GERMAN ATV RULES AND STANDARDS

WASTEWATER - WASTE

ADVISORY LEAFLET
ATV - M 209E

Measurement of the Oxygen Transfer

in Activated Sludge Aeration Tanks
with Clean Water and in Mixed Liquor

June 1996

ABWASSER ABFALL GEWSSERSCHUTZ

GERMAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE WATER ENVIRONMENT
GERMAN ATV RULES AND STANDARDS
WASTEWATER - WASTE

ADVISORY LEAFLET
ATV - M 209E

Measurement of the Oxygen Transfer

in Activated Sludge Aeration Tanks
with Clean Water and in Mixed Liquor

June 1996
ISBN 978-3-934984-50-9

Advice

The German edition of Advisory Leaflet ATV-M 209 has in the

meantime been withdrawn and replaced by Advisory Leaflet
DWA-M 209 "Measurement of the Oxygen Transfer in
Activated Sludge Aeration Tanks with Clean Water and in Mixed
Liquor". Date of issue: April 2007.

Currently there is no translation in English of Advisory Leaflet

DWA-M 209 available.

Distribution: GFA Gesellschaft zur Frderung der Abwassertechnik e.V.

Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17 D-53773 Hennef P. O. Box 11 65 D-53758 Hennef
Tel. 00 49 22 42 / 8 72-120 Fax: 00 49 22 42 / 8 72-100
E-Mail: vertrieb@atv.de Internet: www.atv.de
 ATV-M 209E

Preparation
The following members belong to the ATV Working Group 2.6.2 "Measurement of Oxygen Transfer under
Process Conditions" which prepared this Advisory Leaflet:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Kayser, Braunschweig (Chairman)

Dr. techn. W. Frey, Wien
Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Kapp, Stuttgart
Dr.-Ing. B. Teichgrber, Essen
Dr.-Ing. M. Wagner, Darmstadt

The following have participated as guests:

Dipl.-Ing. G. Frse, Braunschweig
Dipl.-Ing. T. Grimm, Scharbeutz
Dipl.-Ing. J. Reichert, Darmstadt

The Advisory Leaflet presented here has been prepared within the framework of the ATV committee
work, taking into account the ATV Standard A 400 "Principles for the Preparation of Rules and
Standards" in the Rules and Standards Wastewater/Waste, in the January 1994 version. With regard
to the application of the Rules and Standards, Para. 1 of Point 5 of A 400 includes the following
statement The Rules and Standards are freely available to everyone. An obligation to apply them
can result for reasons of legal regulations, contracts or other legal grounds. Whosoever applies them
is responsible for the correct application in specific cases. Through the application of the Rules and
Standards no one avoids responsibility for his own actions. However, for the user, prima facie
evidence shows that he has taken the necessary care.

All rights, in particular those of translation into other languages, are reserved. No part of this Advisory
Leaflet may be reproduced in any form by photocopy, microfilm or any other process or transferred or
translated into a language usable in machines, in particular data processing machines, without the written
approval of the publisher.

Gesellschaft zur Frderung der Abwassertechnik e.V. (GFA), Hennef 1996

Produced by: J. F. CARTHAUS GmbH & Co, Bonn

June 1996 2
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Contents
Preperation............................................................................................................................................... 2

1 Preamble .................................................................................................................................. 5

2 Important terms and relationships........................................................................................ 6

2.1 Measurements in clean water and in mixed liquor ................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Measurements in clean water ................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Measurements in mixed liquor using the non-steady state method ......................................... 6
2.1.3 Measurements in mixed liquor under steady state conditions.................................................. 7
2.2 Oxygen transfer capacity, aeration efficiency ........................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Oxygen transfer capacity in clean water................................................................................... 7
2.2.2 Oxygen transfer capacity in mixed liquor.................................................................................. 7
2.2.3 Aeration efficiency in clean water ............................................................................................. 7
2.2.4 Aeration efficiency in mixed liquor ............................................................................................ 7
2.2.5 Oxygen transfer efficiency ........................................................................................................ 8
2.2.6 Oxygen transfer coefficient ....................................................................................................... 8
2.2.7 -value (interfacial factor) ......................................................................................................... 8
2.2.8 Standard oxygen saturation value ............................................................................................ 9
2.2.9 Oxygen saturation value ........................................................................................................... 9
2.2.10 -value (salinity factor).............................................................................................................. 9
2.3 Methods of measurement and evaluation................................................................................. 10
2.3.1 Absorption measurements ........................................................................................................ 10
2.3.2 Desorption measurements........................................................................................................ 12
2.3.3 Evaluation of absorption and desorption measurements ......................................................... 12
2.3.4 Off-gas measurements ............................................................................................................. 13
2.4 Influences of tank geometry and mixing conditions .................................................................. 15
2.5 Selection of the procedure for the measurement of oxygen transfer ....................................... 16

3 Execution of tests ................................................................................................................... 17

3.1 Measurement equipment .......................................................................................................... 17
3.1.1 DO probes................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.2 Recording of DO concentration ................................................................................................ 18
3.1.3 Technique of off-gas measurement .......................................................................................... 18
3.1.4 Power input measurement ........................................................................................................ 21
3.1.5 Air flow rate measurement ........................................................................................................ 21
3.1.6 Temperature.............................................................................................................................. 21
3.2 Chemicals ................................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.1 Cobalt catalyst........................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.2 Sodium sulphite......................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide.................................................................................................................... 23
3.2.4 Pure oxygen or nitrogen gas..................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Absorption and desorption measurements ............................................................................... 24
3.3.1 Determination of the test procedure ......................................................................................... 24
3.3.2 Test preparation ........................................................................................................................ 25
3.3.3 Arrangement of DO probes....................................................................................................... 25
3.3.4 Warming up of the aeration installation .................................................................................... 26
3.3.5 Addition of chemicals ................................................................................................................ 26
3.3.6 Measurement and recording of data during a test.................................................................... 27
3.4 Off-gas measurements ............................................................................................................. 27

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4 Test evaluation and report ..................................................................................................... 30

4.1 Absorption and desorption measurements ............................................................................... 30
4.2 Off-gas measurements ............................................................................................................. 30
4.3 Test report................................................................................................................................. 30

5 Measurement tolerances and guarantees ............................................................................ 32

5.1 Measurement tolerances .......................................................................................................... 32
5.2 Guarantees ............................................................................................................................... 32

6 Symbols* .................................................................................................................................. 33

7 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 35

Appendix 1: Table of standard oxygen saturation values .................................................................. 36

Appendix 2: Derivation of essential equations .................................................................................... 37

Appendix 3: Desorption tests with the application of pure oxygen gas ........................................... 41

Appendix 4: Evaluation of adsorption and desorption tests using a computer**) ........................... 45

*[Translator's note: In order not to complicate comparison between the original German text and this
translation, suffixes used with symbols have not been changed from the original German language
Standard although, in many cases, these suffixes are based on a German word, i.e. "L" for "Luft" has not
been changed to "A" for "air"]

**) Author`s note: The disk is only available in German and isn`t part of the English version.

June 1996 4
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1 Preamble
In addition to the adaptability and controllability, the oxygen transfer capacity and the aeration efficiency
characterise the performance and economy of aeration installations in activated sludge plants. In order to
standardise the measurement technique for oxygen transfer tests a

Guideline for the Determination of the Oxygen Transfer Capacity of Aeration Systems in Clean Water

was published in 1978 [1]. In Austria, the NORM (Austrian Standard Specification) M 5888 "Wastewater
Treatment Plants, Oxygen Transfer Performance of Aeration Installations, Determination in Clean water"
was published also in 1978 [2]. In the USA, in 1984, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), with
international participation published the ASCE Standard (comparable with a Standard Specification)
"Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean water". Following minor amendments this was published in
1992 in a 2nd Edition [3].

Completely new is the "Standard Guideline for In-Process Oxygen Transfer Testing" [4] also elaborated by
the ASCE with international participation.

While both the measurement technique and the test evaluation are equal for the determination of the
oxygen transfer in clean water and under process conditions (with the exception of off-gas
measurements), both measurements in clean water and also measurements under process conditions are
dealt with in this Advisory Leaflet.

In Germany and Austria one still works with a reference temperature of T = 10 C for oxygen transfer
[1,2]. As a rule the highest oxygen demand occurs with the highest reactor temperature (in ATV
Standard A 131 it is, for example, recommended that the aeration system should be designed for the
oxygen demand at T = 20 C). Internationally it has, for some considerable time, been usual to relate
the oxygen transfer to T = 20 C [3, 4]. In this Advisory Leaflet T = 20 C is therefore also taken as the
standard temperature. For conversion the following applies:

OC (T=20 C) = 1.02 OC (T=10 C)

The difference between the values for T = 10 C and T = 20 C is, therefore, negligibly small.

From clean water tests there is sufficient experience available on many types of aeration installation. The
requirements for guarantee tests in clean water should therefore be limited to special cases; additionally,
with small plants, the costs for clean water tests often bare no relation to the benefit.

Much more important and interesting for the operating behaviour of aeration installations are
measurements under process conditions with mixed liquor. Here, principally the maximum oxygen transfer
capacity and the aeration efficiency with the current average loading are of interest.

In this Advisory Leaflet, due to past experiences, unclear situations and/or the existence of different
possibilities often have the note "to be agreed beforehand". This agreement must be made between the
customer and the supplier of aeration facilities and, if required, also with the institution which carries out
the oxygen transfer tests.

This Advisory Leaflet applies only for the determination of the oxygen transfer in activated sludge plants. It
does not apply for aerated wastewater lagoons.

June 1996 5
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The following are to be agreed and, as far as possible, already taken into account with the request for
offers:

Which water, if not drinking water, will be used for clean water tests, comp. 2.1.1.
For which aeration settings and how many tests with each aeration setting are to be carried out, comp.
3.3.1.
Which measurement technique is to be applied, comp. 2.5
Whether measurements are to be carried out even with very low water temperatures, comp. 3.1.6.
Whether sodium sulphite should be added in dry form, comp. 3.2.2.
How the power input of the aeration installation is to be measured, comp. 3.1.4.
How the air flow rate is to be measured, comp. 3.1.5.
With what deviations are given guarantees to count as being met, comp. 5.

2 Important Terms and Relationships

2.1 Measurements in Clean Water and in Mixed Liquor

2.1.1 Measurements in Clean Water

For clean water tests the aeration tank is filled with clean water. Water with drinking water quality [5]
should be used. With this water the highest reproducibility of the tests results is ensured. If, due to the high
costs, no drinking water can be used then this is to be agreed on, i.e. already with the placing of the order
for the aeration installation. A low content of neutral salts is important, therefore the concentration of
dissolved solids should be 500 mg/l. By addition of sodium sulphite for the tests the salt content
increases further. Tests can be carried out up to a salt concentration of 2000 mg/l dissolved solids; this
corresponds with an electrolytic conductivity of ca. 3000 S/cm.

Organic substances in the test water lead to complexing of the cobalt applied as catalyst; they can in
addition reduce the oxygen transfer. Biologically treated wastewater or clean water coloured by algae is
therefore not usable. Salting as well as the use of cobalt are avoided if the dissolved oxygen (DO)
concentration is lowered by stripping with nitrogen gas or if the DO is increased for desorption tests by
gassing with pure oxygen.

2.1.2 Measurements in Mixed Liquor using the Non-Steady State Method

For application of the non-steady state method, the wastewater flow and the return sludge flow and, if
installed, the internal circulation flow are interrupted before the start of testing. The aeration is set to a
predetermined value. The test is started only when an almost constant respiration rate of the mixed liquor,
also characterised by a constant DO, has been reached. As through this TOC, COD and surfactants are
biodegraded to constant low concentrations, the reproducibility of tests at different times with the same
aeration setting is higher than with measurements under steady state conditions. Both, the off-gas method
as well as the absorption or desorption method are possible.

June 1996 6
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2.1.3 Measurements in Mixed Liquor under Steady State Conditions

For steady state conditions the aeration tank with the mixed liquor remains in full operation, however, the
aeration is set to a predetermined value. As the oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa20) is dependent on the
water quality (salt content, TOC, COD surfactants etc.), measurements on different days and at different
times may show different kLa20 or OC values.

The off-gas method is ideal for measurements under steady state conditions. With adsorption or
desorption tests a constant respiration over longer periods is a precondition for usable results. Such
measurements are therefore only practical if, through constant loading (e.g. balancing tanks), the
respiration can be kept constant.

