Experimental Investigation of Bamboo-Filled Aluminium Tube Subjected To Quasi-Static Loading

i
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BAMBOO-FILLED ALUMINIUM

TUBE SUBJECTED TO QUASI-STATIC LOADING
JOSEPH TIONG KING ING
This report is implemented as to fulfill the requirement of the title of Bachelor in

Mechanical Engineering (Structure and Materials)
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
APRIL 2010
ii
PAGE OF CONFESSION
I admitted that this report is the work of my own except each summary and
extraction which I had explained its sourse.
Signature : ........................................
Writers Name : ..
Date : ..
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I all would like to express our deeply thankfulness to God because
I manage to finish this Projek Sarjana Muda 2 (PSM 2) report on time and could
submit it to fulfill the requirements of the subject of Projek Sarjana Muda 2
(BMCU 4983).
Besides that I also like to state my gratitude to everyone who has assisted and
guided me in producing this report especially to my beloved Supervisor, Prof Dr. Md
Radzai Bin Said. He had advices me how to carry out the study on Experimental
Investigation of Bamboo-Filled Aluminium Tube Subjected to Quasi-Static Loading.
Besides that, I would also like to share my gratitude to the Laboratorys

technician, Mr. Faizol Bin Kamarul Zahari and Mr. WanSaharizal Bin Wan Harun.
They were willing to arrange a time for me to perform any experimental test
Finally I also like to express my gratitude to any other individuals or group

who I have not mentions that has also played an important role in my PSM 2 report.
I hope that my PSM 2 report will fulfill the conditions as requested in Projek
Sarjana Muda 2 (BMCU 4983). Thank you.
iv
ABSTRACT
The research involved experimental works of axial compression of

aluminium hollow square tube and bamboo-filled under quasi-static loading
condition. The main purpose of the research is to compare the energy absorption
between hollow tube and bamboo-filled tube. Initially, related journals and articles
were obtained through any resources. Total of eighteen specimens of aluminium
with different cross-section dimension were cut off with 300mm in length (9
specimens) and 150mm (9 specimens). The cut area is ensured flat and
perpendicular to the length of the tube. Bamboo specimens are all oven-dry. After
bamboo specimens had been oven-dry, it is cut into slides. Six specimens with
length of 150mm are filled in with slides bamboo. All the specimens (empty tube
and bamboo-filled tube) were then subjected to compression load by using
INSTRON Universal Testing Mesin Model 5585. The rate of compression is 10mm
per minute. Throughout the compression period, photos are taken with every
increment and decrement of the load-displacement curve. Videos were recorded
throughout entire compression process. This is to obtain the fold formation of the
compressed tube. After compression, data and results of the compression test were
obtained and load-displacement graphs are drawn to determine the total energy
absorption of the tube (area under curve).
v
ABSTRAK
Tajuk penelitian eksperimental melibatkan mampatan axial pembebanan

kuasi-statik balang aluminium persegi berongga dan buluh diisi. Tujuan utama
penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan penyerapan tenaga antara balang hampa
dan balang buluh diisi. Pada permulaaan, jurnal dan artikel yang berkaitan
diperolehi melalui sumber maklumat. Lapan belas spesimen dari aluminium dengan
dimensi penampang yang berbeza dipotong dengan panjang 300mm (9 spesimen),
dan 150mm (9 spesimen). Kawasan memotong dipastikan datar dan bersudut tegak
terhadap panjang balang. Semua buluh spesimen dioven-keringkan. Setelah
spesimen buluh telah dioven-keringkan, buluh tersebut dipotong. Seterusnya, enam
spesimen dengan panjang 150mm diisikan dengan buluh yang telah dipotong.
Kemudiannya, semua spesimen (balang kosong dan balang berisi buluh) mengalami
mampatan pada mesin mampatan Instron Universal Testing Mesin Model 5585.
Kadar mampatan ditetapkan pada 10mm setiap minit. Seluruh tempoh mampatan,
foto diambil dengan setiap peningkatan dan penurunan dari graph beban-perpindahan.
Video dirakam sepanjang proses mampatan dijalankan. Ini adalah untuk
mendapatkan pembentukan lipatan balang dibuka. Selepas process mampatan, data
hasil kompresi diperolehi dan beban-perpindahan grafik dilukis untuk menentukan
jumlah penyerapan tenaga pada baling hampa dan baling berisi buluh (kawasan di
bawah lengkung).
vi
TABLE OF CONENT
CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE
TITLE i
CONFESSION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
LIST OF TABLE ix
LIST OF FIGURE x
LIST OF SYMBOL xviii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objective 5
1.3 Scope 5
1.4 Problem Statement 6
1.5 Project Methodology 6
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Energy Absorption 7
2.1.1 Quasi-Static Loading 9
2.1.2 Dynamic Loading 10
2.1.3 Oblique Loading 11
vii

