neutron content. S is the percent reflectors of different areas located at equal distances
background film darkening caused by scattered neutrons. from the search unit in an ultrasonic-conducting medium
scattered neutrons neutrons that have undergone a attenuation a factor that describes the decrease in
scattering collision but still contribute to film exposure ultrasound intensity with distance. Normally expressed
in decibel per unit length.
sensitivity value the value determined by the smallest
standard discontinuity in any given sensitivity indicator NOTE 18 The attenuation parameter is sometimes expressed in
observable in the radiographic image. Values are defined nepers (Np) per unit length. The value in decibels (dB) is 8.68 times
631
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the value in nepers. If the loss over a path is 1 Np, then the crystal (see transducer) the piezoelectric element
amplitude has fallen to 1 /e of its initial value (e p 2.7183. . .). (E 664)
in an ultrasonic search unit. The term is used to describe
attenuator a device for altering the amplitude of single crystal piezoelectrics as well as polycrystalline
an ultrasonic indication in known increments, usually piezoelectrics, such as ferroceramics.
decibels
DAC (distance amplitude correction) (swept gain, time
B-scan presentation a means of ultrasonic data corrected gain, time variable gain, etc.) electronic
presentation which displays a cross section of the change of amplification to provide equal amplitude
specimen indicating the approximate length (as detected from equal reflectors at different depths
per scan) of reflectors and their relative positions damping, search unit limiting the duration of a
back reflection indication of the echo from the far signal from a search unit subject to a pulsed input by
boundary of the material under test electrically or mechanically decreasing the amplitude
back surface the end of a reference block that is of successive cycles
opposite the entry surface (E 127) dB control a control that adjusts the amplitude of
base line the time of flight or distance trace (hori- the display signal in dB units
zontal) across the A-scan CRT display (for no signal dead zone the distance in the material from the
condition) surface of the test object to the depth at which a
beam axis the acoustic centerline of a search units reflector can first be resolved under specified conditions.
beam pattern as defined by the locus of points of It is determined by the characteristics of the search
maximum sound pressure in the far field, and its unit, the ultrasonic test instrumentation, and the test
extension into the near field object
beam spread a divergence of the ultrasonic beam decibel (dB) twenty times the base ten logarithm
as the sound travels through a medium of the ratio of two ultrasonic signal amplitudes: dB p
20 log10 (amplitude ratio)
bottom echo see back reflection
delayed sweep an A-scan or B-scan presentation in
bubbler a device using a liquid stream to couple which an initial part of the time scale is not displayed
an ultrasonic beam to the test piece
DGS (distance gain size-German AVG) distance
C-scan an ultrasonic data presentation which provides amplitude curves permitting prediction of reflector size
a plain view of the test object, and discontinuities compared to the response from a back surface reflection
therein
distance amplitude compensation (electronic) the
collimator a device for controlling the size and compensation or change in receiver amplification neces-
direction of the ultrasonic beam sary to provide equal amplitude on the display of the
compressional wave see longitudinal wave ultrasonic flaw detector for reflectors of equal area
contact testing a technique in which the search unit which are located at different depths in the material
makes contact directly with the test piece through a distance amplitude response curve a curve showing
thin layer of couplant the relationship between the different distances and the
continuous wave a constant flow of ultrasonic waves, amplitudes of ultrasonic response from targets of equal
as opposed to pulsed size in an ultrasonic response from targets of equal
size in an ultrasonic transmitting medium (E 127)
control echo reference signal from a constant re-
flecting surface, such as a back reflection distance linearity range the range of horizontal
deflection in which a constant relationship exists be-
corner effect the reflection of an ultrasonic beam tween the incremental horizontal displacement of verti-
directed at normal incidence to the line of intersection cal indications on the A-scan presentation and the
of two perpendicular planes incremental time required for reflected waves to pass
couplant a substance used between the search unit through a known length in a uniform transmission
and test surface to permit or improve transmission of medium (E 494)
ultrasonic energy dual search unit a search unit containing two
critical angle the incident angle of the ultrasonic elements: one a transmitter, the other a receiver
beam beyond which a specific refracted wave no dynamic range a measure of the capability of a
