INSOCIO Reviewer 2.
2. RITUALISTS- those who give up the cultural goals but
1. Deviant Behavior
Is a behavior NOT IN CONFORMITY with the USUAL or
NORMAL behavior. It may be tolerated, approved or
disapproved.
EXAMPLES: Scientists, genius, inventors
Criminals. Drug dependents,
alcoholics, gamblers, prostitutes,
juvenile delinquents
THEORIES FOR DEVIANT BEHAVIOR:
1. BIOLOGICAL- that it is a result of abnormal genetic
traits.
Examples: Mental illness, homosexuality
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL- that it is brought about by inner
conflicts or by the inability to control ones inner impulses
or failure to structure ones behavior in an orderly way or
it s a form of aggression against society because of
frustrations.
Examples: Rebels, radicals, terrorists
3. ANOMIE or normlessness (according to Emile
Durkheim) This comes not as a result of the absence of
norms but because of the existence of many sets of norms,
that none of which is binding upon everybody.
4. LABELLING THEORY- which emphasizes the important
consequences for individuals who have been labeled by
official agencies & by other persons because of their
deviant behavior.
Ex. Prostitutes, call boys
5.CONFLICT THEORY- Deviant occurs as a result of conflict
between the powerful & the weak. A struggle between
social classes. Groups, which have vested interests &
possess power work for rules or laws, particularly those
that serve their own interests to be passed to the exclusion
of others. Strong sanctions are imposed against suicide,
abortion & pornography
TYPES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR:
1. CONFORMISTS are those who accept both the culturally
approved goals but disregard the institutionalized means
to achieve them.
Ex. Criminals who wish to have wealth & those who
commit graft & corruption to have a high standard of
living.
curriculum, less rigid admission procedures & more
follow the prescribed norms, even if they get only a little in
return.
Ex. Religious fanatics, Bureaucratic robots
3. RETREATISTS those who abandon both the cultural
goals & prescribed means to achieve them & try to set up
new norms
Ex. Alcoholic, drug addicts
LUDOMANIA- are compulsive gambling, a
gambling disorder, pathological& gambling
addiction. Gambling becomes a disorder when it
becomes persistent & maladaptive behavior
leading to economic, relational, occupational &
social dysfunction.
2. Education
Is a systematic & formal process of inculcating knowledge,
skills, habits, values & morale in students by skilled
specialized teachers in a formal institution called the
school.
FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION:
1. It can bring about unity or disunity in society & can
spell the development or underdevelopment of a
society.
2. It can bring about adaptation, goal attainment
integration & pattern maintenance.
3. To prepare the individual for effective participation
in social relations.
4. It gives the individual more opportunities for
advancement;
5. It adds prestige, honor & dignity to the individual;
6. It helps in refining character.
Levels of Education
1. Pre-school
2. Elementary
3. Secondary
4. Tertiary
FORMAL EDUCATION is synonymous with school. It
sets definite objectives & goals reached through
systematized, formal instruction & methods. It is
divided into pre-school level such as nursery, kinder
& prep.
Non-formal Education- consists of definite learning
goals & objectives, generally making use of flexible
participative learning methods. It is usually
administered by social organizations, private
companies. Ex: TESDA
3. Ethnic Groups & Ethnic Relations
Race - is a biological category of people that have the same
physical characteristics like skin color, hair texture, eye
shape & height.
1. CAUCASOID
2. NEGROID
3. MONGOLOID
Ethnic groups are divided into:
ETHNIC MAJORITY- is the dominant group that shares
common biological & cultural characteristics distinct from
other ethnic groups. They occupy the upper class either
because of their position of importance or privilege or by
their population number.
Examples of ethnic majority of the Philippines
are the Tagalogs, Cebuanos, Ilocanos, Visayas,
and Hiligaynon/Ilongo & Bicolanos.
2. ETHNIC MINORITY- is a small collection of people
occupying a subordinate status in the society because of
perceived inferior cultural & social characteristics. They
are indigenous people who inhabited the Philippines prior
to the coming of colonizers.
1. They occupy subordinate position in the
society & have special cultural traits considered
inferior by the society;
2. They are self-conscious of their cultural traits
that tie them to their fellow members giving
them the feeling of solidarity;
3. They tend to marry among themselves by
choice or by necessity;
4. They persist even when the racial & cultural
characteristics are no longer apparent to the
individual.