2.2 Test Specimen Shape (Structural Shape) 14
2.2.1 Circular Tube 14
2.2.2 Square Tube 17
2.2.3 Frusta 18
2.3 Mode of Deformation 20
2.4 Bamboo 22
2.4.1 The Stem of Bamboo 23
2.4.2 Branch of Bamboo 24
2.4.3 Bamboos Moisture Content 25
2.4.4 Bamboos Dry Density 25
2.4.5 Bamboos Shrinkage 26
CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT 27

3.1 Preparation of Specimen 27
3.1.1 Empty Square-shape Tube 27
3.1.2 Bamboo Specimen 28
3.2 Quasi-Static Loading 29
3.2.1 Empty Square Tube 29
3.2.2 Bamboo-Filled Square Tube 30
3.2.3 Load-Displacement Curve 31
CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND 32

DISCUSSION
4.1 Experimental Observation 32
4.2 Bamboo 61
4.3 The Length of Bamboo-Filled 61
Aluminium Tube.
4.4 Fold Formation Process, Load-
Displacement Curves and Crush 62
Characteristic.
viii

4.5 Energy Absorption Capability 63
4.5.1 Hollow Tube. 64
4.5.2 Bamboo 65
4.5.3 Bamboo-Filled Tube 65
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 67

5.1 Conclusion 67
5.2 Recommendation 68
REFERENCE 69
APPENDIX 72
Appendix A : Aluminium Square Tube Cross 72
Section with Length= 300mm.
Appendix B : Aluminium Square Tube Cross 73
Section with Length = 150mm.
Appendix C : Flow Chart of PSM 1 (PSM 2) 74
Activities.
Appendix D : Grant Chart of Activities Carry 75
Out in PSM 2
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
4.1 Summary of Solid Bamboo Specimen Property 55
4.2 Summary of The Result For Hollow Aluminium 56

Square Tube.
(t=1.5mm, L=300mm)
4.3 Summary of the Result for Hollow Aluminium 57

Square Tube ( =100mm)
4.4 Summary of the Result of Density For Bamboo- 58

Filled Aluminium Square Tube
(L=150mm)
4.5 Summary of the Comparison Results For Both 59

Empty and Bamboo-Filled Aluminium Square
Tube (L= 150mm)
4.6 Summary of the Comparison Results For Both 60

Empty and Bamboo-Filled Aluminium Square
Tube (L= 150mm and =13mm)
x
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1.1 Symmetric axial crush response mode ductile 3

metallic alloy, square box component: (a) axial
crush and undeformed tube specimens, (b) curve
sections and (c) crush characteristics.
(Source: Dipaolo and Tom, 2006)
1.2 Configuration A response prototype specimen 4

S1-18: fold formation and loaddisplacement
curve.
2.1 Test Specimen Geometry and Support Conditions 9

(Source: Tarigopula et al., 2006)
2.2 Oblique Loading of Column 12

(Source: Reyes et al., 2003)
2.3 Test Rig 12

2.4 Deformation Modes of Oblique Loading 13

(Source: Reyes, et al., 2003)
xi
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.5 Sample Specimens Deformation of Oblique 13