longer exists test system to accept input signals of varying magni-
cross talk the signal leakage (acoustic or electric) tudes, given by the ratio of the maximum to minimum
across an intended acoustic or electric barrier input signals which at constant gain will produce distor-
632
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tion-free outputs having discernable changes with incre- can be generated only at particular values of frequency,
mental variations in input angle of incidence, and material thickness. The velocity
of the wave is dependent on the mode of propagation
NOTE 19 Dynamic range may be stated as the numerical value
of the ratio, however, this is usually expressed in decibels. and the product of the material thickness and the
examination frequency.
NOTE 20 When the output indications can be related to the size
of recognized targets, such as flat-bottomed holes, dynamic range is linearity (amplitude) a measure of the proportionality
sometimes expressed in terms of the maximum and minimum hole of the amplitude of the signal input to the receiver,
sizes that can be displayed. and the amplitude of the signal appearing on the display
echo indication of reflected energy of the ultrasonic instrument or on an auxiliary display
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
far field the zone of the beam where equal reflectors linearity (time or distance) a measure of the propor-
give exponentially decreasing amplitudes with increas- tionality of the signals appearing on the time or distance
ing distance axis of the display and the input signals to the receiver
focused beam converging energy of the sound beam from a calibrated time generator or from multiple echos
at a specified distance from a plate of material of known thickness
frequency (fundamental) in resonance testing, the longitudinal wave those waves in which the particle
frequency at which the wave length is twice the thick- motion of the material is essentially in the same direction
ness of the examined material as the wave propagation (E 494)
frequency (inspection) effective ultrasonic wave fre- loss of back reflection an absence or significant
quency of the system used to inspect the material reduction in the amplitude of the indication from the
frequency (pulse repetition) the number of times back surface of the part under examination
per second an electro-acoustic search unit is excited markers the electronically generated time pulses or
by the pulse generator to produce a pulse of ultrasonic other indicators that are used on the instrument display
energy. This is also called pulse repetition rate. to measure distance or time
gap scanning short fluid column coupling technique mode the type of ultrasonic wave propagating in
gate an electronic means of selecting a segment of the materials as characterized by the particle motion
the time range for monitoring or further processing (for example, longitudinal, transverse, etc.)
grazing incidence immersion inspection with the mode conversion phenomenon by which an ultrasonic
beam directed at a glancing angle to the test surface wave that is propagating in one mode can reflect or
harmonics those vibrations which are integral multi- refract at an interface to form ultrasonic wave(s) of
ples of the fundamental frequency other modes
holography (acoustic) an inspection system using multiple back reflections successive reflections from
the phase interface between the ultrasonic wave from the back surface of the material under examination
an object and a reference signal to obtain an image multiple reflections successive echoes of ultrasonic
of reflectors in the material under test energy between two surfaces
immersion testing an ultrasonic examination method near field the region of the ultrasonic beam adjacent
in which the search unit and the test part are submerged to the transducer and having complex beam profiles.
(at least locally) in a fluid, usually water Also known as the Fresnel zone.
impedance (acoustic) a mathematical quantity used in
noise any undesired signal (electrical or acoustic)
computation of reflection characteristics at boundaries;
that tends to interfere with the reception, interpretation,
product of wave velocity and material density
or processing of the desired signal
indication that which marks or denotes the presence
normal incidence (also see straight beam) a condition
of a reflector
in which the axis of the ultrasonic beam is perpendicular
initial pulse the response of the ultrasonic system to the entry surface of the part under examination
display to the transmitter pulse (sometimes called
main bang) penetration depth the maximum depth in a material
from which usable ultrasonic information can be ob-
interface the boundary between two materials
tained and measured
Lamb wave a specific mode of propagation in which
plate wave see Lamb wave
the two parallel boundary surfaces of the material under
examination (such as a plate or the wall of a tube) probe see search unit
establish the mode of propagation. The Lamb wave pulse a short wave train of mechanical vibrations
633