2.2 Oxygen Transfer Capacity, Aeration Efficiency

2.2.1 Oxygen Transfer Capacity in Clean water, OC [kg/h]

OC is the mass [kg] of oxygen transferred by an aeration installation in one hour in a tank of certain size
filled with clean water at DO of C = 0 mg/l, a water temperature of 20 C and normal atmospheric pressure
(1013 hPa). The following applies:

V kLa20 CS,20
OC = (1)
1000

2.2.2 Oxygen Transfer Capacity in Mixed Liquor, OC [kg/h]

OC is the mass [kg] of oxygen transferred by an aeration installation in one hour in a tank of certain size
with mixed liquor at DO of C = 0 mg/l, a water temperature of 20 C and normal atmospheric pressure
(1013 hPa). The following applies:

V k La20 CS,20
OC = (2)
1000

2.2.3 Aeration Efficiency in Clean Water, OP20 [kg/kWh]

OP is the oxygen transfer in clean water (OC) divided by the power input P [kW] of the aeration installation
including associated mixing installations. The following applies:

OC
OP = (3)
P

2.2.4 Aeration Efficiency in Mixed Liquor, OP20 [kg/kWh]

OP is the oxygen transfer in mixed liquor (OC) divided by the wire power uptake P [kW] of the aeration
installation including associated mixing installations. The following applies:

OC20
OP = (4)
P

June 1996 7
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2.2.5 Oxygen Transfer Efficiency, OCL,h [g/(m3Nm)] or OAh, [%/m]

The oxygen transfer efficiency expressed as g oxygen per m of air and per m of diffuser depth (OCL,h) or
as % oxygen absorbed per m of diffuser depth (OAh) is used for the comparison of diffused air aeration
systems. Following many investigations OCL,h and OAh are, down to diffuser depths of hE = 6.0 to 8.0 m, to
a large extent independent of the diffuser depth [6]. The following applies with QL [m3N/h] (dry intake air
flow rate at 0 C and 1013 hPa) and the associated density of the oxygen in the air of 0.299 kg/m3:

OC
OCL,h = 1000 (5)
Q L hE

100 OC
OA h = (6)
hE (QL 0,299 )

Note: The temperature of the intake air is to be set at T = 20 C when designing the blower. In the case
that the intake air is used for cooling the blower a correspondingly higher temperature is to be selected.

OAh and OCL,h for conditions with mixed liquor are calculated correspondingly.

2.2.6 Oxygen Transfer Coefficient, kLaT or kLaT [h-1]

The oxygen transfer coefficient is the characteristic value for a certain aeration setting in a certain tank. It
is calculated from the oxygen transfer test at temperature T [C]. With the same aeration setting kLa (or
kLa) increases with increasing temperature. The following applies:

k L a 20 = k L a T 1.024 (20 T) (7)

The value of = 1.024 has been selected, in the spirit of international agreement, to correspond with the
ASCE Standard [3]. In the previous Advisory Leaflet [1] = 1.02 was used. Extrapolating a test
temperature of T = 10 C to the standard temperature of T = 20 C kLa is approximately 4 % greater than
with the application of = 1.02.

2.2.7 -Value (Interfacial Factor),[-]

Through various substances of wastewater, primarily surface active substances (surfactants), kLa in
wastewater and in mixed liquor is smaller than in clean water at otherwise similar conditions. The -value
serves for comparison and is defined as:

k a in mixed liquor
= L 20
(8)
k L a20 clean water

Both kLa20 values must be determined in the same tank with the same aeration installation and with the
same aeration intensity, as is not only dependent on the properties of the wastewater or mixed liquor but
also to a considerable extent on the aeration system [7].

With diffused air aeration systems kLa increases with increasing neutral salt content due to the reduction
of the coalescence of bubbles [8].

June 1996 8
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2.2.8 Standard Oxygen Saturation Value, CSS,T [mg/L]

The standard oxygen saturation value occurs in water with constant and same temperature of water and
water saturated air at a pressure of 1013 hPa. Standard saturation values are shown, dependent on the
temperature, in a table in DIN 38408, Part 23 (see Appendix 1).

2.2.9 Oxygen Saturation Value, CS,T [mg/L]

The oxygen saturation value occurs in a tank with clean water at constant aeration and constant water
temperature (T), i.e. the saturation value is achieved if the oxygen concentration in the tank no longer
alters. The determination of the oxygen saturation value is possible in clean water tests only. It is
determined either chemically in accordance with EN 25813 or by means of precisely calibrated DO probes
in accordance with EN 25814. Alternatively the supersaturation can be measured [9]. The precise
calibration of the DO probes is not necessary for the determination of kLa.

To convert the saturation value CS,T measured at T C, to the standard conditions (T = 20 C, p0 = 1013 hPa),
one uses the standard saturation values and takes account of the actual atmospheric pressure p [hPa].
The following applies:

C SS,20 1013
CS,20 = CS,T (9)
C SS,T p

With surface aeration systems the following can be applied as approximation:

CS,T = C SS,T (10)

For diffused air aeration the pressure at half the diffuser depth can, based on considerable experience, be
used as an approximation for the calculation of the saturation value. The following applies:

h
CS,T = CSS,T 1 + E (11)
20,7

Using Eqns. 10 or 11 one saves carrying out the precise calibration of the DO probes.

If, in one tank, there are both surface aerators as well as diffused air aeration operating then the
determination of the oxygen saturation value in situ is necessary at clean water tests.

2.2.10 -Value (Salinity Factor)

The oxygen saturation value is reduced by neutral salts. This is expressed by the -value. The following
applies:

C wastewater
= S,20 (12)
C
S,20 cleanwater

In municipal wastewater usually = 1.0. One can calculate the value approximately with the aid of the
total dissolved solids content TDS [mg/l] [4]:

TDS
= 1.00 0.01 (13)
1000

More precise details can be found in EN 25814.

June 1996 9
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2.3 Methods of Measurement and Evaluation

2.3.1 Absorption Measurements

With absorption measurements the oxygen transfer is determined from the increase of the previously,
artificially lowered DO concentration.

With tests using clean water the DO in the water is removed by the addition of a certain quantity of sodium
sulphite. The DO concentration can also be lowered by stripping with nitrogen gas. It must be ensured that,
after switching on of the aeration system, the mixing conditions become stable at C = 0 mg/l. Through
absorption (dissolving) of the oxygen of the air in the water, the oxygen concentration increases according
to the saturation function (Fig. 1). The following equations are explained in more detail in Appendix 2.

C t = C S (CS C0 ) exp ( k L a t) (14)

At measurements with mixed liquor, after a constant oxygen uptake rate was reached, the aeration is
switched off and the tank is mixed or the aeration is throttled. As a result of respiration the DO drops to
zero following a linear function.

After adjustment of the aeration to the setting be investigated the DO increases in the mixed liquor also in
accordance with a saturation function until the apparent saturation value C* is reached (Fig. 2).

C t = C * (C * C0 ) exp [ (k La + q) t ] (15)

At non-steady state tests the water flow becomes zero (q = 0)

C [mg/l]

Figure 1: Course of DO at an absorption test in clean water

June 1996 10
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If the apparent saturation value C* is smaller than approx. 0.5CS then kLa can become uncertain. If
the respiration rate of the mixed liquor drops during the test, then a too low value of kLa is determined;
conversely with increasing respiration rate one obtains a too great value of kLa. Measurements with
C* < 0.5 Cs should, as far as possible, be avoided.

C [mg/l]

Figure 2: Course of DO at an absorption test in mixed liquor

C [mg/l]

Figure 3: Course of DO at a desorption test in mixed liquor

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2.3.2 Desorption Measurements

With desorption measurements the oxygen transfer is determined from the decline of the previously
increased DO concentration. The DO can be increased both in clean water and in mixed liquor by gassing
with pure oxygen.

In most cases hydrogen peroxide is used to increase the DO of the mixed liquor. Then a 35 % solution of
H2O2 is dosed directly into the aeration tank with aeration operating at the setting to be investigated, whereby
C* should be > 2.0 mg/L [10]. The DO concentration in the tank increases with a jump due to the released
oxygen (Fig. 3). Enough peroxide should be dosed so that an increase of DO of about 10 mg/L is achieved.
The decrease of the DO follows a reversed saturation function which, in principle, equals Eqn. 15.

With non-steady state tests q is again zero. It should be noted that the respiration rate should also be
constant with desorption measurements. If the respiration rate of the mixed liquor falls during the test then
a too high value for kLa is calculated; with increasing respiration a smaller value for kLa is found.

2.3.3 Evaluation of Absorption and Desorption Measurements

With the measurement of absorption and desorption one obtains value pairs Ct and t. Previously it was
usual to plot the saturation deficit (CS Ct) or C* Ct against time on semi-log paper and to calculate
kLa or kLa from the slope of the compensating straight line. If the value pairs (Cs Ct) against t showed a
bent path, CS was altered until a linear path was found [11].

Today the parameters C0, CS or C* and kLa or kLa C [mg/l]

are determined by non-linear regression from the
given value pairs Ct and t. A computer programme
from BROWN and FISETTE [12] is most frequently
used. In the ASCE Clean Water Standard [3],
programmes are printed in BASIC and FORTRAN;
the standard provides a disk in Turbopascal for PCs.
There is also a disk provided with this Advisory
Leaflet (see Appendix 4).1

In addition to the parameter C0, the DO at the selected

at time t0, the oxygen transfer coefficient kLa (or kLa)
and the saturation value CS (or C*) and the residues, t [Minutes]
i.e. the differences between calculated and measured
DO values are also issued.

The distribution of the residues over time says a great

deal about the quality of the test data. If residues
show a random distribution (Fig. 4) the result is, in
general, all right. If, however, residues show a curve,
then usually the initial values of DO are falsified by the
lagging sulphite oxidation or by still not yet stabilised
mixing conditions. In individual cases the curved path
of the residues can also be caused by incorrect
values at the end of the adsorption or desorption
curve. Then a new calculation is necessary, leaving
out several initial values (postponement of to) or Figure 4: Plot of residues of DO from
several final values. This is demonstrated in an a good test (above) and a
example (see Appendix 4). disturbed test (below).

1) Authors afternote: The disk is only available in German and isn`t part of the English version.

June 1996 12
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2.3.4 Off-Gas Measurements

Off-gas measurements are possible only in activated sludge tanks with diffused air aeration. For a series
of measurements the air flow is set to a constant value. As aeration tanks, as a rule, do not have a gas
proof covering, the exhaust air (off-gas) is collected using a floating collection hood, AA [m2]. The following
values are measured: the off-gas flow rate, QL,e [m3/h], the volumetric fraction of oxygen of the off-gas, Xe,
as well as of the ambient air Xi, the temperature in the off-gas (TL) and the DO (C) and the temperature (T)
of the mixed liquor below the hood. The DO of the mixed liquor should be constant (C = C*) otherwise
dC/dt must be taken additionally into account. The measured value of the off-gas method is the volumetric
oxygen uptake rate, OVR* [g/m3h] calculated from the differences of the mass of oxygen in the input air
and the off-gas. With the air flows QL,i and QL,e in m3N/h the following applies:

QL,i Xi QL,e X e
OVR * = 1000 O2 (16)
A A hW

From the oxygen uptake rate the oxygen transfer coefficient results as:

1
k L a 20 = OVR * 1,024 (20T ) (17)
C s,T C

As QL,i is not measurable, one applies some sleight of hand: the off-gas to be measured is dried and freed
of CO2, i.e. it contains only O2 and N2. Then the molar ratio MV [mol O2/mol N2] can be formed:

Xi
MVi = (18)
1 Xi

Xe
MVe = (19)
1 Xe

Under the assumption that no N2 from denitrification processes is stripped, the number of moles of N2 is
the same in the inflow air and the off-gas. Then the actual oxygen transfer efficiency, OA* [%], becomes:

MVi MVe
OA* = 100 (20)
MVi

The oxygen transfer efficiency for standard conditions is obtained as follows:

MVi 100 CS,T C

OA h = 1 SS,20 1.024 (20 T) (21)
MVi h e CS,T C CSS, T

The saturation value CS,T can be taken from earlier tests with clean water in the same tank. When it has to
be calculated according to Eqn. 11, the atmospheric pressure at the time of the test has to be taken into
account.

h p
CS,T = C ss,T 1 + E (22)
20,7 1013

From Eqns. 17 and 21 it is clear that, with small saturation deficits (CS,T C) due to a false assumption of
the saturation value (CS,T) or an erroneous DO probe calibration and, resulting from this, a false DO
concentration (C), the error band for the oxygen transfer efficiency can be considerable. Therefore the
tests should only be carried out at DO concentrations of C 0.5 CS,T. With smaller DO concentrations of
C 1.0 mg/L denitrification can take place. Due to the stripping of nitrogen the measured value Xe is
falsified. Therefore at low DO concentrations tests should not be conducted.