Loading
2.6 Typical loaddetection curve for an axially loaded 14

thin-walled metal tube which collapsed by
progressive folding.
(Source: Guillowa et al., 2001)
2.7 Schematic axial view of non-symmetric or 15

diamond collapse mode. Two cases are shown, N =
3 and4 circumferential lobes.
2.8 Axi-symmetric collapse mechanism assumed by 15

Alexander
2.9 Axi-symmetric model used by Abramowicz and 16

Jones.
2.10 Tube Deformation Response Mode 17

2.11 (a) Geometrical details of specimen and (b) 19

specimens before test.
(Source: Gupta et al., 2006)
2.12 Load-Deformation Curve For Frusta 19

(Source: Gupta et al., 2006)
xii
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.13 Axisymmetric concertina mode and Cut view of 21

concertina mode.
(Source: Pled et al., 2007)
2.14 Diamond 3 lobe mode and Bottom view of 21

diamond mode
(Source: Pled et al., 2007)
2.15 The structural of Bamboo 23

(Source: Wong, K. M., (2004)
2.16 Bamboos Branch Complements: (A) many 24

branches from many individual primary buds, (B)
many slender branches from a single primary bud,
(C) dominant primary branch and smaller branches
proliferating from its base, (D) pair of unequal
main branches from one primary bud, and (E) three
subequal main branches arising together.
(Source: Wong, K. M., 2004)
3.1 Quasi-Static Axial Crush: (a) Square Tube 29

Geometry (L=300mm) and (b) Square Tube
Geometry (L=150mm)
3.2 Instron Universal Testing Machine 31
4.1 Final Permanent Fold Formation of specimen 33

(a) 1A-1C, (b) 2A-2C, (c) 3A-3C; and (d) 1D, 2D,
and 3D.
xiii
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
4.2 Final Permanent Fold Formation of bamboo filled 33

specimen (a) 1i-1ii, (b) 2i-2ii, and (c) 3i-3ii.
4.3 Fold Formation and Load-Displacement Curve of 34

Hollow specimen
(a) 1A, (b) 2C, and (c) 3C with L=300mm.
4.4 Fold Formation and Load-Displacement Curve of 35

Bamboo-Filled specimen (a) 1D, (b) 2D, and (c)
3D with L=150mm.
4.5 Fold Formation of Tube 1A (38X38mm) with 36

L=300mm in Load-Displacement Curve Under
Quasi-Static Loading.
4.6 Deforming Mode For Tube 1A Under Quasi-Static 36

Loading.
4.7 Fold Formation of Tube 2C (44.5X44.5mm) with 37

4.8 Deforming Mode For Tube 2C Under Quasi-Static 37

Loading.
4.9 Fold Formation of Tube 3C (51X51mm) with 38

4.10 Deforming Mode For Tube 3C Under Quasi-Static 38

Loading.
xiv
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
4.11 Fold Formation of Tube 1D (38X38mm) with L= 39

150mm in Load-Displacement Curve Under Quasi-
Static Loading.
4.12 Deforming Mode For Tube 1D Under Quasi-Static 39

Loading.
4.13 Fold Formation of Tube 2D (44.5X44.5mm) with 40

L= 150mm in Load-Displacement Curve Under

Loading.
4.15 Fold Formation of Tube 3D (51X51mm) with L= 41

150mm in Load-Displacement Curve Under Quasi-
Static Loading.

Loading.
4.17 Fold Formation of Bamboo Ax (with L= 300mm) 42

in Load-Displacement Curve Under Quasi-Static
Loading.
4.18 Deforming Mode For Bamboo Ax Under Quasi- 42

Static Loading.
4.19 Load-Displacement Curve for Bamboo-filled 43

Square Tubes 1a (38X38mm) with L=150mm.
xv
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
4.20 Deforming Mode For Bamboo-Filled Square Tube 43

1a Under Quasi-Static Loading.
4.21 Load-Displacement Curve for Bamboo-Filled 44

Square Tubes 1b (38X38mm) with L=150mm.