Example: the hill tribes in the Philippines are
the Tirurays, the Bajaos, The Manobo, the
Tagbanua, The Ifugao, the Bontoks and the
Aetas.
PREJUDICE is a prejudgment that generates negative
feelings, attitudes, beliefs toward a particular group of
people on account of their distinct biological & cultural
characteristics, which are so unique & distinct that these
can generate adverse sensory perception, ethnocentrism &
prejudice. Prejudice performs these functions for the
dominant group. It provides justification for status
inequalities for differential treatments for special groups
dominant groups. When prejudice is manifested physically,
it is in the form of DISCRIMINATION.
DISCRIMINATION- is the differential treatment given to a
group of people on account of their perceived physical &
cultural traits that can either be attitudinal and/or
institutional.
1. ATTITUDINAL discrimination- is the direct,
blatant and conscious personal prejudice
against a person who looks different because of
his skin color or cultural characteristics
(individual taste or certain haircut or clothing).
2. INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION- is the
neutral or subtle way of preventing the
minorities from further advancement &
exercising of their basic rights by passing rules,
policies, practices & laws.
KINDS OF DISCRIMINATION:
1. RACISM- discriminating people by reason of their color.
2. SEXISM OR GENDER STEREOTYPE-is the assumption
that one sex(male) is more superior than the
other(female)
3. AGEISM- discriminating people by reason of age.
4. LOOKSISM- discriminating people by reason of their
physical appearance.
5.CLASSISM- discriminating people by reason of their
social or economic status.
POLICIES OF REJECTION:
1. GENOCIDE- policy that pursues total annihilation (to put
completely out of existence) of the ethnic groups by
depriving them to live or from the supply of food.
The racists believe that ethnic minorities are sub-humans
that they are threats to the purity of the superior Aryan
race.
ETHNIC CLEANSING is the war between ethnic
groups, which attempts to annihilate each other,
so that only one group survives.
POPULATION EXCLUSION- is the placement of
the ethnic groups in detention camps or the
physical separation of two or more ethnic
groups in their places of residence, work &
recreation. Interaction is allowed only if it will
be beneficial to the dominant group; otherwise
the minority group is not allowed to stay in
places where the dominant group are.
2. ETHNOCIDE- is the systematic, deliberate destruction of
the ethnic culture because it is believed to be inferior, a
nuisance to the dominant group & barrier to economic
growth & national integration.
Ethnic groups are required to attend schools of
the dominant group where they are trained to
accept & practice the dominant culture & reject
the ethnic culture which is considered a barrier
to eco. Devt. & national integration.
3. CONTINUED SUBJUGATION the dominant group creates
racist or religious ideology & uses force to maintain its
dominance in the society.
EXAMPLE OF CONTINUED SUBJUGATION;
During the Spanish period, the Filipinos were not
allowed to hold high positions in the government &
the church because they were made to believe that
they were Indios who were not intelligent enough
to hold powerful positions.
POLICIES OF ACCEPTANCE:
1. LEGAL PROTECTION consists of laws that give special
treatment & protection to ethnic minorities. Example:
Tribal Law- recognizes the rights of the
minorities to ancestral lands
Republic Act No. 6734 (Organic Act of 1996)
gave autonomy to 13 provinces & 9 cities in the
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao.
2.CULTURAL PLURALISM- policy of respect & acceptance
that encourages the ethnic minorities to maintain &
practice their own culture while seeking economic &
political unity.
The Philippines is a pluralist society that allows
& encourages cultural diversity by allowing
different ethnic groups to practice their own
cultural laws & traditions.
3.INTEGRATION- is the policy of assimilating the ethnic
minorities to the mainstream of the society to minimize
cont & guarantees various ethnic groups of equal rights &
opportunities & responsibilities.
The Phil. Govt. established government agencies
like Commission of National Integration & the
Mindanao State University
4. Human Sexuality
Kinds of Human Sexuality:
1. Heterosexuality sexual relationships between two
persons of opposite sex
2. Homosexuality copulation between two persons
of the same sex
KINDS OF HETEROSEXUALITY:
1. PRE-MARITAL - copulation before marriage between two
persons of opposite sex who are both unmarried
2. MARITAL - copulation between husband and wife. It is the
most legitimate form of sexual relations.