pulse echo method an inspection method in which Schlieren system an optical system used for visual
the presence and position of a reflector are indicated display of an ultrasonic beam passing through a transpar-
by the echo amplitude and time ent medium
pulse length a measure of the duration of a signal SE probe see dual search unit (twin probe)
as expressed in time or number of cycles search unit an electro-acoustic device used to trans-
pulse repetition rate see frequency (pulse repetition) mit or receive ultrasonic energy, or both. The device
pulse tuning a control used on some ultrasonic generally consists of a nameplate, connector, case,
examination equipment to optimize the response of the backing, piezo-electric element, wearface, or lens, or
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
search unit and cable to the transmitter by adjusting wedge.

the frequency spectrum of the transmitted pulse sensitivity a measure of the smallest ultrasonic signal
radio frequency (r-f) display the display of an which will produce a discernible indication on the
unrectified signal on the CRT or recorder display of an ultrasonic system
range the maximum sound path length that is shadow a region in a body that cannot be reached
displayed by ultrasonic energy traveling in a given direction
Rayleigh wave an ultrasonic surface wave in which because of the geometry of the body or a discontinuity
the particle motion is elliptical and the effective penetra- in it
tion is approximately one wavelength shear wave wave motion in which the particle
reference block a block that is used both as a motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation
measurement scale and as a means of providing an shear wave search unit (Y cut quartz search unit)
ultrasonic reflection of known characteristics a straight beam search unit used for generating and
reflection see echo detecting shear waves
reflector an interface at which an ultrasonic beam signal-to-noise ratio the ratio of the amplitude of an
encounters a change in acoustic impedance and at which ultrasonic indication to the amplitude of the maximum
at least part of the energy is reflected background noise
reject (suppression) a control for minimizing or skip distance in angle beam examination, the distance
eliminating low amplitude signals (electrical or material along the test surface, from sound entry point to the
noise) so that larger signals are emphasized point at which the sound returns to the same surface.
It can be considered the top surface distance of a
resolution the ability of ultrasonic equipment to give
complete vee path of sound in the test material.
simultaneous, separate indications from discontinuities
having nearly the same range and lateral position with straight beam a vibrating pulse wave train traveling
respect to the beam axis normal to the test surface
resonance method a technique in which continuous suppression see reject (suppression)
ultrasonic waves are varied in frequency to identify surface wave see Rayleigh wave
resonant characteristics in order to discriminate some sweep the uniform and repeated movement of an
property of a part such as thickness, stiffness, or bond electron beam across the CRT
integrity swept gain see DAC
saturation a condition in which an increase in input testing, ultrasonic a nondestructive method of exam-
signal produces no increase in amplitude on the display ining materials by introducing ultrasonic waves into,
saturation level see vertical limit through, or onto the surface of the article being exam-
scanning the movement of a search unit relative to ined and determining various attributes of the material
the test piece in order to examine a volume of the from effects on the ultrasonic waves
material test surface that surface of a part through which
scanning index the distance the search unit is moved the ultrasonic energy enters or leaves the part
between scan paths after each traverse of the part through transmission technique a test procedure in
scattered energy energy that is reflected in a random which the ultrasonic vibrations are emitted by one
fashion by small reflectors in the path of a beam of search unit and received by another at the opposite
ultrasonic waves surface of the material examined
scattering the dispersion, deflection, or redirection transducer an electroacoustical device for converting
of the energy in an ultrasonic beam caused by small electrical energy into acoustical energy and vice versa.
reflectors in the material being examined See also crystal.
634

transverse wave see shear wave. apparent temperature the temperature of an object
transverse wave wave motion in which the particle as determined solely from the measured radiance, assum-
displacement at each point in a material is perpendicular ing an emissivity of unity
to the direction of propagation (E 494) background radiation all radiation received by the
true attenuation that portion of the observed ultra- infrared sensing device that was not emitted by the
sound energy loss which is intrinsic to the medium specified area of the surface being examined
through which the ultrasound propagates. True attenua- background, target that portion of the background
tion losses may be attributed to the basic mechanisms which is confined to the field of view
of absorption and scattering. (E 664) blackbody an ideal thermal radiator (emissivity p
ultrasonic pertaining to mechanical vibrations having 1.0) that emits and absorbs all of the available thermal
a frequency greater than approximately 20,000 Hz radiation at a given temperature
ultrasonic noise level the large number of unresolved blackbody equivalent temperature the apparent tem-
indications resulting from structure or possibly from perature of an object as determined from the measured
numerous small discontinuities, or both (E 127) radiance and the assumption that it is an ideal blackbody
ultrasonic spectroscopy analysis of the frequency with emissivity of 1.0
spectrum of an ultrasonic wave differential blackbody an apparatus for establishing
two parallel isothermal planar zones of different temper-
vee path the angle-beam path in materials starting
atures, and with effective emissivities of 1.0 (E 1213)
at the search-unit examination surface, through the
material to the reflecting surface, continuing to the emissivity, the ratio of the radiance of a body at
examination surface in front of the search unit, and a given temperature to the corresponding radiance of
reflection back along the same path to the search unit. a blackbody at the same temperature
The path is usually shaped like the letter V. extended source a source of infrared radiation whose
image completely fills the field of view of a detector
vertical limit the maximum readable level of vertical
indications determined either by an electrical or a NOTE 21 The irradiance is independent of the distance from
physical limit of an A-scan presentation the source to the region of observation. In practice, sources that
are not extended sources are considered to be point sources; see
video presentation display of the rectified, and point source.
usually filtered, r-f signal field of view (FOV) the shape and angular dimensions
water path the distance from the transducer to the of the cone or the pyramid which define the object
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
test surface in immersion or water column testing space imaged by the system; for example, rectangular,
wave front a continuous surface drawn through the 4 deg. wide by 3 deg. high
most forward points in a wave disturbance which have imaging line scanner an apparatus that scans in a
the same phase single dimension and is moved perpendicular to the
wave train a succession of ultrasonic waves arising scan direction to produce a two-dimensional thermogram
from the same source, having the same characteristics, of a scene
and propagating along the same path infrared imaging system an apparatus that converts
wedge in ultrasonic angle-beam examination by the the two-dimensional spatial variations in infrared radi-
contact method, a device used to direct ultrasonic energy ance from any object surface into a two-dimensional
into the material at an angle thermogram of the same scene, in which variations in
radiance are displayed in gradations of gray tone or
wheel search unit an ultrasonic device incorporating in color
one or more piezoelectric elements mounted inside a
infrared reflector a material with a reflectance in
liquid-filled flexible tire. The beam is coupled to the
the infrared region as close as possible to 1.00
test surface through the rolling contact area of the tire.
infrared sensing device one of a wide class of
wrap around the display of misleading reflections
instruments used to display or record, or both, informa-
from a previously transmitted pulse, caused by an
tion related to the thermal radiation received from any
excessively high pulse-repetition frequency
object surfaces viewed by the instrument. The instrument
varies in complexity from spot radiometers to two-
dimensional real-time imaging systems.
13. Infrared Examination (E 1213)
infrared thermographer the person qualified or
absorptance, the ratio of radiant flux absorbed trained to use infrared imaging radiometer
by a surface to that incident upon it infrared thermography see thermography, infrared
635

