T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J.

TCG, I, No 1-2 87

. A.L. CIUTINA
...

2.

. m:
, , c:
k:
, ,
. u&&B :
. u, u&, u&& : ,

, ... .
ut , u& t , u&&t : () ,
1.

,
3. KAI
-
- -
. , , - (. 1),
, ([4], [5]).
Housner [1]
-
[2], [3].

o ,
,
.
.
,
,
.
, 1: .
, Figure 1: Single mass osclator.
, -
,
.
:

mu&& + cu& + ku = mu&&B (3.1)
-
. (3.1)
. -
du = udt &

t ,
-
. (3.2), -
,
:
. ,
E + + = (3.2)
,
. :
: 30.4.1998 : 9.12.1998
88 T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2

t 1 2
mu& B
= m u&&B du = ,
0
= 0 =
2
,
1 2 u t = u B , :
= mu& = ,
2
1 2
= mu& B = 0
t
2
u& dt
2
= c =
0 , 4.
2 5
t
= k uudt
& = . (1978), (1981)
0 , (1986)
(1995).
- 5%. , ,
, -
. 0.4,
, 1.0 2.0 sec. 6
-
: .
mu&&t + cu& + ku = 0 (3.3)
, :

. (3.3) . (3.1), 1 2
,
E= mu&
2
:

E + + = (3.4)
2E
: u& =
m
t

= m u&&t du B = , , -
0
.
. ,
1 2
= mu& t = , ,
2 , , ,
.
,
. (3.2). . ..

- 50%
, ,
. 10%.
-
.
- 2.0 sec, -
, .
.
- ,
, u = u B ut = 0, : ,
T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2 89

0.5 sec. , El Centro, 1.5

.
1.0 1.5 sec .
, , - 1972-84 [6],
,
, ,
. , -
.
7, - , -
, Tolmezzo, 1976,
(Vrancea) 1977, 1986 1990. 0.37 g, -
1.25 g,
1986 1990. 115 cm/sec.
, , 1977 -
2000 , ,
. .
, 1977 - , ,
. Kobe
1.25 425 cm/sec,
2.25 sec - [3]
. 200 cm/sec.
8
6.

. , . -
Northridge , -
6.7 Richter, Kobe , -
7.2, (Vrancea), 7.2, .
, 6.2, El -
Centro . -
,
5%.
-
,
.
Kobe Northridge, -
2.7 g 2.2 g, 1.5
,
1. Housner, G.W., Limit Design of Structures to Resist Earthquakes,
El Cen- 1 WCEE, Berleley, 1956, pp. 5.1 - 5.13.
tro 2. Akiyama, H. Earthquake-Resistant Limit-State Design for Buil-
. , , dings, University of Tokyo Press, 1985.
3. Arch. Inst. of Japan (AIJ), Earthquake Resistant Regulations for
Kobe Building Structures, 1981.
Northridge, 425 350 cm/sec 4. Uang, C.M., Bertero, V.V., Use of energy as a design criterion in
, 2.5 earthquake-resistant design, Rep. no UCB/EERC-88/18, Berkeley, 1988.
5. Uang, C.M., Bertero, V.V., Evaluation of seismic energy in structures,
. - Earthq. Engineering and Struct. Dynamics, 19 (1), 1990, pp. 77-90.
, , 6. Rinaldi, Z. Individuazione delle caracteristiche spettrali di accelero-
, grammi naturali italiani e selezione di registrazioni compatibili con gli
spettri di normativa, CUEN, Napoli, 1997.
.

. ,
..., , , ,
42, 106 82 .
A. Ciutina
, .
90 T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2

2: (1978)
0.4, 1.0 2.0 sec.
Figure 2: Energy spectra of the Thessaloniki (1978) earthquake and development of the input and damping energy for structures with fun-
damental periods 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 sec.
T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2 91

3: (1981)
0.4, 1.0 2.0 sec.
Figure 3: Energy spectra of the Alkyonides (1978) earthquake and development of the input and damping energy for structures with funda-
mental periods 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 sec.
92 T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2

4: (1986)
0.4, 1.0 2.0 sec.
Figure 4: Energy spectra of the Kalamata (1981) earthquake and development of the input and damping energy for structures with funda-
mental periods 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 sec.
T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2 93

5: (1995) -
0.4, 1.0 2.0 sec.
Figure 5: Energy spectra of the Egion (1995) earthquake and development of the input and damping energy for structures with fundamental
periods 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0 sec.
94 T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2

6: .
Figure 6: Acceleration and relative input energy spectra of recent greek earthquakes.
T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2 95

7: .
Figure 7: Acceleration and relative input energy spectra of recent earthquakes in Bucharest.
96 T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2