3. EXTRA MARITAL or ADULTERY - copulation between
two persons who may be both married or one is married & the
other is unmarried.
4. POST MARITAL - is sexual relations after marriage among
widow, widower, separated, annulled or divorced.
PROSTITUTION is sex for gain or profit.
CAUSES:
1. It is an easier way of earning a living.
2. The desire on the part of some men for sexual experience
that only prostitutes can provide
3. The desire for non-commitment & non-binding sexual
experience.
Effects of Prostitution
1. Unwanted pregnancy
2. Being afflicted with sexually transmitted
diseases
3. Lack of self-esteem
4. Ridicule or condemnation from the society
5. Family
FAMILY is a social group characterized by common
residence, economic cooperation & reproduction; group of
persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption,
constituting a single household, interacting and
communicating with each in their respective roles of husband
& wife, father & mother, son & daughter, brother & sister and
creating & maintaining a common culture.
Functions:
1. Family regulates sex & reproduction- it defines how sex
will be expressed, to whom & when it will be done & whether
such expression of sexual behavior could ultimately end to
reproduction.
Family enculturates the new members of the society- Newborn
babies learn the culture of their society through
ENCULTURATION. It is the process of learning the norms,
attitudes, values, knowledge & language of the society.
3. The family designates status & Roles-Upon birth; the child
is given status & roles according to his family designation in
the society. The race, religion, class standing, reputation &
status of the family determine the role & status conferred on
the child & will determine the kind of life style & life chances
the child will experience in the society where he is born.
4. The family provides security & protection.
CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY ACCORDING TO SIZE
OR INTERNAL ORGANIZATION:
1. NUCLEAR- is composed of the husband & his wife & their
children.
2. EXTENDED- composed of 2 or more nuclear families,
economically & socially related to each other.
CONJUGAL- considers the spouses & their
children as of prime importance.
CONSANGUINEAL - considers the nucleus of
blood relatives as more important than the spouses.
BASED ON DESCENT:
1. PATRILINEAL- affiliates a person with a group of
relatives through his/her father.
2. MATRILINEAL- affiliates a person with a group of
relatives through his/her mother.
3. BILATERAL- affiliates a person with a group of relatives
related through both his parents.
BASED ON RESIDENCE:
1. PATRILOCAL- requires the newly married couple to live
with or near the domicile of the parents of the groom.
2. MATRILOCAL- requires the newly married couple to live
with or near the domicile of the parents of the bride.
3. BILOCAL- gives the couple a choice of staying with either
the grooms parents or the brides parents.
4. NEOLOCAL- permits the newly married couple to live
independently of the parents of either groom or bride.
5. AVUNCULOCAL- prescribes that the newly married
couple reside with or near the maternal uncle of the groom.
BASED ON AUTHORITY:
1. PATRIARCHAL - the dominant figure in the family is the
father.
2. MATRIARCHAL- the mother is the dominant figure in the
family.
3. EGALITARIAN- the father & the mother exercise equal
authority in the family.
4. MATRICENTRIC- the mother becomes the dominant
figure due to the prolonged absence of the father.
EMPTY SHELL FAMILY is one wherein the members no
longer feel satisfying emotional relations with each other but
for some reason the husband & wife do not separate or
divorce.
CLASSIFICATION OF MARITAL CONFLICTS:
1. SITUATIONAL- the usual day-to-day bickering of husband
and wife on trivial or petty matters.
2. PERSONALITY- arise because of some psychological
characteristics of one of the mates; having difficulty adjusting
with one another.
Examples of Psychological conflicts:
Nagging wife
Meticulous husband
Being ill-tempered or irritable of either of them
3. STRUCTURAL- husband & wife may agree to the roles
they will play in marriage but society may frustrate their being
performed. Also role conflicts in values or the pattern played
by marriage partners in the marital & familial responsibilities
Examples of Structural conflicts:
Decision-making functions such as family
expenses and in the disciplining of children
MOST COMMON CAUSES OF MARITAL CONFLICTS:
1. Disagreement over management of family finances;
2. Lack of proper communication
3. Interference of in-laws
4. Lack of husbands involvement in running the family affairs
5. Sexual maladjustment
6. Rearing of children
7. Infidelity
8. Drunkenness or alcoholism of the husband
8. Wife jealousies & nagging
6. Marriage
Marriage according to the Family Code of the Philippines is a
special contract of permanent union between a man & a
woman entered into in accordance with law for the
establishment of conjugal or family life.