instantaneous field of view (IFOV) for a scanning

system, the angular dimensions in object space within
which objects are imaged by an individual detector
(unit p deg. or rad)
DISCUSSION The IFOV is equivalent to the horizontal and

vertical fields of view of the individual detector. For small detectors,
the detector angular subtenses or projections, and , are defined
by p a /f and p b /f where a and b are the horizontal and
vertical dimensions of the detector and f is the effective focal length
of the optic. (IFOV may also be expressed as a solid angle in units
of sr.)
irradiance, E the radiant flux (power) per unit area
incident on a given surface (unit p W /m2)
limiting resolution the highest spatial frequency of FIG. 4 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF FOUR-BAR
a target that an imaging sensor is able to resolve PATTERN WITH BACKGROUND, USED TO
EVALUATE MINIMUM RESOLVABLE
line scanner an apparatus that scans along a single TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
line of a scene to provide a one-dimensional thermal
profile of the scene
minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD)
a measure of the compound ability of an infrared
imaging system and an observer to detect a target of point source a source whose linear dimensions are
unknown location at one temperature against a large very small compared with the distance from the source
uniform background at another temperature when dis- to the region of observation
played on a monitor for a limited time
NOTE 23 The irradiance varies inversely with the square of the
distance; a unique property of point sources.
DISCUSSION For a given target size, the MDTD is the minimum
temperature difference between the target and its background at radiance, L the flux per unit projected area per unit
which the observer can detect the target. The standard target is a solid angle leaving a source or, in general, any reference
circle whose size is given by its angular subtense, and both target
and background are isothermal blackbodies.
surface. If d2 is the flux emitted into a solid angle
d by a source element of projected area dA cos ,
minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) the radiance is defined as:
a measure of the ability of an infrared imaging system
and the human observer to recognize periodic bar targets d 2
on a display. The MRTD is the minimum temperature Lp
d dA cos
difference between a standard periodic test pattern (7:1
aspect ratio, 4 bars) and its blackbody background at
which an observer can resolve the pattern as a four- where, as shown in Fig. 5, is the angle between the
bar pattern (see Fig. 4). outward surface normal of the area element dA and
modulation transfer function (MTF) in infrared the direction of observation (unit p W /sr m2).
imaging systems, the modulus of a Fourier transform radiant exitance, M the radiant flux per unit area
that describes the spatial distribution of the overall leaving a surface. That is,
attenuation in amplitude of a thermal imaging system
d
NOTE 22 MTF is a sensitive function of spatial frequency. Mp
dA
noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) the
target-to-background temperature difference between a
blackbody target and its blackbody background at which where:
the signal-to-noise ratio of a thermal imaging system d p flux leaving a surface element dA (unit p
or scanner is unity W /m2).
object plane resolution the dimension in the object DISCUSSION In general, exitance includes emitted, transmitted,
plane that corresponds to the product of a systems and reflected flux.
instantaneous field-of-view and a specified distance radiant flux; radiant power, e radiant energy per
from the system to the object unit time (unitp W)
636
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active thermography refers to the examination of an object upon

intentional application of an external energy source. The energy
source (active or passive) may be a source of heat, mechanical
energy (vibration or fatigue testing), electrical current, or any other
form of energy.
transmittance, the ratio of the radiant flux transmit-
ted through a body to that incident upon it
vibrothermography a thermographic technique for
examining an object in which temperature differences
are produced by excitation
14. Optical Holography
amplitude hologram a recording of the variation of

light intensity caused by the interference between the
reference beam and the object beam, as light or dark
FIG. 5 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF areas on the recording medium. The light and dark
RADIANCE interference lines in the recording medium diffract laser
light to produce the reconstruction.
beam ratio the measured intensity of the reference
beam divided by the measured intensity of the object
radiometer an instrument for measuring the intensity beam in the plane of the recording medium
of radiant energy. In infrared thermography, an appara- beamsplitter an optical device for dividing a beam
tus that measures the average apparent temperature of into two or more separate beams
the surface subtended by its field of view.
coherence a property of a beam of electromagnetic
reflectance the ratio of the radiant flux reflected radiation in which the phase relationship between any
from a surface to that incident upon it two points across the beam or in time remains essentially
reflected temperature the temperature of the energy constant (see coherence length)
incident upon and reflected from the measurement coherence length the path difference between the
surface of a specimen object beam and the reference beam at which interfer-
spatial frequency a measure of detail in terms of
ence fringes reduce in contrast by a factor of 2 /2
equivalent, uniformly spaced, cyclical patterns. In an
(0.707) from the point of maximum contrast. The
object or image plane, it may be expressed in units
coherence length is related to the width of the spectral
of cycles per millimeter (cy /mm) or line pairs per
line emitted from the laser: Lc p c / v, where c is
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
millimeter (lp /mm). In an imaging system, it may be