June 1996 13
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With several measurements with the same air flow in the same tank with evenly distributed diffusers, it will
be found that QL,e and OAh vary in opposition (see Appendix 2).

In circular tanks the diffusers are frequently arranged in strings. On the surface of the water there are
areas in which bubbles occur and areas without bubbles. This is similar in closed loop tanks in which the
diffusers are arranged in fields (Fig. 5). In such tanks several measurements have to be made in each field
of bubbles.

Figure 5: Tanks with diffusers arranged in strings and in fields

As relevant value for any case the weighted mean of the oxygen transfer efficiency is formed for n
measurements with the same aeration setting:

(OA
1
h QL,e )
OA h = n
(23)
Q
1
L,e

The mean volumetric off-gas flow rate based on the tank volume below the hood is, in addition, calculated
as reference value:

Q
1
L,e
qL,e = (24)
n A A hW

June 1996 14
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This can be used for comparison with the volumetric input air flow rate qL,e [m3N/(m3h)] of the aeration
tank in which the measurements are carried out.

QL
qL,R = (25)
VBB
In tanks with evenly distributed diffusers qL,e should lie between 0.75 and 1.25 qL,R.

If one wishes to establish a reference between the oxygen transfer efficiency and the specific input air flow
rate of the tank, one must calculate QL,i. This requires, additionally, the measurement of the CO2 content of
the off-gas, moreover the partial pressure of the water vapour of the inflow air and the off-gas must be
taken into account [13] (see Appendix 2). The results, however, are no more precise than the here
recommended calculation using the molar ratios.

2.4 Influences of Tank Geometry and Mixing Conditions

Strictly, Equations 14 and 15 are only valid for completely mixed tanks. That is theoretically such tanks in
which with aeration, if required supported by mixing facilities, the same concentrations can be found at the
same time at all points. Rectangular tanks without separating walls (e.g. tanks with three cone surface
aerators) and rectangular tanks with even diffuser density over the floor or along the longitudinal axis of the
tank can, with regard to oxygen transfer testing, be considered as completely mixed (Fig. 7).

Rectangular tanks with staged diffusers are not completely mixed tanks. Due to the pumping effect of the
aeration there is an exchange of water between areas of different diffuser density. Therefore one will find,
in the areas of the highest diffuser density a smaller value of kLa value than in an independent, completely
mixed tank with the same diffuser density. Conversely, in the area of the smaller diffuser density a higher
kLa value is measured.

Closed loop tanks are considered to be completely mixed. In closed loop tanks with few aerators (e.g.
carousel) the rising or decreasing DO curve is stepped. The residues, therefore, are larger than in truly
completely mixed tanks but they are randomly distributed.

Figure 6:
Typical tank shapes with
different aeration arrangements

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2.5 Selection of the Procedure for the Measurement of Oxygen Transfer

The following procedures are available:

(1) In clean water:

(1.1) Absorption measurements following the lowering of the DO concentration using sodium
sulphite.

(1.2) Absorption measurements following the lowering of the DO concentration by injection of

nitrogen gas.

(1.3) Desorption measurements following the raising of the DO concentration by the injection of pure
oxygen gas.

(2) In mixed liquor:

(2.1) Absorption measurements following the lowering of the DO concentration by the respiration of
the mixed liquor.

(2.2) Desorption measurements following the raising of the DO concentration by the addition of
hydrogen peroxide or by the injection or admixture of pure oxygen gas.

(2.3) Off-gas measurements.

In clean water absorption measurements according to (1.1) are considered as standard practice. The
stripping of the oxygen with nitrogen (1.2) is only possible in tanks with diffused air aeration; this applies
practically also for the raising of the DO concentration with pure oxygen (1.3). Both procedures (1.2) and
(1.3) are practical if a large number of tests are to be carried out with the same water. With greater diffuser
depths and larger tank volumes desorption tests (1.3) can be more economical than absorption tests
according to (1.1) and (1.2).

Absorption and desorption measurements in mixed liquor in a non-steady state (2.1 and 2.2) have the
greatest reproducibility. For measurements in tanks with diffused air aeration with steady state conditions,
off-gas measurements (2.3) are advantageous as, during the short duration of the individual
measurements, a change of the respiration rate of the mixed liquor has hardly any negative influence.

June 1996 16
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3 Execution of Tests
3.1 Measurement Equipment

3.1.1 DO probes

At least 3 DO probes are necessary for absorption and desorption measurements. For tests in large tanks
6 probes are recommended in order that, with failures of probes, the expensive tests do not need to be
repeated (comp. 3.3.3).

A very accurate calibration of the DO probes is not necessary for absorption and desorption
measurements if the oxygen saturation value in accordance with Eqns. 10 or 11 is to be the basis for the
calculation of OC. In tanks with greater diffuser depths the measurement of the supersaturation [9] instead
of the accurate calibration of all probes is recommended for clean water tests. With this it is determined by
how much higher the DO concentration in the tank at the end of the test (saturation) is compared with the
condition in a flat vessel. In order to eliminate errors as far as possible, water with the same salt content
and same temperature as in the test tank should be used in the flat vessel (e.g. bucket). In each case a
bucket of water is taken out of the aeration tank approximately halfway through the test and aerated
intensively. The bucket is placed in a water bath filled with water from the tank (constant temperature). A
DO probe is placed in the bucket. By the end of the test a constant DO concentration (saturation) will be
measured in the bucket. A possible initially present supersaturation is removed through the aeration.

By changing the steepness setting of the DO meter a value of, for example, 60 % saturation is set for the
DO concentration in the bucket. At the end of the test the DO concentration in the tank is read with this
probe as, for example, 76.4 %. The supersaturation is 76.4 : 60 = 1.27. The standard saturation value
(CSS,20) is multiplied by this, one then obtains CS,20. It should be noted that saturation values higher than in
accordance with Eqn. 11 have still not been measured. For example, in a tower-biology system (hE = 20 m)
supersaturations were measured corresponding to hE/3 [9]; Eqn. 11 is based on hE/2.

For absorption and desorption measurements the response of the DO probes is important. The time which
a probe requires to indicate a jump in concentration of 90 % DO should be less than 1/20th of the time
which is required in the aeration tank to be tested in order to achieve a 90 % DO change [14]. As the DO
measurement also follows a saturation function after a jump of the DO concentration a probe kLa" can be
calculated. This should be 20 times greater than the kLa of the aeration facility to be tested. As the kLa
value of the aeration facility is known approximately the following applies:

t90%-probe [seconds] 415/kLa.

With kLa = 5 h-1 one obtains the necessary reaction time t90% 83 seconds.

Various DO probes require a relatively high flow rate (turbulence at the membrane), i.e. with reducing
turbulence the instruments show a decreasing DO. In a pre-test it is to be tested whether, with the selected
aeration facility, the turbulence is sufficient. This is not the case if the instrument shows a varying DO or if
it increases when the probe is moved by hand in the water. In cases of doubt precautions are to be taken
to increase turbulence at the probes.

In general, probes with short response times require a higher turbulence at the membrane.

For measurement of the DO concentration in aeration tanks during off-gas measurements, the probes are
to be calibrated with the greatest care (comp. 2.3.4.). In order to keep errors as small as possible the
temperature at which the probes are calibrated should be as near as possible to the temperature of the
mixed liquor in which the measurements are to be conducted.

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3.1.2 Recording of DO Concentration

The signals from all DO probes are to be recorded quasi continuously at absorption and desorption
measurements. For this either pen recorders of sufficient printing width and chart speed, printers or data
loggers or PCs with converters are to be employed.

The rising or decreasing DO curves must be recorded, without pre-run, for a period of at least 2t90% or
280/kLa (in minutes). With, for example, kLa = 5 h-1 the recording time is at least 56 minutes. With the
employment of data loggers or PCs with converters the data should be saved at intervals of t = 5/kLa
(minutes). With kLa = 5 h-1 there would be a value from each probe for every minute to be saved. With a
recording time of 56 minutes there would be, in this case, 56 values of C available for evaluation. The chart
speed of pen recorders is to be adjusted accordingly. In any case the calculation of kLa must be based on
at least 30 equidistant values of Ct.

3.1.3 Technique of Off-Gas Measurement

For the off-gas measurement a floating gas hood and the measurement installation are required. A
measurement arrangement which has proved itself is described below; design modifications are permitted.

The gas hood should be as large as possible. For transport reasons the dimensions of ca. 1.25/2.50 m are
not, as a rule, exceeded. It is important that the hood is gas tight (Fig. 7).

The floats are to be chosen in a way that the hood is submerged in the water by approximately 10 cm. The
free air space under the hood should be 20 to 30 cm. There are ropes attached at the corners of the hood
by which the hood can be moved and by which it is fixed in the tank. Preferably two DO probes (previously
calibrated) hang from the hood into the body of the water. The DO concentration of the mixed liquor should
be recorded by a pen recorder. From the centre of the hood a hose leads to the measurement installation.
The hose diameter is so to be selected that the pressure loss remains small and that the gas trapped by
the hood reaches the gas flow measurement. In general a hose of 50 mm is sufficient for a collection
hood of AA = 2.5 m2. At measurements in cold periods of the year it should be noted that condensed water
can collect in the hanging hose. Care is also to be taken that no foam penetrates into the gas hose.

Figure 7: Collection hood for off-gas measurements.

June 1996 18
 ATV-M 209E

The measurement equipment consists of a gas flow rate measurement facility, a three-way valve with
inlets for off-gas and reference air and an outlet for air dehumidification which follows CO2 bonding, the
sampling gas pump, a gas cooler and the oxygen measurement equipment (Fig. 8).

Figure 8: Schematic diagram of off-gas measurement device

The gas flow measurement equipment must be matched to the off-gas flow rate to be collected.
Rotameters are not suitable as they have a too high pressure loss. Impeller measurement recorders with
appropriate indicator and evaluation instrument have proved themselves. The gas to be measured is taken
off after the gas flow measurement system. Hose diameters of 5 mm have proved successful. Using the
three-way valve it is possible to switch from measurement gas to reference air for the calibration of the gas
oxygen measurement. Reference air is brought in using a hose from untouched ambient air.

The gas sampling pump should have a flow rate of ca. 100 l/h. The pump may not ingest any outside air.
Bellows gas pumps have proved successfully. The gas pump is located after the dehumidification stage in
order not to have problems with condensation water. A glass column ( 30 mm, h = 0.3 m, V = 0.2 l) filled
with silica gel serves for dehumidification. The CO2 absorber should have the same dimensions; it is filled
with soda lime.

Paramagnetic oxygen measurement equipment can be used for the measurement of the gas oxygen
concentration (partial pressure in the gas). Normal commercial membrane DO probes are cheaper. When
using DO probes attention is to be paid that the temperature sensor, under certain circumstances, reacts
slower or even faster than the membrane on temperature changes in the gas. Therefore the gas should be
fed through a metal snake which lies in a water bath to dampen temperature variations. The probe is also
inserted here (Fig. 9). It is not important to obtain absolute temperature constancy but to prevent sudden
temperature changes during a measurement period (duration ca. 30 minutes).

June 1996 19
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Figure 9:
Tempering of the gas
and the DO probe

Independent from the oxygen measurement equipment employed it is recommended that, for the ambient
air, a measurement value, MVi, of 100 (e.g. %) instead of the volumetric fraction of oxygen in CO2 free, dry
ambient air of Xi = 0.21, is set. One then measures MWe in the off-gas of the hood. For small changes of
MWi during measurements a calibration is not necessary. The following applies with Xi = 0.21:

MWe
Xe = 0.21 (26)
MWi

If, for example, MWi = 102.3 and MWe = 85.7 then

85.7
Xe = 0.21 = 0.176
102.3

June 1996 20
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3.1.4 Power Input Measurement

The power input (gross effective power input, P [kW]) of the aeration installation, including the mixing
facility or bridge drive located in the aeration tank, must be measured during every test. It is to be agreed
beforehand, or already with the design of the electrical installations how the power input is to be measured
(meter, clip-on instrument, power measurement equipment). The use of calibrated power meters with
appropriate converters is preferred. It is always to be checked whether only the aeration installation is
really recorded by the power meter. The revolutions of the rotating disk are counted for some 2 - 5
minutes. The power input is obtained with the aid of the meter constant.