1b Under Quasi-Static Loading.

Square Tubes 2a (44.5X44.5mm) with L=150mm.


Square Tubes 2b (44.5X44.5mm) with L=150mm.


Square Tubes 3a (51.0X51.0mm) with L=150mm.


Square Tubes 3b (51.0X51.0mm) with L=150mm.
xvi
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

4.31 Comparison of Load-Displacement Curve of All 49

Empty Tube Specimen 1 with constant length,
38mm X 38mm cross-section, thickness 1.5mm,
and compression displacement of 220mm.

44.5mm X 44.5mm cross-section, thickness
1.5mm, and compression displacement of 220mm.

51mm X 51mm cross-section, thickness 1.5mm,
4.34 Comparison of Load-Displacement Curve for All 50

Empty Tube Specimen 1 with 38mm X 38mm
cross-section, thickness 1.5mm corresponding to
compression displacement of 100mm.

Empty Tube Specimen 2 of 44.5 mm X 44.5 mm
with thickness 1.5 mm corresponding to
xvii
FIGURE TITLE PAGE

Empty Tube Specimen 3 of 51 mm X 51 mm with
thickness 1.5 mm corresponding to compression
displacement of 100mm.
4.37 Comparison of Load-Displacement Curve of 52

Empty Tube (1D) and Bamboo-Filled Tubes (1a
and 1b) with Cross-section 38 mm X 38 mm.

and 2b) with Cross-section 44.5 mm X 44.5 mm.

and 3b) with Cross-section 51 mm X 51 mm.

and 1b) with Cross-section 38 mm X 38 mm and

and 2b) with Cross-section 44.5 mm X 44.5 mm

and 3b) with Cross-section 51 mm X 51 mm and
xviii
LIST OF SYMBOL
Pmax = peak load, N

Pmean = mean or average load, N
EA = energy absorption, Nmm
= axial displacement, mm
t = thickness, mm
L = length, mm
A = area, mm2
Mc = moisture content, %
m0 = initial mass of the test specimen, g
m0 = final mass of specimen after oven-dry, g
D = density of test specimen, kg/m3
m = mass of specimen after dry, g
V = volume of the test specimen after dry, mm3
SH = shrinkage of the test specimen, %
I = initial diameter or length, mm
F = final diameter or length, mm
= material yield strength, MPa
Pm = average folding force, N
h = wall thickness of the column, mm
C = the half length of every edge in the square cross section, mm
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Based on reference [1], the axial crush response of thin-wall, ductile metallic
alloy components (specific geometry and material combination) have been
extensively studied for irreversible directional energy absorption capability. It had
been studied by Coppa [2], Ezra and Fay [3], Johnson and Reid [4], and finally Reid
and Reddy [5]. Due to the significant energy can be absorbed by plastic deformation
during the progressive fold formation process that is characteristic of this response,
axial crush has many important engineering safety applications in areas including
crashworthiness and blast-resistant design of structures.
In early time, an example of the symmetric axial crush response mode by

Abramowicz and Jones for an AISI 304 stainless steel, welded square box
component tube specimen is shown in Figure 1.1. A crush specimen showing the
fold formation and an undeformed tube specimen are shown in Figure 1.1(a). The
corresponding axial load-axial displacement curve (subsequently referred to as the
loaddisplacement curve) is shown in Figure 1.1(b) and (c). As also mentioned in
reference [1], the axial crush response can be considered to consist of phases or
stages. The type of response shown in Figure 1.1 is divided into an initial phase
and a secondary phase. The initial phase phase includes the pre-collapse response
prior to the occurrence of the peak or maximum load, the change from axial to
bending load-resistance in the sidewalls, and the formation of the first few interior
2
and exterior folds on sets of opposite sidewalls with corresponding increases and
decreases in the loaddisplacement curve. The secondary folding phase consists of
the steady state fold formation process and the adjacent sidewall interactions and
contacting of folds produce subsequent fold formations of constant wavelength along
the remaining length of the specimen. Therefore, a cycle in the curve (Figure 1.1(b))
corresponds to the formation of one exterior or one interior fold on both sets of
opposite sidewalls with load magnitudes fluctuating between minimum and
maximum values. The cycles can be further divided into sections with each section
represents the formation of an exterior fold on a specific set of opposite sidewalls
and the corresponding formation of an interior fold on the other opposite sidewall
pair.
For axial crush response, investigators have used or defined crush