the speed of light and v is the bandwidth of the
expressed in units of cycles per milliradian (cy /mrad)
spectral emission line.
or line pairs per milliradian (lp /mrad).
exposure the product of irradiance and time required
thermal resolution the smallest apparent temperature
to produce a suitable pattern on the recording medium
difference between two blackbodies that can be mea-
sured by an infrared sensing device fringe one of the light or dark bands produced by
the interference of the light scattered by the real object
thermogram a visual image which maps the apparent
and the virtual image of the object
temperature pattern of an object or scene into a corres-
ponding contrast or color pattern holography (optical) a technique for recording, and
reconstructing, the amplitude and phase distributions
thermography, infrared the process of displaying
of a wave disturbance; widely used as a method of three-
variations of apparent temperature (variations of temper-
dimensional optical image formation. The technique is
ature or emissivity, or both) over the surface of an
accomplished by recording the pattern of interference
object or a scene by measuring variations in infrared
between coherent light reflected from the object of
radiance
interest (object beam), and light that comes directly
NOTE 24 In general, passive thermography refers to examination from the same source (reference beam).
of an object or system during its normal operational mode, without
the application of any additional energy source for the express interference the variation with distance or time
purpose of generating a thermal gradient in the object or system; of the amplitude of a wave which results from the
637

superposition of two or more waves having the same, recording medium a light-sensitive material which
or nearly the same, frequency detects the interference between the object beam and
monochromatic a property of a beam of electromag- the reference beam. Typical recording media used in
netic radiation in which all waves in the beam have holography are silver halide film, thermoplastic film,
the same wavelength and electronic detectors such as video tubes and CCD
arrays.
object beam the portion of laser radiation which
illuminates the test object surface, is scattered, and reference beam laser radiation impinging directly
carries object information to the recording medium upon the recording medium through optical components
and which typically does not contain information about
object beam angle the angle between a line from
the test object. In some tests, the reference beam may
the center of the object to the center of the recording
be reflected or scattered from a portion of the object
medium and the normal to the center of the recording
surface. In this case, any object information contained
medium
in the reference beam is cancelled in the object beam
path length the distance traveled by the laser radiation by the interference between the object beam and the
from the beam splitter to the recording medium reference beam.
path length diffrerence the difference in path length reference beam angle the angle formed between
between the object beam and the reference beam the centerline of the reference beam and the normal
phase hologram a recording of the variations in to the recording medium
light intensity caused by the interference of the reference speckle the random interference pattern which results
beam with the object beam as variations in the thickness from the illumination of an optically rough surface
or index of refraction of the recording medium. The with coherent radiation. In laser systems, it results in
variations in thickness or index refract coherent light the granular effect which can be seen in a scattered
to produce the reconstruction. beam.
real image a reproduction of an object by an optical virtual image a reproduction of an object by an
system which gathers light from an object point and optical system which gathers light from an object point
transforms it into a beam that converges toward an- and transforms it into a beam that appears to diverge
other point from another point
638
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--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. TERMS DEFINED IN THIS STANDARD
X1.1 The following is an alphabetized list of terms amplitude distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

amplitude hologram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
defined in this standard:
amplitude response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
analog image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A-scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
analog to digital converter (a/d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
absolute coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
angle beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
absolute manometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
angstrom unit (A) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
absolute measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
annular coil clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
absolute pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
annular coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
absolute readout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
anode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
absolute system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
anode current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
absorbed dose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
absorbed dose rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
aperture leak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
absorptance, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
apparent attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8
apparent temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
accelerating potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
arc strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
acceptable quality level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
area of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
acceptance level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
acceptance limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
array processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
acceptance standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
arrival time interval (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
accumulation test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 artifact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
acoustic emission (AE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 artificial discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
acoustic emission channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 atmosphere (standard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
acoustic emission count (emission count) (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 atmospheric pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
acoustic emission count rate (emission rate or count rate) atomic mass unit (amu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
(N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 12
acoustic emission event (emission event) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 attenuation coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
acoustic emission event energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 attenuation cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
acoustic emission sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 attenuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
acoustic emission signal amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 audible leak indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
acoustic emission signal (emission signal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 autoradiograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
acoustic emission signal generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 average signal level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
acoustic emission signature (signature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B-scan presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
acoustic emission transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
acoustic emission waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 back pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 back pressure test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
acute radiation syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 back scattered radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
adaptive location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 back surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
AE activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
AE rms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 background signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AE signal duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 background target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
AE signal end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 backing pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AE signal risetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 backing space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AE signal start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 backing space technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
alkali ion diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 bake-out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
alphanumeric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ballast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
alpha particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 band pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
ammeter shunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 barn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
ampere turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 base line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
639