With every test the power input should be measured at least twice, at the start and at the end of the test.
With surface aerators, the power consumption can vary; then more frequent measurements or the
employment of a power recorder is necessary. The individual readings are to be recorded in the test
protocol. In each case the mean value is used for the calculation of the aeration efficiency.

The measurement of the power input is problematic in the cases where one or more blowers are not
clearly allocated to the tank being tested or where the lowest blower air output is higher than the tank to be
tested can handle. In this case the only solution is to measure the air fed to the tank accurately and carry
out a conversion using the power input and the quantity of air delivered by the blower. This must, in any
case, be agreed beforehand.

3.1.5 Air Flow Rate Measurement

The majority of air flow measurement facilities installed in wastewater treatment plants serve to check the
distribution of air to various tanks. The absolutely correct air flow rate is, however, not recorded.
Installations in accordance with DIN 1952 should be employed for precise measurements of the air flow
rate. For small blowers one may measure the intake air flow rate of the blower using turbine meters.

If individual blowers can be allocated to the aeration tank to be tested then one can determine the air flow
from the blower graphs. Here the number of revolutions per minute of the blower and the conditions
(pressure and temperature) of the intake air, and these immediately in front of the blower, i.e. behind the
air filters, as well as the resultant back-pressure are to be measured.

The techniques for measuring of the air flow should be agreed beforehand.

3.1.6 Temperature

The temperature of the water is to be measured accurately to 0.5 C using a laboratory thermometer at the
start and end of the test. If the temperature varies by more than 2 C during the test, the test should be
repeated. The readings are recorded, the mean value is used for the calculation. Tests should not be
carried out with water temperatures below 4 C. In special cases specific arrangements are to be made.

June 1996 21
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3.2 Chemicals

3.2.1 Cobalt Catalyst

Cobalt in the form of a cobalt salt, e.g. CoCl26H20, is added as catalyst to accelerate the oxidation of
sodium sulphite. Normally a cobalt concentration in water of 0.5 g/m3 is recommended, in many cases a
tenth of this concentration suffices. It is therefore recommended that the cobalt requirement for the water
used is determined previously by tests [15].

For this a clean container, e.g. a 10 l bucket, is filled with water and this is aerated to saturation using a
small blower. One starts with an addition corresponding to 0.05 mg/l Co. With the aeration switched off, the
content of the bucket is stirred thoroughly using a laboratory mixer. A DO probe, connected to a pen
recorder with a high chart speed, is suspended in the water. Just enough dissolved sodium sulphite is
added so that the DO concentration does not sink to zero but rather to 2 - 3 mg/l. Following the addition,
the DO concentration must decrease practically as rapidly as with a sudden transfer of the DO probe from
saturated water into such with a lesser DO concentration. If this is not the case then the cobalt dose is
raised by steps in further tests.

If no drinking water or water of a similar quality shall be used then it is to be checked whether the cobalt
does not become complexed and thus become ineffective. To test that the water is aerated following the
last test for the determination of the cobalt requirement and allowed to stand for several hours. Then
without a renewed addition of cobalt, sodium sulphite is added. If the reduction rate of the DO
concentration is now lower than previously this is a sign that the cobalt is complexed. Such water is
unusable for the tests. Even raising the cobalt dose is no remedy.

If several tests are to be carried out in an aeration tank with the same water cobalt salt is to be added once
only. The required quantity of cobalt, dissolved in warm water, is to be added sufficiently early so that it is
distributed evenly over the complete tank at the time of the addition of the sodium sulphite. For closed loop
tanks the notes for the dosing of chemicals are to be observed (comp. 3.3.4).

3.2.2 Sodium Sulphite

Water-free, commercial sodium sulphite (Na2SO3) is employed which is oxidised to sodium sulphate
(Na2SO4) by the oxygen dissolved in the water. 8 kg of Na2SO3 are necessary for the bonding of 1 kg
oxygen; through the addition of 1 kg of Na2SO3 the salt mass increases by some 1.13 kg.

The sodium sulphite should be dissolved beforehand. It can also be scattered dry. This must be previously
agreed.

The solubility of Na2SO3 at T = 10 C is approx. 195 kg/m3. To be on the safe side one should use 1.0 m3
water for the solution of 100 kg Na2SO3.

The requirement of sodium sulphite for one test results from the requirement for the bonding of the oxygen
dissolved in water and the requirement for a suitable lag time (comp. 3.3.3) for admixture and, if required,
stabilisation of the flow. For example, a tank with V = 1000 m3 is to be tested which has a DO concentration
of C = 11 mg/l. The oxygen transfer capacity is, according to the given details, OC20 = 120 kg/h. With a lag
time (application, admixture and flow stabilisation) of 15 min the following is calculated:

Na2SO3 for DO bonding: 1000 0.011 8 = 88 kg

Na2SO3 for lag time: 120 (15/60) 8 = 240 kg
Total requirement 328 kg

June 1996 22
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Very often, in addition to the sodium sulphite required per 1000 m3 for the bonding of the DO, 300 kg of
sodium sulphite is added in place of the calculated 240 kg. One recognises that, for the lag time, far more
sodium sulphite is necessary than for the bonding of the DO present at the start of the test.

With this example the salt content is made up by 328 1.13/1000 = 370 mg/l. In order not to exceed the
salt content of 2000 mg/l one can carry out 5 tests with the same water.

Strictly speaking, the required time for the mixing of the tank is related to the mixing intensity which, on its
part, is characterised by the volumetric oxygen transfer rate OCR [g/(mh)]. According to investigations by
the Bayerisches Landesamt fr Wasserwirtschaft (Baverian State Office for Water Management) the
necessary lag time for admixture (calculated from the end of the application of the sulphite) can be
estimated as t (min) = 90/OCR.

3.2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide

Normally 35 percentile hydrogen peroxide is delivered in 65 kg balloons. 1 kg H2O2 (35 %) releases

0.165 kg O2 on dissociation. Thus a 65 kg balloon contains some 10 kg O 2.

In order to use a range of 10 mg/l DO for the calculations, it has proved useful to add peroxide to raise the
DO by approx. 15 mg/l. For a 1000 m3 tank the following would be required:

1000 0.015 : 0.165 = 90 kg (35 %) H2O2

Note: Hydrogen peroxide is a hazardous chemical. It causes caustic burns on skin. When handling
hydrogen peroxide always use protective gloves and protective glasses and as far as possible
wear protective clothing!

As far as possible the peroxide should be dosed from the 65 kg balloons straight into the aeration tank.
Electric barrel pumps have proved themselves for the dosing. The dosing hose (3/4") is weighted so that
the peroxide comes into contact with the mixed liquor near the bottom of the tank, as otherwise the
spontaneously formed oxygen bubbles escape unused.

If a complete balloon is not dosed each time care must be taken of further peroxide flow as a result of the
siphon effect with the pump switched off. One must therefore, on switching off the pump with the balloon
above the water level, lift it up briefly in order to break the siphon. If the balloon is alongside the tank below
the water level a return flow check valve must be installed to prevent the reverse siphoning of the mixed
liquor into the peroxide balloon.

June 1996 23
 ATV-M 209E

3.2.4 Pure Oxygen or Nitrogen Gas

Either a bottle set or a liquid gas tank with evaporator and gas flow meter are rented for the tests. The gas
is fed into the air pipeline as closely as possible to the tank to be investigated. An appropriate connection
piece should be welded on to the pipeline already at the time of assembling the air header. It is
recommended that contact is made as early as possible with a gas delivery firm. The involvement of
specialist firms for the laying of the pipelines for oxygen gas is essential in particular in view of the
explosion hazard of gases with increased oxygen concentration. In covered tanks the admixture of pure
oxygen may be practically impossible due to the explosion hazard.

Attention is drawn to Appendix 3 for the estimation of the oxygen requirement.

3.3 Absorption and Desorption Measurements

3.3.1 Determination of the Test Procedure

The following two variants are differentiated:

Test with continuous operation of the aeration installation. Sodium sulphite, peroxide or pure oxygen are
added with the aeration operating at the setting to be tested.
Test from standstill. Sodium sulphite (or, if required, peroxide or pure oxygen) is added to the
mechanically mixed but not aerated tank, or is added to slightly aerated tanks. Aeration is switched on
only after an appropriate mixing period of 15 - 30 minutes.

With clean water tests from standstill one requires less sodium sulphite than for tests with continuous
operation of the aeration.

Tests from standstill are only possible if it is guaranteed that the sodium sulphite has actually distributed
itself evenly in the tank within the mixing period. Even if a DO concentration of zero is measured
everywhere in the tank this does not indicate that the sulphite is evenly distributed in the tank. Tests from
standstill are, in addition, only possible if the flow in the tank is stabilised within a few minutes after
switching on the aeration.

Tests from standstill are therefore not possible in closed loop tanks with mammoth rotors or cone surface
aerators (carrousels) as it takes a long time for the flow to stabilise and as, in addition, the oxygen transfer
is influenced by the flow velocity.

Once it has been decided how the tests are to be carried out, with clean water tests and sulphite addition it
is to be calculated how many tests with one water filling can be carried out in order to stay below the
permitted salt concentration of 2000 mg/l (comp. 3.2.2).

In order to obtain an accurate answer for the oxygen transfer capacity at least two tests with the same
aeration setting are necessary. For guarantee tests the following is to be determined between the
customer and the contractor:

(1) For which aeration setting(s) tests are to be carried out?

(2) How many tests are to be carried out with each aeration setting?

In addition to the total required number of tests it is also necessary to include an initial test. With this one
gains i.e. information on the chemical dosing, the mixing conditions and the correct positioning of the DO
probes. If the result of the initial test shows itself to be acceptable then it can be used to calculate the
mean value of OC.

June 1996 24
 ATV-M 209E

Immediately following each test the calculation of kLa or kLa is to be carried out. The distribution
of the residues says much more about the quality of the test than the progression of the DO
concentration.

If, using the same water for clean water tests, there are so many tests to be carried out that the upper limit
of the salt concentration will be reached, then the tests with the most important aeration settings should be
carried out first.

3.3.2 Test Preparation

Before testing the volume of the tank is to be determined by measurement. A height mark is to be placed
above the water level from which the immersion depth of the surface aerators can be measured.
Immersion depth or zero freeboard is to be determined on filling the tank. If there are several surface
aerators present in one tank the water level is at the zero immersion depth if half the number of aerators
just touch the surface of the water.

In addition, for clean water tests the following is required:

(1) Testing of the water quality if not drinking water is used, comp. 2.1.1.
(2) Determination of the cobalt requirement, comp. 3.2.1.
(3) Testing of the cleanliness of the tank. Residual water containing oil or algae changes the water
quality. Cobalt can complex, comp. 3.2.1.
(4) Testing of the sealing of the tank and the shut-off installations. In particular with surface aerators it
must be guaranteed that the water level does not sink by more than 2 cm during the test.
(5) Laying down the type of measurement of the power input, comp. 3.1.4.
(6) Laying down of the type of recording of the air flow rate, comp. 3.1.5.

(1) and (2) are dispensed for tests with mixed liquor; here one must consider how it is to be ensured that
the respiration of the mixed liquor does not alter during the test.

3.3.3 Arrangement of DO probes

In a completely mixed tank at least three DO probes are to be installed, that is one 0.5 m or hw/6 above the
tank floor, one at half water depth and one 0.5 m or hw/6 below the water surface. All three probes
mounted on a bar or fixed to a weighted rope has proved successfully. It is also possible, for example, to
arrange the probes at different heights and locations.

The probes should be located at least 1 m from the tank wall if rotating bridges do not force the placement
of the probes to be nearer to the wall. Three probes also suffice in closed loop tanks. They should not be
within the spraying range of surface aerators but at a position where the DO concentration is
approximately the same across the water depth.

In longitudinal flow tanks with diffused air aeration the DO probes should be distributed along the length of
the tank.

In large aeration tanks there should be, for security's sake, six or more probes, comp. 3.1.1.

If in longitudinal flow tanks the diffusers are stepped then for every area of even diffuser density at least
one, better two probes are necessary to be placed in the centre.

Attention is again drawn to the independence of the measurement signal of the probes from the
turbulence, comp. 3.1.1.