8: .
Figure 8: Acceleration and relative input energy spectra of various recent earthquakes.
T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2
Extended summary
Energy Content of Greek Earthquakes
IOANNIS VAYAS
Associate Professor N.T.U.A.
Abstract
The paper presents the energy content of the most recent significant
earthquakes in Greece. The elastic spectra of the total input energy,
the kinetic energy, the elastic energy and damping energy are deter-
mined for the earthquakes of Thessaloniki, Korinth, Kalamata and
Egion. The spectra are calculated for both absolute and relative
energy. Comparisons are made between the energy content of the
Greek earthquakes and significant recent earthquakes in Europe,
the U.S.A. and Japan.
Most existing seismic codes describe the design earth-
quake by means of a peak ground acceleration and an acce-
leration spectrum as a function of the soil conditions. However,
the energy method is gaining over the years in significance.
This method was first proposed by Housner [1] and is incor-
porated in the Japanese Seismic Code [2], [3].
The energy method is based on the observation that
during aseismic event a certain amount of energy input is
introduced in the structure. The input energy is partly stored
and partly dissipated by the structure. The stored energy
results in from the kinetic energy and the recoverable elastic
strain energy and leads to forces on the structure. The dissi-
pated energy is composed of the damping energy and the
irrecoverable hysteretic energy for nonlinear response, lea-
ding to structural damage.
It is therefore obvious that the evaluation of the energy
input of an earthquake on a structure is of importance for the
seismic design. This paper presents the elastic energy spectra
of the most recent Greek earthquakes and compares them to
the corresponding spectra of other significant earthquakes in
Europe, the U.S.A. and Japan.
Eq. (3.1) gives the equation of motion for a simple degree
of freedom system as in fig. 1. By multiplication of eq. (3.1)
with the differential displacement du and integration with
respect to the time t of the ground motion, eq. (3.2) may be
derived which represents the energy balance of the motion.
The four terms in eq. (3.2) express the relative kinetic ener-
gy, the damping energy, the elastic strain energy and the rela-
Submitted: Apr. 30, 1998 Accepted: Dec. 9, 1998
97
ADRIAN CIUTINA
Civil Engineer
tive input energy. The latter represents the work done by the
static equivalent internal force on the equivalent fixed-base
system. This means that the effects of the rigid body transla-
tion of the structure are neglected.
In order to take into account these effects, the equation of
motion is written as in eq. (3.3). Performing the same multi-
plication and integration as before, the relevant energy ba-
lance is written as eq. (3.4). The four terms in eq. (3.4)
express the absolute kinetic energy, the damping energy, the
elastic strain energy and the absolute input energy. The latter
represents the work done by the total base shear at the foun-
dation on the foundation displacement.
Figs. 2 to 5 illustrate the elastic energy spectra for certain
records of the earthquakes of Thessaloniki (1978), Korinth
(1981), Kalamata (1986) and Egion (1995). The spectra have
been derived for 5% damping. The same figures show also
the time history of the relative input energy and the damping
energy for structures with fundamental periods 0.4, 1.0 and
2.0 sec. Fig. 6 compares the acceleration and relative input
energy spectra of the above seismic events as well as of the
record of Xylocastro (1981).
The figures show that the energy spectra dont follow the
acceleration spectra. For instance the maximal spectral acce-
lerations for the Egion record are approximately 50% larger
than for the Xylocastro record, while the energy only 10%.
For the Korinthos record it may be observed that the input
energy has large values up to a period 2.0 sec, while the spec-
tral accelerations are considerably reduced at such periods.
The Kalamata record gave the larger energy and acceleration
values which are however restricted to small period struc-
tures. On the other side the records of Thessaloniki and Kala-
mata gave large spectral values up to periods 1.0, correspon-
dingly 1.5 sec.
The importance of the energy spectra may be seen in fig.
7 which presents the acceleration and energy spectra for three
seismic events in Bucharest (Vrancea) of 1977, 1986 and
1990. The acceleration spectra show larger maximal values
98 T. . . . , , . 1-2 1999 Tech. Chron. Sci. J. TCG, I, No 1-2

for the 1986 and 1990 records. However, the 1977 earth-
quake was much stronger and caused 2000 casualties. This is
expressed in its energy spectrum which shows double maxi-
mal values compared to the others.
Fig. 8 presents acceleration and energy spectra for diffe-
rent well known earthquakes outside Europe. The spectral
accelerations for the Kobe and Northridge records were 1.5
times larger than those for Egion, while the corresponding
spectral energies 2.5 times larger. The Bucharest earthquake
was richer in energy content than the Egion one at larger periods
but poorer at smaller periods. The Egion earthquake is com-
parable to that of the El Centro in respect to energy, although
its spectral acceleration is 1.5 times larger. Finally it was
observed that the Greek earthquakes are richer in energy when
compared to Italian ones that have been presented in [6].
The results of the above work lead to the conclusion that
the recent Greek earthquakes were weaker than the last
strong earthquakes in Japan and the U.S.A. but comparable
strong or stronger than other European ones.

Ioannis Vayas,
Associate professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Patission 42, GR-106 82 Athens.
Adrian Ciutina,
Ph.D. student, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Politechnica University of Timisoara, Romania.