Bayard-Alpert ionization gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 concentration ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

beam axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 conditioning agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
beam ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 conductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
beam splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
beam spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 contact head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
bell jar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 contact pad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
bell jar testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 contact testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
betatron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 contaminant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
bipolar field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 continuous emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
blackbody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 continuous method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
blackbody equivalent temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 continuous wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
black light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
black light filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10 contrast agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
bleedout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 contrast sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
blocking or masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 contrast stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
blooming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 control echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
blotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 conversion screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
blow back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 core (of an electromagnetic inspection circuit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
bobbin coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 corner effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
bomb test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 count, acoustic emission (emission count) (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
bottom echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 count, event (Ne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
bubble immersion test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 count, ring-down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
bubbler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 count rate, acoustic emission (emission rate or count rate)
bucking coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
burst emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 couplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 12
C-scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
cadmium ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 cracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
calibration, instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 critical angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
carrier fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 cross talk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
cassette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 crystal (see transducer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
central conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 cumulative (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution
characteristic curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 F(V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
channel, acoustic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 cumulative (acoustic emission) threshold crossing
cine-radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 distribution Ft /(V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
circular field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Curie point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
circular magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 current flow method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
circumferential coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 current induction method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
clean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 cut-off level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
clean-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 DAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
clusec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 damping, search unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
coercive force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 dark adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 dBAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
coherence length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 dB control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
coil, absolute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 dead time, instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
coil method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 dead zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
coil, reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 defect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
coil size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 defect resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

coil spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 definition, image definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
coil technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 delayed sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
coil, test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 demagnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
cold-cathode ionization gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 densitometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
collimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 12 density (film) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
comparative measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 density comparison strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
comparative readout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 depth of penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
comparative system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 detergent remover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
comparator coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
composite viewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 developer, dry powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
compressional wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 developer, liquid film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
compton scatter radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 developer, nonaqueous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
computed location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 developer, soluble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
computed radiology (photo stimulated developer, wet (aqueous suspendible) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
luminescence method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 developing time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
640

DGS (distance gain size-German AVG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 electrical center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

diamagnetic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 electromagnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
differential (acoustic emission) amplitude distribution electromagnetic testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
F(v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 electron volt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
differential (acoustic emission) threshold crossing electrostatic spraying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
distribution [ft(V)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 eluant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
differential blackbody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 emission, burst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
differential coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 emission, continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
differential leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 emissivity, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
differential measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 emulsification time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
differential Pirani gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 emulsifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
differential readout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 emulsifier, hydrophilic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
differential signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 emulsifier, lipophilic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
differential system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 encircling coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
diffuse indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 end effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 energy, acoustic emission event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
digital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 energy, acoustic emission signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
digital image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 energizing cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
digital image acquisition system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 equivalent I.Q.I. sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
digital image enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 equivalent penetrameter sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
digital image processing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 equivalent nitrogen pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
digitize (for radiology) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 erasable optical medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
direct contact magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
direct exposure imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 examination area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
discharge pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 event acoustic emission event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
discharge tube leak indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 event count (Ne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 event count rate (Ne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
dissociation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 evaluation threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
distance amplitude compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 examination medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
distance amplitude response curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 examination region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
distance linearity range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 exhaust pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
distribution, amplitude, cumulative (acoustic emission) exhaust tubulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
F(V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
distribution, threshold crossing, cumulative exposure table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
(acoustic emission) Ft(v) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 exposure, radiographic exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
distribution, differential (acoustic emission) amplitude extended source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

f(V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 facility scattered neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
distribution, differential (acoustic emission) threshold false indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
crossing ft(V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
distribution logarithmic (acoustic emission) far field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
amplitude g(V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 feed-through coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
dragout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Felicity effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
drain time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Felicity ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ferromagnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
dry method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ferromagnetic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
dry powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 field, bipolar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
dry technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 field, circular magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
drying oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 field, longitudinal magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
drying time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 field, magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
dual search unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 field, magnetic leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
dwell time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 field, residual magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
dynamic leak test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 field, resultant magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
dynamic leakage measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 field of view (FOV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
dynamic range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 12 field strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
dynamic range (for radiology) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 fill factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 10
dynamic sensitivity of leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 film contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
echo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 film speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
eddy current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7
eddy current testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 first hit location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
edge effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 flash magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
effective depth penetration (EDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
effective permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 flaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
effective velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 flaw characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
641

floating threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 hydraulic pressure test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