June 1996 25
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3.3.4 Warming up of the Aeration Installation

In most cases, for clean water tests, the aeration system will not have been operated for some time. In
order to wash free the pores of fine bubble diffusers, and also in order to blow out any water that has
penetrated or condensed in the pipes the aeration is to be operated at full power for at least one day, if
possible longer, before testing.

Surface aerators should run at least half an hour before the test in order to bring the gears (oil) to the
operating temperature.

3.3.5 Addition of Chemicals

With clean water tests the quantity of cobalt determined is to be distributed evenly over the complete tank
volume as far as possible in advance of the tests. The aeration is then switched on for at least one hour for
the even distribution of the cobalt throughout the water mass.

In completely mixed tanks it is irrelevant at what point the chemicals (Na2SO3, H2O2 ) are added.

In all tanks with water circulation (closed loop tanks) there is the danger that a circulating "cloud" with a
high sulphite or DO concentration (due to the addition of peroxide) superimposes a fluctuation of the DO
corresponding with the circulation period on the DO increase or decrease curve. As a rule this can already
be detected on the DO concentration curve and, in particular, on the heavily fluctuating residues. Such
tests are, as a rule, not usable. It is pointed out that, in closed loop tanks with few aerators, the oxygen
increase curve can have a stepped progression, comp. 2.5. However, this always has, as opposed to
fluctuations due to chemical clouds, an increasing tendency.

Two techniques for the application of chemicals in closed loop tanks have proved successful:

(1) Addition at one point for the duration of one, two or three water circulation cycles. The duration of a
water circulation cycle can be ascertained in that one adds a small amount of sulphite or peroxide
at one point and measures the time to achieve the lowest DO (with addition of sulphite) or the
highest DO (with the addition of peroxide) at the same point. Now one must adjust the pumping
rate for the chemicals in such a way that the necessary quantity is added in the selected number of
cycles. For peroxide dosing the end point of the input can be controlled using the DO
concentration at the input point. With sulphite dosing this is not possible because due to
overdosing the DO concentration can, under certain circumstances, already be zero after the
second cycle. Whether the dosing was correct or not will only be detected from the progression of
the DO concentration curve and the residues.

(2) Addition of equal quantities of chemicals at several points at the same time. This is very expensive
at large closed loop tanks with a long pathway. Here the addition at distances of 20 to 30 m, i.e.
from the bridges over the mammoth rotors, has proved successfully.

A constant and over the tank even electrical conductivity is the best indicator for the even distribution of the
sodium sulphite.

In longitudinal flow tanks with diffused air aeration the addition of equal quantities at the same time at
several equidistant points is necessary.

If, in such tanks, the aeration is stepped, then unusable test results can be achieved with heavy
overdosing of sulphite at clean water tests as, in regions with lower diffuser density, more time (less OC,
comp. 3.2.2) is required for the consumption of the overdose of sulphite. The start of the increase of the
DO concentration takes place deferred in line with the decreasing diffuser density. Due to the exchange of
water between the regions of different diffuser density, kLa can again be reduced in the region of the
highest diffuser density, comp. 2.4.

June 1996 26
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3.3.6 Measurement and Recording of Data During a Test

In addition to the DO concentration, which is continuously or quasi-continuously recorded, the following are
to be measured and recorded during the test:

(1) The water temperature at the start and the end of the test, comp. 3.1.6. Further calculation is to be
based on the mean value. The difference should be smaller than 2 C.

(2) The power input at the start and end of the test, comp. 3.1.4. The mean value is formed for each test.

(3) If required, the air flow rate at the same time as the power input was measured, comp. 3.1.5. The
mean value is formed for each test.

(4) The still water level without aeration operating before and after the test. The difference should be
smaller than 2 cm.

(5) With clean water tests: the electrical conductivity at the end of the test. (Only when sodium sulphite
has been employed).

(6) With measurements in mixed liquor: Measurement of oxygen uptake rate of mixed liquor at the
start, in the middle and at the end of the test.

(7) With measurements in mixed liquor: Sampling at the middle of the test for the determination of
MLSS and sludge volume as well as for the determination of COD and NH4-N (immediately filter
sample) and, if required, other parameters.

3.4 Off-Gas Measurements

Off-gas measurements always take place in a tank with a specified air flow. This should be measured as
precisely as possible, comp. 3.1.5.

The gastightness of the complete measurement system, in particular the gas collection hood, is to be
checked before the test. For this the hood is placed in an unaerated tank, e.g. a secondary sedimentation
tank, and connected to the measurement system. All outlets of the measurement system are closed. A
pressure of 5 cm water column is then applied. The facility is considered leakproof if the pressure drop in
15 minutes is not greater than 1 cm water column.

The number of measurements which are necessary in order to obtain informative results is dependent on
many factors. Independent of tank size and shape

at least 10 measurements with the same air flow rate must be carried out at various points in a tank
at DO concentrations of 1.0 mg/l C 0.5CS,T.

If, with the air flow rate to be tested, the DO concentration is always greater than 0.5CS,T, more
wastewater can be fed to the tank in order to increase the oxygen uptake rate. The reverse process is to
be applied if the DO concentration lies below 1.0 mg/l.

In rectangular tanks with stepped diffuser density the number of measurements is to be increased
dependent on the tank size (length). At least two measurements are necessary per area of equal diffuser
density.

In circular tanks with separate mixing the hood is to be placed according to the bubble pattern. With this,
both regions with high air outlet as well as regions with low air outlet are to be recorded.

June 1996 27
 ATV-M 209E

One test with recording of data and evaluation proceeds as follows:

(1) Position the gas collection hood. Observe that no foam penetrates the off-gas hose and that no
condensation water collects in the hose.

(2) Connect DO probes which are in the water and in the gas measurement to the recorder or to the
data logger (PC) with monitor in order to be able to detect the variations. The DO concentration in
mixed liquor should be as constant as possible! If possible also connect the signal from the air flow
measurement to the recorder or data logger.

(3) Set the three-way valve to reference air. Following stabilisation of the signal of the gas
measurement probe, calibrate this to 100 (%), MWi.

(4) Set the three-way valve to off-gas. The measurement takes 10 to 15 minutes following stabilisation
of the signal of the gas measurement probe (MWe). If the off-gas flow is not continuously recorded
several readings shall be taken.

(5) Set three-way valve to reference air. Following stabilisation of the signal of the gas measurement
probe the previously set value of MWi = 100 (%) should show. With deviations of more than 2 %
the measurement is to be repeated. Otherwise the mean of the initial and the end value is to be
formed and one obtains MWi .

(6) The mean value of the DO concentration in the water over the duration of the measurement is
calculated for each probe. Should the mean values of DO of both probes deviate from each other
by more than 10 % then the calibration of the probes has to be checked and the measurement has
to be repeated. Otherwise the mean value C is to be calculated.

If the DO concentration in the water is higher than 0.5 CS,T the result is uncertain! (Comp. 2.3.4).

(7) Mean values for MWe and QL,e are calculated over the duration of the test.

(8) Calculation of Xe with Eqn. 26:

MWe
X e = 0,21
MWi

(9) Calculation of the molar ratio with Eqns. 18 and 19:

0.21
MVi = = 0.266
1 0.21

Xe
MVe =
1 Xe

(10) Calculation of OAh with Eqn. 21:

MVe 100 C S,T 9.09

OA h = 1 1.024 (20 T) (27)
0.266 hE CS,T C CSS,T

June 1996 28
 ATV-M 209E

Completely covered tanks are ideal for off-gas measurements. But off-gas measurement is only applicable
in completely mixed tanks, i.e. in tanks in which the DO concentration at every point is the same. Thus
covered rectangular longitudinal flow tanks are in every case excluded since the DO concentration
increases as a rule in the direction of flow along the tank.

The procedure otherwise is the same as for hood measurement. Several precisely calibrated DO probes
are installed in the water. The air flow is set to a constant value. A possible air extraction must be shut
down in order to avoid sucking in outside air. Caution: No noticeable overpressure shall form in the
airspace of the tank.

The measurement gas hose is put into the airspace of the tank at a suitable location. With constant DO
concentration of 1 mg/l C 0.5CS,T the volumetric fraction of oxygen (Xe) in the off-gas is measured, as
with hood measurement, over 10 minutes and, as the values of the probes in the tank, recorded.

The measurement is repeated at least five times with the same air flow.

The oxygen transfer efficiency is calculated after every measurement with Eqn. 27. If individual values for
OAh with the same air flow deviate from the mean value by more than 10 % then the number of
measurements is to be increased to 10.

June 1996 29
 ATV-M 209E

4 Test Evaluation and Report

4.1 Adsorption and Desorption Measurements

For each DO probe the parameters C0, CS and kLa (or C* and kLa), the residues and OC (for T = 20 C)
are given as output from the computer. With curved, non-randomly distributed residues t0 is to be
displaced, and if required the DO values near to CS or C* are also not to be taken into account, comp.
2.3.3. With absorption tests in clean water C0 should not be larger than 0.25CS,T. With desorption
measurements |CS,T C0| should be 6 mg/l. The calculation of kLa must be based on at least 30
equidistant values of Ct which should cover a period of 1.5 t90% or 210/kLa [minutes].

The kLa or OC values of each test are determined. Should the kLa values of individual probes deviate by
more than 5 % of the mean value it is to be checked, using the residues, whether irregularities exist. If
required, a new mean is to be formed following the removal of the most deviant kLa value.

In tanks with stepped diffuser density the mean value of kLa or OC is to be determined under weighting
using the tank volume associated with each measurement point.

With measurements in mixed liquor one records kLa and OC. If required, is also to be taken into
account.

The aeration efficiency is calculated for each test with the mean power uptake with Eqns. 3 and 4.

The oxygen transfer efficiency (OAh) or (OCL,h) is calculated for every test using the mean air flow rates
with Eqns. 5 and 6.

If several tests are carried out with the same aeration setting then, finally, the mean values for OC, OP
and, if necessary, OAh and OCL,h are to be formed. At measurements with mixed liquor the results are
corresponding to OC, OP etc.

4.2 Off-Gas Measurements

For the minimum of 10 measurements required for the same air flow the mean oxygen transfer efficiency is
calculated with Eqn. 23. The mean volumetric air flow rate qL,e is calculated with Eqn. 24. Attention is
drawn to the fact that qL,e should lie between 0.75 and 1.25 qL,R, comp. 2.3.4.

If the air flow rate (QL) fed to the tank or a part of the tank is known, OC can be calculated with the aid of
Eqn. 6.

4.3 Test Report

The following are to be entered in the tests report:

(1) Purpose of the test.

(2) Details on deviations from this Advisory Leaflet and agreements reached.

(3) Description of the tank and the aeration installation illustrated with drawings. Shown therein the
arrangement of the measurement point(s) and the point(s) for chemical dosing, and the positioning
of the off-gas collection hood.

June 1996 30
 ATV-M 209E

(4) Overview, as far as possible tabular, of the various test settings and the operated aerators or
blowers with name plate details such as rpm, power uptake, etc.

(5) Description of how the power input was measured.

(6) Description of how the air flow rate was determined.

(7) For clean water tests: with the employment of Na2SO3, description of the water quality with details
of the salt content at the beginning and end of each test. If required, details of further analysis
values of the water.

(8) For clean water tests: description of the determination of the cobalt requirement. (Dispensed at
desorption tests with pure oxygen).

(9) For clean water tests: description of the dissolving, dosing and admixture of sodium sulphite and
the mass of sodium sulphite added for each test or corresponding details on stripping the oxygen
using nitrogen or the building-up of the DO concentration with pure oxygen.

(10) With mixed liquor: concentration of MLSS and COD of the filtrate, ammonia content at the
beginning and end of each test and, if required, further the water quality characterising
parameters.

(11) With mixed liquor: description of the dosing and admixture of the hydrogen peroxide; details of the
mass of peroxide added for each test or description of the admixture of pure oxygen as well as
details on the consumption of oxygen.

(12) Water and air temperature as well as ambient air pressure at the beginning and the end of each
test.

(13) Still water level at the start and the end of every test. With surface aerators details on the mean
immersion depth or the freeboard for each test.

(14) For absorption and desorption tests: table of the kLa or kLa values for each DO probe and mean
value for each measurement point for every test. Calculation of the mean value for all
measurement points of each test, if required, weighted with the associated volume. The customer
can require tables or graphical representation of the DO curves as well as the DO residues
separately for each DO probe. The original data shall be saved for two years following completion
of the tests.

(15) For off-gas measurements: Tables with the values of T , C , MWi , MWe , Xe, MVe, OAh, qL,e and
the associated air flows QL and qL,R. The original data shall be saved for two years following
completion of the tests.