Functions of Marriage:
1.Marriage develops social bonds that provide material needs,
social support and socialization of children.
2. Marriage defines the rights & obligations of the members of
the contracting parties.
3. Marriage creates new relationships between families & kin
groups that can establish trade relationship & political
alliances.
4. It legitimizes the sexual union of men & women & to
legitimize the statuses of the children.
FORMS OF MARRIAGE:
1. MONOGAMY- permits a man to take only ONE spouse at
a time.
2. BIGAMY- TWO spouses at a time
3. POLYGAMY- is plural marriage of a man or a woman.
FORMS OF PLURAL MARRIAGE:
1. POLYGYNY- - plural marriage of a man to several women.
2. POLYANDRY- plural marriage of a woman to several men.
a) FRATERNAL if a woman is married to a group
of brothers.
b) NON-FRATERNAL- if a woman is married to a
group of men who are not related to one another.
NORMS FOR MARRIAGE:
1. ENDOGAMY- rule that requires a person to select his mate
from his own group or social category (race, social class or
religion).
2. EXOGAMY- requires a person to select his mate outside
his own group or social category.
INCEST TABOO- is a universal prohibition against marriage
within the nuclear members of the family or kin members
because it is disruptive to the family structure.
RULES ON SECONDARY MARRIAGE:
1. SORORATE- compels the widower to marry the sister or
nearest kin of the deceased wife.
2. LEVIRATE- prescribes that a widow marry the brother or
nearest kin of the deceased husband.
ACCORDING to the FAMILY CODE of the Philippines the
following are the grounds for SUBSEQUENT marriage:
1. Upon the death of the spouse;
2. Upon annulment of marriage
REQUISITES OF VALID MARRIAGE:
1. A valid marriage license
2. Legal capacity of the contracting parties who
must be a MALE & a FEMALE;
3. Consent freely given
4. Authority of the solemnizing officer
 5. Physical appearance of the contracting parties.
The Family Code contains provisions on LEGAL
SEPARATION & ANNULMENT OF MARRIAGE.
GROUNDS FOR LEGAL SEPARATION:
1. Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct
directed against the petitioner, a common child or child of the
petitioner
2. Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner
to change religious or political affiliation;
3. Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner or
any of their children to engage in prostitution;
4. Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment
of more than 6 years, even if pardoned;
5. Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism on the part of the
respondent;
6. Homosexuality or lesbianism on the part of the respondent;
7. Sexual infidelity
8. Attempt by the respondent on the life of the petitioner;
9. Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent marriage,
whether in the Philippines or elsewhere;
10. Abandonment of the petitioner by the respondent w/o just
cause for more than a year
7. Religion
FUNCTIONS:
1. Greatest source of human consolation;
2. It gives one a peace of mind & serves as a soothing balm to
him in times of crises, frustrations & miseries.
3. It reinforces support for the moral codes & gives
justification for ones behavior. Christianity considers
marriage a sacrament & an inviolable institution;
4. It delineates what is right & what is wrong & prescribe a
system of reward & punishment
TECHNIQUES OF RELIGION:
1. Prayers
2. Sacrifice
3. Divination- control by knowledge of the supernatural power
4. Reverence- awe coupled with admiration which one offers
to the supernatural power.
5. Taboo- people abstain from certain acts which are inimical
to the desires of the God/gods.
6. RITUALS- prescribed ways of performing religion like
singing, dancing, fasting & sacrifices.
7. DEITY- opposite of taboo; it attempts to please the
supernatural by positive acts like good deeds, religious
observance.
8. CEREMONY- body of formal sanctioned observances.
8. Population
DEMOGRAPHY- is the study of population.
POPULATION is the number of people or inhabitants
occupying a certain geographical habitat.
PRESENT POPULATION: 104,404,269
Male population- 52, 356,976
Female population- 52,047,295
Births- 1,970, 556
Deaths- 550,439
COMPOSITION OF POPULATION:
1. AGE- refers to the relative proportion of people at various
age levels.
2. SEX-refers to the proportion of males over female
population.
3. SOCIAL CATEGORIES- includes religion& place of
residence
VARIABLES OF POPULATION:
1. FERTILITY- refers to the actual birth rate
2. MORTALITY- refers to actual death rate
3. MIGRATION- the movement of people from one area to
another for permanent residence.