characteristics, also called indicators or parameters, to evaluate and compare the
performance of components. These characteristics include both direct data and
derived quantities. The emphasis of the current investigation is on the direct data
quantities from the loaddisplacement curve. The characteristics of interest are
shown in Figure 1.1(c) for the square box component and include: the initial phase
peak load, Pmax (or P02); maximum and minimum loads, Pij; mean or average loads,
Pmeani; energy absorptions, EAi; and axial displacements, . The subscript i refers to
the initial phase if i = 0 and the ith cycle in the secondary phase for i = 1, 2, etc. The
subscript j is a sequential number indicator for the maximum and minimum loads in
the initial phase or in an ith cycle. In general, an energy absorption quantity, EAi, is
the area under the loaddisplacement curve, and is equal to the energy
absorption divided by the axial displacement, for the initial phase or the ith cycle.
The axial crush response has been investigated with respect to types of
response modes, geometry-material design criteria for components, crush
characteristics to evaluate performance, methods to initiate or modify response, and
rate and temperature effects. The effects of material type, material alloying, and
process parameters were also investigated on the axial crush response of metallic
alloy components. The results shown response mode changes from ductile fold
formation to fracture, differences in mode response and crush characteristic
magnitudes in the fold formation process.
3
The analyses involved peak load and overall crush displacement and energy
absorption quantities. Secondary folding phase characteristics and details of the
materials undergoing severe plastic deformation could not be evaluated because of
significant differences in the fold formation process and the loaddisplacement curve
shapes for specimens within each individual study.
Figure 1.1: Symmetric axial crush response mode ductile metallic alloy, square box
component: (a) axial crush and undeformed tube specimens, (b) curve sections and (c)
crush characteristics.
The term configuration response was introduced in previous research

involving AISI 304 stainless steel square box components by DiPaolo [1]. For the
symmetric axial crush mode, a specific configuration response refers to the
combination of a specific fold formation process (verified by fold appearance) and
the shape of the corresponding loaddisplacement curve. An example of fold
formation and the corresponding loaddisplacement curve of an AISI 304 stainless
steel tube specimen for the Configuration A response that was studied in the
4
previous research [1] is given in Figure 1.2. The results of the research showed that
there were several configuration responses of the symmetric axial crush mode and
that these configuration responses differed in stationary fold-line locations and
traveling fold-line paths for right-circular cylindrical polyvinyl chloride specimens,
idealized models, plastic hinge lines, and for right-circular cylindrical and square
specimens. Therefore, there were differed in load magnitudes, energy absorption
processes and material performance requirements.
It had demonstrated that axial crush response could be controlled and

restricted to a specific configuration response for tube specimens with constant
geometry and material and, also, for tube specimens with constant geometry and of
the same alloy, but having different uniaxial tensile strength levels.
This capability is important not only for the practical application of axial
crush response, but also because it provides the ability to research the influence of
material parameters on axial crush characteristic magnitudes and to study details of
material behavior such as microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms
during severe plastic deformation.
Figure 1.2: Configuration A response prototype specimen S1-18: fold formation

and loaddisplacement curve.
5
1.2 Objective
The main objective of this research is focused on the capability of the