(16) OC, OP and, if required, OAh or OCL,h for each test.

(17) Mean values for the above mentioned values with tests with the same aeration setting.

(18) Particular observations with the progression of the tests such as foams, changes of colour of the
water, etc.

June 1996 31
 ATV-M 209E

5 Measurement Tolerances and Guarantees

5.1 Measurement Tolerances

In this Advisory Leaflet measurement tolerances (%) are understood to be the variation band width of the
values of repeated measurements about the mean value. Each measurement value has its own tolerance.

In clean water tests one can determine kLa with a tolerance of 3 to 5 %. With measurements in mixed
liquor without wastewater and return sludge flow one can apportion kLa a tolerance of 15 %. With
wastewater and return sludge flow can vary considerably depending on the loading rate and the
composition of the wastewater.

If the saturation value (CS) is measured with clean water tests, then this value is to be apportioned a
tolerance of 3 %. If table values in accordance with Eqns. 10 and 11 are used, then the tolerance is
dispensed with.

The power input (P) can, even using calibrated counters or special measurement equipment, have
tolerances of 3 % due to reading inaccuracies.

The diffuser depth is to be precisely measured. The air flow rate can deviate by more than 5 % from the true
value, independent of whether one measures the value or calculates it from the blower characteristic curve.

Table 1: Possible measurement tolerances at oxygen transfer tests

Parameter In clean water In mixed liquor

CS measured CSS from tables Without flow With flow
OC 7% 5% 15 % 20 %
OP 10 % 8% 18 % 23 %

5.2 Guarantees

Fundamentally it is to be agreed beforehand for which parameters (OC, OP) with which deviation of a
parameter below a guaranteed value it is to count as met.

If nothing different has been agreed the following is to apply for clean water tests:

"The guarantee for the oxygen transfer in clean water (OC) is met if the mean value from the tests plus the
measurement tolerance of 5 % is at least equal to the guaranteed value."

"The guarantee for the aeration efficiency in clean water (OP) is met if the mean value from the tests plus a
measurement tolerance of 8 % is at least equal to the guaranteed value".

For the guarantee of the oxygen transfer in mixed liquor the measurement conditions are to be laid down
precisely beforehand. In particular, the number of measurements and the measurement period are to be
laid down for the calculation of the mean value in order to be able to balance deviations which occur as a
result of the composition of the wastewater.

June 1996 32
 ATV-M 209E

6 Symbols
*[Translator's note: In order not to complicate comparison between the original German text and
this translation, suffixes used with symbols have not been changed from the original German
language Standard although, in many cases, these suffixes are based on a German word, i.e. "L"
for "Luft" has not been changed to "A" for "air"]

AA m2 Area of the collector hood for off-gas measurements

C mg/l Concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water
Ct mg/l Concentration of DO in the water at time t at absorption
and desorption measurements
C0 mg/l Concentration of DO in the water at time t = 0 at absorption
and desorption measurements
CS mg/l DO saturation concentration from the evaluation of a clean water test
C* mg/l Calculated apparent DO saturation concentration from the evaluation
of an absorption or desorption test with mixed liquor
CS,T mg/l Measured DO saturation concentration or calculated DO saturation
concentration at T C at clean water tests
CSS,T mg/l Standard DO saturation concentration
(water vapour saturated air, p = 1013 hPa) at T C
hE m Diffuser depth (height of water above apertures of diffusers with
aeration switched off)
hW m Depth of water in the tank (still water level)
-1
kLaT h Oxygen transfer coefficient in clean water at T C
-1
kLaT h Oxygen transfer coefficient in mixed liquor at T C
MVi - Molar ratio, mol O2/mol N2, for dry, CO2-free reference air,
MVi = 0.266
MVe - Molar ratio, mol O2/mol N2, for dry, CO2-free off-gas
MWi - Calibration of an instrument for the measurement of the volumetric
fraction of oxygen in the reference air, e.g. MWi = 100
MWe - Measured volumetric fraction of oxygen in the off-gas
OC kg/h Oxygen transfer capacity in clean water under standard conditions
(T = 20 C, p0 = 1013 hPa, C = 0)
OC kg/h Oxygen transfer capacity in mixed liquor under standard conditions
(T =20 C, p0 = 1013 hPa, C = 0)
()OCR g/(m3h) Volumetric oxygen transfer rate under standard conditions.
OCR = OC/V, OCR = OC/V
OCR,H g/(m3h) Volumetric oxygen transfer rate under the projection surface of
the off-gas collection hood
OAh %/m Oxygen transfer efficiency in clean water under standard conditions
(T = 20 C, po = 1013 hPa, C = 0) referred to the diffuser depth hE
OA* % Oxygen transfer efficiency in mixed liquor calculated from an off-gas
measurement
OCL,H g/(m3Nm) Oxygen transfer efficiency in clean water under standard conditions
(T = 20 C, po = 1013 hPa, C = 0). OC referred to the air flow QL
and the diffuser depth hE
OCL,H g/(m3Nm) Oxygen transfer efficiency in mixed liquor under standard conditions
(T = 20 C, po = 1013 hPa, C = 0). OC referred to the air flow QL
and the diffuser depth hE

June 1996 33
 ATV-M 209E

OP kg/kWh Aeration efficiency in clean water under standard conditions

(T = 20 C, po = 1013 hPa, C = 0). OC referred to the power consumption P
OP kg/kWh Aeration efficiency in mixed liquor under standard conditions
(T = 20 C, po = 1013 hPa, C = 0). OC referred to the power consumption P
OVR* g/(m3h) Volumetric oxygen uptake rate of the mixed liquor, calculated from off-gas
measurements
P kW Power input of an aeration installation
p hPa Atmospheric pressure, p0 = 1013 hPa
3
QL m N/h Air flow rate referred to standard conditions
(T = 20 C, p0 = 1013 hPa, dry)
QL,i m3N/h Air flow rate to the volume under the projection area of the hood, determined
by off-gas measurements, corrected for standard conditions
QL,e m3N/h Flow rate of off-gas, corrected for standard conditions
3 3
qL,e m N/(m h) Volumetric flow rate of off-gas (qL,e = QL,e/(AA hW), corrected for standard
conditions
qL,R m3N/(m3h) Volumetric air flow rate to the aeration tank, corrected for standard
conditions
qL,H m3N/(m3h) Volumetric air flow rate, QL,i referred to the volume under the projection area
of the hood
q m3/(m3h) Volumetric water flow rate. Sum of all water and sludge flows referred to the
tank volume
T C Water temperature
TL C Air temperature
t90% min Time for the decrease of the saturation deficit (CS C) by 90 %.
t90% = 60 . 2.303/kLa; kLa in h-1
TDS mg/l Content of dissolved solids, vaporisation residue of the filtrate
Xi - Volumetric fraction of oxygen in dry, CO2-free injected air
Xe - Volumetric fraction of oxygen in dry, CO2-free off-gas
3
V m Volume
VBB m Aeration tank volume
- Interfacial factor
- Salinity factor
3
O2 kg/m N Density of oxygen (1.43 kg/m3N at 0 C and 1013 hPa).
The density of oxygen in dry air correspondingly is 0.299 kg/m3N

June 1996 34
 ATV-M 209E

7 Bibliography
[1] ATV: Arbeitsanleitung fr der Bestimmung der Sauerstoffzufuhr von Belftungssystemen in
Reinwasser.
[German Association for the Water Environment: Instruction for the Determination of the Oxygen
Transfer by Aeration Systems into Clean water]. Korrespondenz Abwasser 26 (1979) p. 416

[2] NORM M 5888: Abwasser-Klranlagen, Sauerstoffzufuhr-Leistung von Belftungseinrichtungen

in Reinwasser, 1978
[Austrian Standard Specification M 5888: Wastewater Treatment Plants, Oxygen Transfer in Clean
Water by Aeration Installations]

[3] ASCE Standard: Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Clean Water. Second Edition (1992).
Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017-2399, USA

[4] ASCE Standard: Guidelines for In-Process Oxygen Transfer Testing (1993).
Am. Soc. of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017-2399, USA

[5] Verordnung ber Trinkwasser und ber Wasser fr Lebensmittelbetriebe

(Trinkwasser Verordnung - TrinkwV).
[Ordinance on Drinking Water and on Water for Foodstuff Concerns
(Drinking Water Ordinance - TrinkwV)]. BGBL 1 (1991) p. 2612

[6] Lister, A. R. and Boon, A. G.: Aeration in Deep Tanks. An Evaluation of a Fine Bubble Diffused Air
System. Water Pollution Control, 72 (1973), p. 590

[7] Boon, A. G.: Oxygen Transfer in The Activated Sludge Process. Proceedings: Workshop Toward an
Oxygen Transfer Standard. Asilomar Conference, April 1978, EPA (USA), 1979

[8] Ziokarnik, M.: Koaleszenzphnomene im System gasfrmig/flssig und deren Einflu auf den
O2-Eintrag bei der biologischen Abwasserreinigung
[Coalescence Phenomena in the Gaseous/Fluid System and Their Influence on the Specific Oxygen
Transfer with Biological Wastewater Treatment], Korrespondenz Abwasser 127 (1980), p. 728 - 734

[9] Kayser, R.: Mglichkeiten und Grenzen zur Bestimmung der Sauerstoffzufuhr in Reinwasser und
unter Betriebsbedingungen
[Possibilities and Limitations on the Determination of Oxygen Transfer in Clean Water and under
Process Conditions], Wiener Mitteilungen Wasser, Abwasser, Gewsser, Vol 64 (1986), p.1

[10] Kayser, R. und Dernbach, H.: Weiterentwicklung der Methoden zur Messung der Sauerstoffzufuhr
unter Betriebsbedingung. Berichte aus Wassergtewirtschaft und Gesundheitsingenieurwesen
[Further Development of Methods for the Measurement of the Oxygen Transfer under Process
Conditions. Reports from Water Quality Management and Health Engineers], TU Mnchen (1980),
Vol 28, p. 29

[11] V. d. Emde, Kayser, W. und R.: Beitrag zur Praxis von Sauerstoffzufuhrversuchen
[Contribution to the Practice of Oxygen Transfer Tests], GWF Wasser-Abwasser 106 (1965), p. 1337

[12] Brown, L. C. and Fisette, G. R.: Non-Linear Estimation for Unsteady State Oxygen Transfer
(Basic and Fortran Programme) Manuscript, ASCE Oxygen Transfer Workshop, San Diego, 1979

[13] Wagner, M. und Ppel, H. J.: Erste Erfahrungen in Deutschland mit der Abluftmethode zur Messung
des Sauerstoffeintrages unter Betriebsbedingungen
[First Experiences in Germany with the Off-Gas Method for the Measurement of the Oxygen Transfer
under Process Conditions], Schriftenreihe WAR, Vol. 71, Darmstadt 1993, p. 267

[14] Philichi, T. L. and Stenstrom, M. K.: Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Probe Lag on Oxygen Transfer
Parameter Estimation. Journal WPCF 61 (1989), p. 83

[15] Terry, D. W. and Thiem, L. T.: Potential Interferences in Catalysis of Unsteady State Reaeration
Technique. Journal WPCF 61 (1989), p. 1464

June 1996 35
 ATV-M 209E

Appendix 1:

Table of the oxygen concentration [mg/l] of air

saturated water in balance with water vapour
saturated air with an atmospheric pressure of
1013 hPa. (Standard oxygen saturation value, CSS,T)
Values from EN 25814 (1992) or DIN 38408, Part 23.