LIFE SPAN- the number of years a man is expected to live if
he is protected as much as possible from disease & injury.
KINDS OF MIGRATION:
1. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION- is the movement of
people from one country to another.
2. INTERNAL migration- movement of people from one part
of the country to another for permanent residence.
KINDS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION:
1. IMMIGRATION- the coming into a country of which the
person is not a citizen for permanent residence.
2. EMIGRATION- the going out from ones native country
for residence in another country.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MIGRATION:
1. PULL- favorable conditions that make people move in a
given place.
Examples: job opportunities, low crime rate
2. PUSH- unfavorable conditions that force people to move
out in a given place.
Examples: pollution, congestion, high rate of criminality,
unemployment
9. Political Institutions
10. Social Stratification
STRATIFICATION is the arrangement of people into a
hierarchy of positions that define access to wealth, power,
prestige & property.
Theories of Stratification:
1. Functionalist Theory believes that stratification
encourages the efficient and effective functioning of the
society that only those qualified because of their talents and
capabilities will fill up the various positions needed for a fully
functioning society.
2. CONFLICT THEORY - that stratification is brought about
by conflicts because of the desire of the elites to preserve the
status quo wherein they control wealth, power & authority in
the society. Conflicts will lead to social instability & eventual
change of the stratification system.
3. SOCIAL INTERACTION THEORY - It holds that at birth,
people are born in a hierarchy of position & socialized to
accept it because their culture made that system of
arrangement most acceptable & most beneficial to the society.
4. EVOLUTIONIST THEORY It holds that stratification is
the result of social growth or process of evolution from a
simple to a more complex advanced society due to
discoveries, inventions & modernization that will improve the
quality of life thereby eliminating the marked inequality
among peoples style of life, chances & social mobility.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRATIFICATION:
1. It is SOCIAL because it involves relationships among 2 or
more people.
2. It is UNIVERSAL- because it is found in all societies at all
times.
3. It has COMPONENTS.
4. It has CONSEQUENCES.
5. It is DIVERSE in form & AMOUNT.
COMPONENTS OF STRATIFICATION:
1. SOCIAL CLASS- CATEGORY OF PEOPLE WHO
SHARE THE SAME STYLE OF LIFE, LIFE CHANCES,
POWER, PRESTIGE & CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS.
Class consciousness- is the awareness of ones
social class.
KINDS OF SOCIAL CLASS:
1. UPPER CLASS- is the smallest in size
 - members uphold the highest standard of living
-satisfying their self-respect by resorting to luxurious ASCRIBED STATUS- status that a person gets as
consumption. a result of birth, sex & position like being born of a
Indulge in conspicuous giving, such as giving noble parentage.
money or donations to scholarships, local
community projects, hospitals, art centers, erecting ACHIEVED STATUS- is the position that a person
buildings & memorials with their names on it acquires because of his accomplishments, merits or
rather than pay similar amount of efforts,
Taxes & receives no credit at all. Examples: Doctors, professors, Engineers
Support good works out of a desire to square their
reputation with future generation.
Send their children to carefully selected exclusive
private schools. What matters more to them is the
prestige of the educational institution.

MIDDLE CLASS
Are small business & industry owners & managers,
professionals, office workers & farm owners with
incomes that provide a comfortable lifestyle.
To them education is the main indicator of social
status since majority of them have less personal
property.
Strong preference for less- paying white-collar jobs
to higher paying but less honored manual jobs.
Child- rearing practices generally revolve around
the consistent inculcation of orderliness, self-
reliance, responsibility, citizenship rights &
obligations, religious virtues & sex morality.
They provide much leadership in the organization,
management & operations.
They view education as the primary channel for
achieving a higher social status.

LOWER CLASS
They are the farm employees, unskilled & skilled
workers, service workers & the underemployed,
indigent families.
They are the largest in number.
They lack income, education or training, ethnic &
family background, acquaintanceship &
communication & personal qualifications, which
are necessary for upward mobility.
They generally acquire their education from public
schools.
There is greater laxity in se morality, a tendency to
become easily prejudiced, an inclination for
authoritarian & corporal punishment in disciplining
children

2. SOCIAL STATUS- is the position of the individual in the

society , and it could either be ASCRIBED or ACHIEVED
status.