bamboo-filled and hollow empty square aluminium tube to absorb energy during
compression. Different cross-section with constant wall thickness and length were
studied and tested to compare the behavior of its capability in energy absorption.
In order to achieve the above goal, each tube was investigated its peak and
mean loads, plastic folding and energy absorbed of bamboo-filled hollow empty
aluminium tube subjected to axial compression. In additional, the study also
compared empty and bamboo-filled tube with respect to energy absorption.
1.3 Scope
Aluminium thin-walled tube is selected as the experiment specimen. For

comparison among the empty tubes, the tube had three different cross section
dimensions but had same thickness and length of 1.5mm and 300mm. While for
comparison between empty and bamboo-filled tubes, the length of the tube is
decrease to 150mm. The type of bamboo chosen is Dendrocalamus Asper. All
specimens subjected quasi-static loading with compression speed of 10mm per
minute. The characteristic of the empty tube for each cross section is determine
through its peak and mean loads, number of plastic folding, and capability of energy
absorbed. As for the characteristic between empty tube and bamboo-filled tube, the
specimens peak and mean loads, and the capability of energy absorbed are also been
determine. No simulation work performed in this particular task.

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i

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BAMBOO-FILLED ALUMINIUM

JOSEPH TIONG KING ING

This report is implemented as to fulfill the requirement of the title of Bachelor in

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Besides that, I would also like to share my gratitude to the Laboratorys

Finally I also like to express my gratitude to any other individuals or group

The research involved experimental works of axial compression of

Tajuk penelitian eksperimental melibatkan mampatan axial pembebanan

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT 27

CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND 32

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 67

TABLE TITLE PAGE

4.1 Summary of Solid Bamboo Specimen Property 55

4.2 Summary of The Result For Hollow Aluminium 56

4.3 Summary of the Result for Hollow Aluminium 57

4.4 Summary of the Result of Density For Bamboo- 58

4.5 Summary of the Comparison Results For Both 59

4.6 Summary of the Comparison Results For Both 60

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

1.1 Symmetric axial crush response mode ductile 3

1.2 Configuration A response prototype specimen 4

2.1 Test Specimen Geometry and Support Conditions 9

2.2 Oblique Loading of Column 12

2.3 Test Rig 12

2.4 Deformation Modes of Oblique Loading 13

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.5 Sample Specimens Deformation of Oblique 13

2.6 Typical loaddetection curve for an axially loaded 14

2.7 Schematic axial view of non-symmetric or 15

2.8 Axi-symmetric collapse mechanism assumed by 15

2.9 Axi-symmetric model used by Abramowicz and 16

2.10 Tube Deformation Response Mode 17

2.11 (a) Geometrical details of specimen and (b) 19

2.12 Load-Deformation Curve For Frusta 19

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.13 Axisymmetric concertina mode and Cut view of 21

2.14 Diamond 3 lobe mode and Bottom view of 21

2.15 The structural of Bamboo 23

2.16 Bamboos Branch Complements: (A) many 24

3.1 Quasi-Static Axial Crush: (a) Square Tube 29

3.2 Instron Universal Testing Machine 31

4.1 Final Permanent Fold Formation of specimen 33

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

4.2 Final Permanent Fold Formation of bamboo filled 33

4.3 Fold Formation and Load-Displacement Curve of 34

4.4 Fold Formation and Load-Displacement Curve of 35

4.5 Fold Formation of Tube 1A (38X38mm) with 36

4.6 Deforming Mode For Tube 1A Under Quasi-Static 36

4.7 Fold Formation of Tube 2C (44.5X44.5mm) with 37

4.8 Deforming Mode For Tube 2C Under Quasi-Static 37

4.9 Fold Formation of Tube 3C (51X51mm) with 38

4.10 Deforming Mode For Tube 3C Under Quasi-Static 38

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

4.11 Fold Formation of Tube 1D (38X38mm) with L= 39

4.12 Deforming Mode For Tube 1D Under Quasi-Static 39

4.13 Fold Formation of Tube 2D (44.5X44.5mm) with 40

4.14 Deforming Mode For Tube 2D Under Quasi-Static 40

4.15 Fold Formation of Tube 3D (51X51mm) with L= 41