T [ C] + 0.0 C + 0.2 C + 0.4 C + 0.6 C + 0.8 C

0 14.62 15.54 14.46 14.38 14.30

1 14.22 14.14 14.06 13.98 13.91
2 13.83 13.75 13.68 13.61 13.53
3 13.46 13.39 13.32 13.25 13.18
4 13.11 13.04 12.97 12.90 12.84

5 12.77 12.70 12.64 12.57 12.51

6 12.45 12.38 12.32 12.26 12.20
7 12.14 12.08 12.02 11.96 11.90
8 11.84 11.78 11.73 11.67 11.61
9 11.56 11.50 11.45 11.39 11.34

10 11.29 11.23 11.18 11.13 11.08

11 11.03 10.98 10.93 10.88 10.83
12 10.78 10.73 10.68 10.63 10.58
13 10.54 10.49 10.44 10.40 10.35
14 10.31 10.26 10.22 10.17 10.13
15 10.08 10.04 10.00 9.95 9.91

16 9.87 9.83 9.79 9.75 9.71

17 9.66 9.62 9.58 9.55 9.51
18 9.47 9.43 9.39 9.35 9.31
19 9.28 9.24 9.20 9.16 9.13
20 9.09 9.06 9.02 8.98 8.95

21 8.91 8.88 8.85 8.81 8.78

22 8.74 8.71 8.68 8.64 8.61
23 8.58 8.55 8.51 8.48 8.45
24 8.42 8.39 8.36 8.32 8.29
25 8.26 8.23 8.20 8.17 8.14

26 8.11 8.08 8.05 8.03 8.00

27 7.97 7.94 7.91 7.88 7.85
28 7.83 7.80 7.77 7.74 7.72
29 7.69 7.66 7.64 7.61 7.58
30 7.56 7.53 7.51 7.48 7.46

June 1996 36
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Appendix 2:

Derivation of essential equations

1 Absorption and Desorption Measurements

With absorption and desorption measurements the DO concentration is lowered or raised in the aeration
tank, which must be considered as being completely mixed. Through the aeration the DO concentration
rises (Figs. 1 and 2) or falls (Fig. 3). The oxygen transfer coefficient kLa or kLa is calculated from the
change of the DO concentration. Using a mass balance (comp. Fig. A2-1) one can derive the equations for
calculation. The following applies for the general case with mixed liquor:

Figure A2-1: Relationships in a tank with surface aeration

dt [ Q C + V k a ( C
i L S ]
C) = V dC + dt (V OVR + Q C) (A2-1)

On the left is the oxygen transfer, on the right the oxygen consumption. Transposed one obtains:

dC
= k L a ( CS C) OVR q (C Ci ) (A2-2)
dt

If OVR, q, Ci and T, and naturally kLa also, are constant, then after a long period of aeration there is a
constant DO concentration, the apparent saturation value, C*, (C = C*); then dC/dt = 0. From Eqn. A2-2
one obtains:

k L a ( CS C*) = OVR + q (C * Ci ) (A2-3)

As one can measure the values OVR, q, C* and Ci and can assume the value for CS (Eqns. 10 and 11),
kLa can (theoretically) be calculated:

OVR + q (C* Ci )
k L a = (A2-4)
CS C

Due to the uncertainty of the measurement of OVR, kLa shall not be calculated according to Eqn. A2-4. An
exception is the off-gas measurement; this is clear from the similarity between Eqns. 17 and A2-4. OVR* in
Eqns. 16 and 17 contains the DO consumed for the water throughflow q (C* Ci).

June 1996 37
 ATV-M 209E

Eqn. A2-3 can be used in Eqn. A2-2 for the elimination of OVR. For this Eqn. A2-3 is solved for OVR and
applied to Eqn. A2-2:

dC
= k L a ( CS C) k L a ( CS C*) + q (C * Ci ) q (C Ci )
dt

dC
= k L a (C * C) + q (C * C)
dt

dC
= (k L a + q) (C * C) (A2-5)
dt

In clean water is OVR = 0, q = 0, = 1 and = 1. Eqn. A2-2 simplifies to:

dC
= k L a (CS C) (A2-6)
dt

One obtains Eqn. 15 through integration.

2 Off-gas measurements

With a certain aeration installation the air flow depends on (comp. Fig. A2-2):
the geographical elevation of the wastewater treatment plant,
the ambient atmospheric pressure, p,
the pressure losses up to the blower (fittings, air filter, exhaust silencer), p - p1,
the back-pressure at the blower outlet, p2 (diffuser depth, fittings, pipes).

The nominal performance of a blower is always given as intake air flow rate, QL (m3N/h), dry air at T = 0 C
and p = 1013 hPa for a certain back-pressure p2 (hPa). The intake air flow can be determined from the
blower characteristic curves for given values of p1 and p2. Installed air flow instruments can be checked in
the same way.

Figure A2-2:
Relationships in a tank with
diffused air aeration

June 1996 38
 ATV-M 209E

The partial pressures of the inlet air and off-gas are made up from the partial pressures of nitrogen, argon,
oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour.

p = p N2 + p Ar + p O2 + p CO2 + p H2O (A2-7)

Written as partial pressure ratio resp. volumetric fractions the equation becomes:

1 = XN2 + X Ar + XO2 + XCO2 + XH2O (A2-8)

In the inlet air pCO2 + pH2O are, as a rule, negligibly small. On the other hand the off-gas is water saturated
and contains CO2 in concentrations which are not negligible. As, in addition, the volume of the oxygen
used is not the same as the volume of resultant carbon dioxide, it therefore is QL,i QL,e.

Strictly speaking, a balancing of the oxygen is only possible if QL,i and QL,e as well as the fractions of
oxygen in the inlet air and the off-gas are measured.

Under the assumption that the flow rate of the inert gases (nitrogen and noble gases) does not alter, one
can theoretically calculate the inlet air flow rate (QL,i) with the aid of the off-gas flow rate and the partial
pressure distribution in the off-gas (Eqn. A2-8) by means of a balancing of the inert gas. The following
applies:

QL,i (1 0.21) = QL, e [1 (X O2, e + X CO2, e + XH2O, e )]

1 (X O2, e + X CO2, e + XH2O, e )

QL,i = QL, e (A2-9)
1 0.21

In the intake air the carbon dioxide and water vapour were ignored.

At off-gas measurements the volumetric air flow rate, fed to the water volume under the hood, can be
calculated as follows:

QL,i
qL,H = (A2-10)
A A hW

It is also possible, for every measurement, to calculate the volumetric oxygen transfer rate, OCR,H
[g/(m3h)] for the mixed liquor volume under the hood, using OAh (see Eqn. 21) and Eqn. 6:

0.299
OCR,H = OA h qL,H hE (A2-11)
100

If, for a series of measurements with the same blower setting, one plots the value pairs OCR,H and q L,H,
then these should form a straight line (Fig. A2-2).

June 1996 39
 ATV-M 209E

OCR,H

Figure A2-3:
Possibility for evaluating
off-gas measurements

With the air flow fed to the tank (QL) one knows the volumetric air flow rate:

QL
qL,R = (A2-12)
VBB

The volumetric oxygen transfer rate for the tank, OCR [g/(m3h)], then can be read off, see Fig A2-3.

Due to the pretentious measurement technique such investigations should be carried out only by
institutions with appropriate equipment and experience.

June 1996 40
 ATV-M 209E

Appendix 3:

Desorption tests with the application of

pure oxygen gas

1 Fundamentals

As a rule, if pure oxygen is to be employed to increase the DO concentration for desorption tests, a tank
with liquid oxygen including vaporiser and flow measurement equipment is hired. Gas flow rates up to
2000 m3N/h, and with special equipment, up to 4000 m3N/h are possible. The oxygen gas is fed into the
main air header behind the blowers. If such tests are planned an appropriate connection piece with flange
connection, dimensioned for v= 20 m/s, should be welded on when assembling the air pipe.

Special regulations are to be observed when handling oxygen due to the explosion hazard.

It is assumed that an increase of the DO concentration by at least C = 10 mg/l, better 15 mg/l, beyond the
air saturation value is sufficient if the aeration is continuously operated with the setting to be tested. If one
is to work with a smaller air flow during the admixture of oxygen, it can be practical to raise the DO
concentration by more than 15 mg/l, as some time passes before the air flow rate is adjusted.

Fig. A3-1 shows the progression of DO at a desorption test in clean water. For comparison the build-up
curve of DO at an absorption test is presented. The DO concentration here increases from C = 0 to CS.
During the admixture of the oxygen for the duration t02 the DO concentration increases by C. The build-up
curve here is steeper as the flow of air plus oxygen is greater than that for air alone. The oxygen transfer
coefficient has the value kLa. Should gassing with the mixture be continued, the oxygen concentration
would increase to CS. After switching off of the oxygen the DO concentration falls again to CS, this range
is used for the evaluation of the desorption test.

C[mg/l]

Figure A3-1:
Relationships with the desorption
test in clean water

A high supersaturation CS'/(CS + C) leads to a short admixture period but requires a high flow rate of pure
oxygen. At a large tank volume the flow rate of oxygen may be limited through the evaporation capacity.
This requires clarification following a first rough estimate. It is further assumed that the kLa-value increases
proportional to the flow of the air, QL, plus the flow of oxygen gas, QO2, (kLa is independent of the DO
concentration of the gas!).

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2 Calculation Equations

The air flow rate QL [m3/h] to be tested, the oxygen transfer capacity, OC [kg/h] to be determined and the
tank volume V [m3] are known. It is assumed that the oxygen transfer capacity will also be confirmed in the
test. Then the following applies:

OC
OC R =
V (A3-1)

OC R
kLa =
CS (A3-2)

Following the selection of C the desired value for the saturation value for the oxygen/air mixture is to be
selected. It should be:

1.05 (C S + C) C S 1.2 (C S + C) (A3-3)

The fraction of oxygen in the air/oxygen mixture must then be:

CS
X O 2 = 21 (A3-4)
CS

The air flow is designated as QL' during the admixture of the oxygen. It is recommended that one works
with QL' = QL.

Thus the following ratio of the flows results:

QO2 X 21
= O2
100 X O 2 (A3-5)
QL

The oxygen transfer coefficient kLa' for the air/oxygen mixture is:

QL + Q O 2
k L a = k L a (A3-6)
QL

The theoretical, necessary duration for the admixture of the oxygen tO2 [min] is obtained from the converted
Eqn. 14:

60 C C C
t O2 = ln S S
k L a (A3-7)
C S C S

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3. Calculation Example

Given:

Tank volume 5000 m3

Water depth 5.50 m
Diffuser depth 5.20 m
Temperature of water 11 C
Oxygen transfer OC to be investigated 550 kg/h
Air flow rate 7000 m3N/h

Calculations:

CSS = 11.03 mg/l (Appendix 1, T = 11 C)

5.20
C S = 11.03 1 + = 13.8 mg/l (Eqn. 11)
20.7

OVR = 550/5000 = 110 g/(m3 h) (Eqn. A3-1)

110
k La = = 7.97 h 1 (Eqn. A3-2)
13.8

Further calculations are summarised in Table A3-1, the associated progressions of the DO concentration
are shown in Fig. A3-2. Variables are C (Line 2), the supersaturation ratio (Line 3) and the air flow rate
QL' during the admixture of the oxygen (Line 1).

C[mg/l]

mg/l

Fig. A3-2:
Courses of the DO concentrations
of the examples

The requirement for oxygen increases with C and the supersaturation ratio. The smallest flow rate is
obtained if one works with a smaller quantity of air during admixture. In addition oxygen is also necessary
for the filling of the pipelines. Following the switching off of the oxygen it must be "washed out" from the
pipelines. This requires time. Through this the transition from the rising curve to the falling curve of the DO
concentration is indeed not a sharp bend as shown in the figures but a curve.

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Table A3-1: Calculation of the oxygen requirement for desorption measurements

1 2 3

1 QL' m3N/h given 7000 7000 2000

2 C mg/l given 12 15 15
3 Cs'/(Cs + C) -- given 1.2 1.05 1.1
4 Cs' mg/l Eqn. A3-3 31.0 30.2 31.6
5 XO2 % O2 Eqn. A3-4 47.1 46.0 48.2
6 QO2/QL -- Eqn. A3-5 0.49 0.46 0.53
7 QO2 m3N/h L1 L6 3.456 3.244 1.050
8 kLa' h-1 Eqn. A3-6 11.9 11.7 3.5
9 tO2 min Eqn. A3-7 6.05 12.5 31.5
10 VO2 m3N L6 L9/60 349 677 552
11 MO2 kg 1.41 L10 491 955 778

In comparison to absorption measurements, by which the DO is bonded with sodium sulphite, there are
advantages for desorption measurements using pure oxygen for large tank volumes and in particular for
large diffuser depths. With the same OVR the requirement of pure oxygen is proportional to the tank bottom
area while the sulphite requirement is proportional to the tank volume.

Due to the coalescence inhibiting effect of the sodium sulphate, the oxygen transfer capacity from
desorption measurements (without sodium sulphite) can be comparatively somewhat smaller than from
absorption measurements with sulphite.

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Appendix 4:

Evaluation of absorption and desorption

measurements using a computer

1 Brief Description and Installation

This Advisory Leaflet2) has a Disk with the programme OCA for the evaluation of the adsorption
measurements and the desorption measurements (comp. 2.3.3).