flooded system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 hydrophilic emulsifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 hydrostatic test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
flow rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 10 IACS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
fluorescent examination method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ID coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
fluorescent magnetic particle inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ideal gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
fluorescent screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 image data file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
fluoroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 image definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
flux density, magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 image processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
flux leakage field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 image quality indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
flux lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 image quality indicator (IQI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
flux penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 imaging line scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
focal spot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 immersion rinse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
focused beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 immersion testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
fog density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 impedance (acoustic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
footcandle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 impedance analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
fore-line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 impedance plane diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
fore-line valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 imperfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
forepressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 infrared reflector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
fore pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 infrared sensing device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
forward scattered radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 infrared thermographer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 in-leakage rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
frequency (fundamental) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 incremental permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
frequency (inspection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 7, 12
frequency (pulse repetition) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
fringe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 indirect exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
FRP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 indirect magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
full-wave direct current (FWDC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 induced current method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
furring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 induced field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
gage pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 infrared imaging system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
gamma () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 inherent fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
gamma ray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 initial permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
gamma-radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 initial pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
gap scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 inlet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 inlet flange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 12 inlet port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
geometric unsharpness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 inserted coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
graininess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 inside coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
grazing incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 inside-out testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
half-life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
half-value layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 inspection medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
half-value thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 instantaneous field of view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
half-wave current (HW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 instrumentation dead time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
halogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 intensifying screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
halogen leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
harmonic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
harmonic distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 interval, arrival time (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
helium bombing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ion pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
helium drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ion source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
helium leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ionization potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
hermetically tight seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ionization vacuum gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
high-amplitude threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 IQI sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
high-vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 irradiance, E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
hit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 isolation test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
holding pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Kaiser effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
holography (acoustic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 keV (kilo electron volt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

holography (optical) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Krypton 85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
hood test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 kV (kilo volt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
hot-cathode ionization gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 L /D ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
hot-filament ionization gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Lamb wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
642

latent image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

lead screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 mass attenuation coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
leak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 mass number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
leak artifact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 mass spectrometer (M.S.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 mass spectrometer leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
leakage field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mass spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
leakage rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 mean free path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
leak testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 medium vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
leeches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 meV (mega or million electron volts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
lift-off effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 micro focus X-ray tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
light intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 micrometre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
limiting resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 micron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
linear accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 micron of mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
linear attenuation coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 millimetre of mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
linearity (amplitude) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 minifocus X-ray tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
linearity (time or distance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 minimum detectable leakage rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
line pair test pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 minimum detectable temperature difference (MDTD) . . . . . . . . . 13
line pairs per millimetre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) . . . . . . . . . 13
line scanner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
lines of force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mode conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
lipophilic emulsifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 moderator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
liquid penetrant examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 modulation analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
local magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 modulation transfer function (MTF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
location, accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 molecular flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
location, cluster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 molecular leak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
location, computed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 monochromatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
location, continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 multidirectional magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
location marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 multiple back reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
location source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 multiple reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
location zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 MV (mega or million volt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
logarithmic (acoustic emission) amplitude NC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
distributing g(V) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 near field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
longitudinal magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 near surface discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
longitudinal wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 net density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
loss of back reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 neutron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
low-amplitude threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 neutron radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
low-energy gamma radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 newton (N) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
low-energy photon radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7, 12
low vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
luminosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 nonerasable optical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
lusec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 nonrelevant indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
mA (milli ampere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 nonscreen-type film (direct-type film) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
magnet, permanent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 noncondensable gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 nonferromagnetic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
magnetic field indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 normal incidence (also see straight beam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
magentic field meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 normal permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
magnetic field strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 nuclear activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
magnetic history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 object beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
magnetic hysteresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 object beam angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
magnetic leakage flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 object-film distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
magnetic particle examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 object plane resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
magnetic particle field indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 object-scattered neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
magnetic particle examination flaw indications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 occlusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
magnetic particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 off-line testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
magnetic pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 on-line testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
magnetic saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 operating pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
magnetic storage medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 optical line pair test pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
magnetic writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 optical density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
magnetization, circular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 optimum frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
magnetization, longitudinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 outgassing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
magnetizing current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 outlet pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
magnetizing force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 overall magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 overemulsification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
643

overload recovery time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 12

overwashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 probe coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 probe coil clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
pair production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 probe gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
palladium barrier leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 probe test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
paramagnetic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 process control radiograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
partial pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 processing capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
pascal (Pa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 processing speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
pascal cubic metres per second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
path length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 prods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
path length difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 proportioning probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
pencil beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
penetrameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 pulse echo method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
penetrameter sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 pulse length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
penetrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 pulse repetition rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
penetrant comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 pulse turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
penetrant, fluorescent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 pump-down time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
penetrant, post emulsifiable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 pump-out tubulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
penetrant, solvent-removable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 quick break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
penetrant, visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 radiance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
penetrant, water-washable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 radiant exitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
penetration time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 radiant flux; radiant power, e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Penning gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 radio frequency (r-f) display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
perfect gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 radiograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
permanent magnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 radiographic contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
permeability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 radiographic equivalence factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
permeability coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 radiographic exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
permeability, a-c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radiographic inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
permeability, d-c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radiographic quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
phase analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radiographic sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
phase angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
phase detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radioisotope leak test system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
phase hologram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 radiological examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
phase-sensitive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
phase shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 radiometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Phillips ionization gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 radioscopic inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
photostimulable luminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 radioscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
photostimulable luminescent phosphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
photo fluorography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 range, dynamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
phosphor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 rare earth screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Pirani gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 rate event count (Ne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
pixel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 rate of rise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
pixel, display size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Rayleigh wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
pixel size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 real image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
plate wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 real-time radioscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11
point signal overload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 rearm delay time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
point source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 recording media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Poiseuille flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 recording medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 recording medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
polymer technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 recovery time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
pooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 reference beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
post cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 reference beam angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
post emulsification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 reference block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 reference coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
powder blower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 reference standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
precleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 reflectance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
pressure, design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 reflected temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
pressure difference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
pressure dye test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 reflector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
pressure-evacuation test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 reject (suppression) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
pressure probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 rejection level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
pressure testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 relevant indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
primary radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 representative quality indicator (RQI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
644