Prerequisites for the operation of this programme are:

an IBM compatible PC,

a MS-DOS compatible operating system,
(MS-DOS 3.3 or higher),
at least 640 KB main memory,
an EGA or VGA card,
a 3.5" 1.44 MB Disk drive.

The following are, in addition, an advantage:

a numerical coprocessor,
a harddisk,
a mouse,
a printer plotter.

The essential characteristics of the programme are:

calculation in accordance with this Advisory Leaflet and US Standard [3] respectively (exponential
regression according to Brown and Fisette),
up to 50 DO concentration values,
operating surface in accordance with SAA Standard,
formula oriented input data,
printout of test results in form of tables and diagrams,
comprehensive context and subject related on-line assistance.

2) Author`s afternote: This disk is only available in German and isn`t part of the English version.

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 ATV-M 209E

Installation

All necessary files in standard form can be found on the original disk. You can therefore use the
programme without further preparation direct from the disk. However, you should first make a safeguard
copy of the disk. In order to install the programme on the harddisk it is practical to create a new directory.
Then copy all files from the disk into this directory.

Start

To start the programme select the drive with the programme disk or change to the established directory
and type:

OCA [ENTER]

2. Brief Instructions

The following instructions are designed to give you, in five successive steps, an overview on handling of
the programme and the most important functions. Further more detailed information can be found in the
on-line help, which you can call up at any time using the F1 key.

Following programme start-up you will see Fig. A4-1 on the screen.

The upper screen line is the menu line with the selection pints
File
Window
Setting
Help

The lowest line is designated as status line; depending on the situation it shows various key sequences
with which you can call up certain functions without using the menu. The screen area between the menu
and the status lines is the so-called view port.

Figure A4-1: Screen format

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Step 1: Creation and opening of data input formulas

With the mouse click on to the menu point "File" (if you use the keyboard press Alt + D together). Following
this the file sub-menu opens with the functions as shown in Fig. A4-2.

New
Open... F3
Import...
Save F2
Save under...
Change directory...
Analyse...
DOS activate
Figure A4-2: File sub-menu Terminate Alt+X

Three dots following the menu function indicate that, on calling up this function, a so-called dialogue
window appears with whose help the function reference can be specified. Designations such as "F3" or
"Alt + X" represent key functions which can be used instead of function commands using the keyboard.
Now click on to "New" (or move the selector bar to "New" using the cursor key and press ENTER). A
window with input formula appears on the screen. You can now enter all data and indicators which are
required for an evaluation and documentation of an oxygen transfer measurement (see Step 2).

Excel files can be transferred, for example, using "Import...". This is available if your data logger has stored
the data in Excel files. For information on this see "Help".

As described above reselect the menu point "File" and the function "Open" in the file sub-menu. The
window "Open File" then appears on the screen. It contains i.a. a list of files which have already been
saved - with the first programme start only the initial files "DEMO1" and "DEMO2". Over the file list you see
an input field for a file name. To the right you find so-called switches (Open, Abort). Double-click on the
name "DEMO1" in the list (or press the tabulator key, move the selector bar if required with the aid of the
cursor key to the name "DEMO1" and then press [Enter]).

You have now created a second input form on the view port. As opposed to the first form this already
contains numbers and signs. As the windows are "one on top of another" (superimposed) at first you see
only the one created last. You have i.e. the following possibilities of arranging the forms on the view port
that all are, at least in part, visible.

(1) Select the menu function "Window" and in the sub-menu "Superimposed". The forms are then
presented portioned.

(2) Using the mouse click on the title row of a window and keep the mouse key depressed while moving
the mouse. In this manner you can displace the window and make the one below visible.

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 ATV-M 209E

Step 2: Input data

If the first created, empty input form is not already lying "on top" click on this form window using the mouse
on any visible point in order to bring it to the foreground. The input marking is located, if you have not
altered it in the meanwhile, on the first input field "Label". If this is not the case move the marking using the
cursor key to this field. Type in any desired series of symbols to describe a measurement (e.g. "Sewage
treatment plant XYZ, Test 1, Measurement Point 2"). Then press the key [Down] or [Tabulator] or [Enter].
The input marking is now on the field "Date". Enter the date in the form DD.MM.YY or DD.MM.YYYY and
note that all other keys than the space bar, fullstop, the number keys 0....9 and various control keys are
blocked.

Carry on in the same manner in order to enter numbers and symbols in the other fields. As decimal point
please always use the fullstop. Should the significance of the contents of an input field not be clear press
F1 in order to obtain the appropriate help. The "Help Window" can be closed, if required, using the [Esc].

The saturation value (CS,20) is calculated and applied for surface aerators automatically with CS,20 = 9.09 mg/l
and for diffused air aeration also automatically in accordance with Eqn. 11. Only if you have measured the
saturation value or have determined it in any other way you do set a value in the input form.

Step 3: Carry out evaluation

Bring the input form "DEMO1" into the foreground and select the function "Evaluate" from the data menu.
Dialogue window as shown in Fig. A4-3 then appears. In the top left-hand corner you see below "Default
settings" information on the scope of the actual oxygen measurement series. Below there are two input
fields in which you can enter which values are to be taken into account with the next evaluation. Thus it is
possible to cut out possible false initial and end values.

Figure A4-3: Evaluation menu

Now click on the switch "Compute" or press the key combination Alt+R. The most important characteristic
values of an oxygen transfer measurement then appear in the box "Results":

the oxygen transfer coefficient ()kLa for the test temperature,

the standard deviation of the measured DO values of the calculated curve (E.E),
the oxygen transfer capacity under standard conditions ()OC,
the ratio ta/t90%,which should be greater than 150 %, comp. 4.1.

In order to obtain a graphic representation actuate the switch "Graphic". With this two diagrams are
produced: the upper diagram shows the individual DO concentration values and the calculated curve, the
lower one the deviations between measured and calculated DO values (residues). The presentation of the
residues is particular suited for the assessment of the "quality" of a measurement. The DO value series of
the Demo file has been deliberately set so that a "wave form" path for the residues results. This can, for
example, be an indication of an insufficient mixing of the chemicals. In such cases you should repeat the
evaluation with a different range of values (comp. 3 Example, Fig. A4-7).

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 ATV-M 209E

Step 4: Print

The programme offers the possibility of printing out the measured data in the form of a list and as a
diagram. Before you call up a function you should select and adjust your printer. For this select the menu
function "Settings" and in the sub-menu "Printer". This is presented as shown in Fig. A4-4.

Figure: A4-4: Menu for printer setting

In the list "Model/Type" there are various well-known printers. Using "Text" a simple, non-graphic capable
printer is indicated. If you select this you can print a list but not a diagram. All other printers on the other
hand can produce graphics.

On the right-hand side of the dialogue window you can select the printer connection; the standard setting
is "LPT1". In the case that your printer is connected to a series interface (COM1 and COM2), please note
that you must set the transfer parameters (baud rate, word length, etc.) before calling up the programme.
In order to divert the printer output into a file, select "File".

In the lower part of the window you can input how many character spaces in each row should be left free
as margin. An approximately 2 cm margin corresponds to 8 characters. Once you have carried out all
necessary settings, close the dialogue window.

Call up the function "Evaluate" and actuate the switch "Print list". The printer must then print out the
measurement protocol in the desired form. (In the case that you have selected an input on file it is naturally
not printed. Instead you are asked for a name for the output file). A print-out for "DEMO1" as an example
can be found in Fig. A4-5. At the top of the table the plant-specific values and the default settings are
summarised on the left, on the right are the results of the evaluation.

Next try out a print of a diagram by actuating the switch "Print graphic". If there are problems with this then
the printer is probably not compatible with the selected model. Check the compatibility using the printer
handbook.

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 ATV-M 209E

OXYGEN TRANSFER TEST DEMO1, Desorption, Pressure Aeration

Test No.: 1 Date: 09.03.95 Sonde: red

Tank volume............: 1000.00 m3 C0...............: 16.04 mg/l
Water temperature..: 12.00 C cs(c*)..........: 3.12 mg/l
Satur.value CS,20...: 11.07 mg/ (a)kLa.........: 4.42 1/h
Power input.............: 33.00 kW (a)OC.........: 59.15 kg/h
Diffuser depth hE....: 4.50 m (a)OCL,h....: 6.57 g/m3N*m
Air flow QL.: 2000.00 m3N/h (a)OP 1.79 kg/kWh

Delta t......................: 2.00 min E. E. ...........: 0.15

Evaluation range.....: 1 - 35 ta/t90...........: 218 %

I TIME C meas. C calc. Dev. I TIME C meas. C calc. Dev.

Min. mg/l mg/l mg/l Min. mg/l mg/l mg/l

1 0.00 16.00 16.04 -0.04 26 50.00 3.43 3.45 -0.02

2 2.00 14.80 14.27 -0.53 27 52.00 3.38 3.40 -0.02
3 4.00 12.70 12.74 -0.04 28 54.00 3.33 3.37 -0.04
4 6.00 11.00 11.42 -0.42 29 56.00 3.30 3.33 -0.03
5 8.00 10.00 10.29 -0.29 30 58.00 3.25 3.30 -0.05
6 10.00 9.15 9.30 -0.15 31 60.00 3.22 3.28 -0.06
7 12.00 8.40 8.46 -0.06 32 62.00 3.20 3.26 -0.06
8 14.00 7.75 7.73 0.02 33 64.00 3.17 3.24 -0.07
9 16.00 7.15 7.10 0.05 34 66.00 3.15 3.22 -0.07
10 18.00 6.60 6.55 0.05 35 68.00 3.13 3.21 -0.08
11 20.00 6.15 6.08 0.07
12 22.00 5.80 5.68 0.12
13 24.00 5.40 5.33 0.07
14 26.00 5.12 5.03 0.09
15 28.00 4.85 4.77 0.08
16 30.00 4.62 4.54 0.08
17 32.00 4.40 4.35 0.05
18 34.00 4.25 4.18 0.07
19 36.00 4.10 4.03 0.07
20 38.00 3.95 3.91 0.04
21 40.00 3.85 3.80 0.05
22 42.00 3.75 3.71 0.04
23 44.00 3.65 3.63 0.02
24 46.00 3.56 3.46 -0.00
25 48.00 3.50 3.50 -0.00

Fig. A4-5: Printout of the results of an evaluation

Step 5: Save data

Bring the form "DEMO1" into the foreground and then call up the function "Save" in the file menu. You can
determine that the data is then stored on a disk or harddisk without further request. Now repeat the action
with the form which was created in the first step. A dialogue window "Save Data" now appears as request
to give a file name (Fig. A4-6). The reason for this different reaction is that the new form still has no valid
file name and is designated provisionally as "NONAME...". You can recognise this in the title row of the
form window.

If you wish to save a form with a valid file name under another name use the function "Save under" instead
of the function "Save". Through this you obtain the named dialogue window and can give it a new file
name.
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 ATV-M 209E

Figure A4-6: Menu to save data

3. Example

Call up "DEMO1". Select "File" and "Evaluate". Now go to "Graphic". You now see Fig. A4-7. The wave
form of the residues is apparent. Read off kLa = 4.42 1/h and the standard deviation of the residues
E.E. = 0.15 as characteristic values. Now change to "Evaluate 2 (instead of 1) from 35" and go to
"Graphic". The figure is unchanged. If you now evaluate 3 from 35 the E.E sinks to 0.08 and kLa 60 4.16
1/h. The progression of the residues is still wave form. It is only when you evaluate 4 from 35 that the
residues are more randomly distributed, E.E. sinks to 0.02 and kLa to 3.98 1/h. If you then evaluate 5 from
35 you will recognise that practically nothing alters (Fig. A4-8).

If one had based the calculation on all 35 measured values then, in this example, one would have
overestimated kLa and thus also OC by ca. 10 %.

mg/l]

mg/l

mg/l
mg/l

Figure A4-7: Diagram of the test results applying all measured values (1 to 35)

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 ATV-M 209E

mg/l]

mg/l

mg/l
mg/l

Figure A4-8: Diagram of the test results after leaving out the first four measured values (1 to 35)

4. Help

The programme has been developed by AQUADATA GmbH. AQUADATA also takes on programme
maintenance on behalf of ATV. If you have problems with the programme you can apply to AQUADATA.
The most competent specialist there is Mr. Gero Frse.

AQUADATA GmbH
Groe Strae 5
D-38116 Braunschweig
Germany
Tel: (0049) 531-501452, Fax: (0049) 531-500907.

June 1996 52