--`,,,,,`,`,,````,`,`,`,``,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`--- ARTICLE 30 TERMINOLOGY SE-1316
residual magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 speckle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

residual technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 spectrometer tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
resistance (to flow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 speed effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 spray probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
resonance method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 squealer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
response factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
response time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 standard depth of penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
resultant field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 standard depth of penetration (SDP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
retentivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 standard leak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ring-down count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 standard leakage rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
rinse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 standardization, instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
roughing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 step wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
roughing line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 step-wedge calibration film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
roughing pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 step-wedge comparison film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 step-wedge comparison film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
sampling probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 storage phosphor imaging plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
saturation level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 straight beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
saturation, magnetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 subject contrast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 subsurface discontinuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
scanning index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 summing amplifier (summer, mixer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
scattered energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
scattered neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 surface wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 12 surge magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Schlieren system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
scintillators and scintillating crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 swept gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SE probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 swinging field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
search unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 system examination threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
search-gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 system induced artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
secondary radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 system noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
selectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 10, 12 temperature envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
sensitivity control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 tenth-value-layer (TVL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
sensitivity of leak test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 test coil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
sensitivity value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 test frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
sensor acoustic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 testing, ultrasonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
step-wedge comparison film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 test piece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 test quality level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
shear wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 test ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
shear wave search unit (Y cut quartz search unit) . . . . . . . . . . . 12 test surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
shim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 thermal conductivity vacuum gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
shot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 thermalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 thermalization factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
signal, acoustic emission (emission signal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 thermal neutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
signal amplitude, acoustic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 thermal resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
signal gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 thermocouple gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
signal overload level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 thermogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
signal overload point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 thermography, infrared . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
signal-to-noise ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 12 three way sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
signature, acoustic emission (signature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 threshold level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
skin depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 threshold setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
skin effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 10 threshold voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
skip distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 throttling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
sniffing probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 through transmission technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
solenoid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 through-coil technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
solvent remover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
sorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 tight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 time, overload recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
source of stimulated acoustic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 time, rearm delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
source-film distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
spark coil leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 torr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
spatial frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 total cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
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total image unsharpness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 vibrothermography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

tracer gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 video presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
tracer probe leak location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 virtual image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 12 virtual leak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
transducer, acoustic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
transition flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 viscous flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
translucent base media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 viscous leak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
transmission densitometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 visible light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10
transmittance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 visual adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
transmitted film density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 voltage threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
transverse wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 wash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
true attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 water break test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
true continuous technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 water path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
water tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
tube current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
wave front . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
two-way sort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
wave guide, acoustic emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ultra high vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
wave train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ultrasonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ultrasonic leak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
wet slurry technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ultrasonic noise level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 wet technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ultrasonic spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 wetting action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 wheel search unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
vacuum cassette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 11 white light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
vacuum testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 wobble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
vapor pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 wrap around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
vee path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 yoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 yoke magnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
vertical limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
very high vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 zone location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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ARTICLE 30 01

TERMINOLOGY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE

SE-1316 Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

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(Identical with ASTM E 1316-99 except for editorial differences)

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3. Significance and Use usefulness and serviceability in order to detect, locate,

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FIG. 1 BURST EMISSION ON A CONTINUOUS EMISSION

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FIG. 2 CONTINUOUS EMISSION (SWEEP RATE 5 ms/cm)

FIG. 3 CONTINUOUS EMISSION (SWEEP RATE 0.1 ms/cm)

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where film contrast a qualitative expression of the slope

(a) aging deterioration, before or after exposure,

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translucent base media materials with properties TABLE 1

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sure, outlet pressure, exhaust pressure, or discharge TABLE 2

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inlet port see inlet TABLE 3

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(dichloro-difluoromethane, CC12F2) or less, divided by

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search unit and cable to the transmitter by adjusting wedge.

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instantaneous field of view (IFOV) for a scanning

DISCUSSION The IFOV is equivalent to the horizontal and

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active thermography refers to the examination of an object upon

14. Optical Holography

amplitude hologram a recording of the variation of

millimeter (lp /mm). In an imaging system, it may be

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X1. TERMS DEFINED IN THIS STANDARD

X1.1 The following is an alphabetized list of terms amplitude distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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Bayard-Alpert ionization gage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 concentration ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8