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Ductile: and have an identiable yield strength that is often the same in compression as in tension.
Significant plastic deformation between yield and fracture { 0.05}. The generally
accepted theories for ductile materials (yield criteria) are:
a. Maximum shear stress (MSS).
b. Distortion energy (DE).
c. Ductile Coulomb-Mohr (DCM).
Brittle:
Do not exhibit an identiable yield strength, and are typically classied by ultimate
tensile and compressive strengths. Yield ~= fracture { < 0.05}. The generally
accepted theories for brittle materials (fracture criteria) are:
a. Maximum normal stress (MNS).
b. Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM).
c. Modied Mohr (MM).
54 Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory for Ductile Materials:
It predicts that yielding begins whenever the maximum shear stress (MSS) in any element equals or
exceeds the maximum shear stress in a tension test specimen of the same material when that specimen
begins to yield. The MSS theory is also referred to as the Tresca or Guest theory. Thus, for a general
state of stress, the maximum-shear-stress theory predicts yielding when:
1 3
= 1 3 (5 1)
2 2
Note that this implies that the yield strength in shear is given by:
= 0.5 (5 2)
, which, as we will see later is about 15 percent low (conservative). For design purposes, Eq. (51) can
be modied to incorporate a factor of safety, n. Thus,
= 1 3 = (5 3)
2 2
For plane stress (where one of the principal stresses is zero), Assuming that , there are three
cases to consider in using Eq. (51):
Case 1: 0 . For this case, 1 =
3 = 0. Equation (51) reduces to a
yield condition of:
(5 4)
Case 2: 0 . For this case, 1 =
3 = . Equation (51) becomes:
[69]
(5 5)
Case 3: 0 . For this case, 1 = 0 3 = . Equation (51) reduces to a yield
condition of:
(5 6)
Equations (54) to (56) are represented in Fig. 57 by the three lines indicated in the , plane.
55 Distortion-Energy (DE) Theory for Ductile Materials:
It predicts that yielding occurs when the distortion strain energy per unit volume reaches or
exceeds the distortion strain energy per unit volume for yield in simple tension or compression
of the same material.
The distortion-energy (DE) theory originated from the observation that ductile materials stressed
hydrostatically exhibited yield strengths greatly in excess of the values given by the simple
tension test. Therefore it was postulated that yielding was not a simple tensile or compressive
phenomenon at all, but, rather, that it
was related somehow to the angular
distortion of the stressed element.
To develop the theory, note, in Fig. 5
8a, the unit volume subjected to any
three-dimensional stress state
designated by the stresses
1 , 2 , 3 .
The stress state shown in Fig. 58b is one of hydrostatic tension due to the stresses , acting in
each of the same principal directions as in Fig. 58a. The formula for , is simply:
1 + 2 + 3
= ( )
3
If we regard as a component of 1 , 2 , 3 , then this component can be subtracted from
them, resulting in the stress state shown in Fig. 58c. This element is subjected to pure angular
distortion, that is, no volume change.
The strain energy per unit volume for the element shown in Fig. 58a is:
1
[ + 2 2 + 3 3 ]
= ()
2 1 1
Using Eq. of Hooke's law with substituting Eq.(b) for the principal strains in gives:
1
= [ 2 + 22 + 22 2 (1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 )] ( )
2 1
The strain energy for producing only volume change can be obtained by substituting Eq. (a)
[70]
1
( 1 2 ) 2 +( 2 3 ) 2+ ( 3 1 ) 2 2
[ ] (5 10)
2
Thus, the left of Eq. (510) can be thought of as a single, equivalent, or effective stress. This
effective stress is usually called the Von Mises stress, , named after Dr. R. Von Mises, who
contributed to the theory. Thus Eq. (510), for yield, can be written as:
(5 11)
, where the von Mises stress is:
1
(1 2 )2 + (2 3 )2 + (3 1 )2 2
= [ ] (5 12)
2
For plane stress, let A and B be the two nonzero principal stresses. Then from Eq. (512), we
get:
[71]
1
= [2 + 2 ] 2 (5 13)
Equation (513) is a rotated ellipse in the , plane, as shown in Fig. 59 with = . The
dotted lines in the gure represent the MSS theory, which can be seen to be more restrictive,
hence, more conservative.
Using xyz components of three-dimensional stress, the von Mises stress can be written as:
1
1 2 2 2
= [( ) + ( ) + ( )2 + 6(
2 2
+ 2
+ )] (5 14)
2
, and for plane stress,
1 1
= [ 2 + 2 + 3
2
] 2 (5 15)
2
The distortion-energy theory is also called:
1. The von Mises or von MisesHencky theory
2. The shear-energy theory
3. The octahedral-shear-stress theory
Octahedral-Shear-Stress Theory:
Failure is assumed to occur whenever the
octahedral shear stress for any stress state
equals or exceeds the octahedral shear stress for
the simple tension-test specimen at failure.
Consider an isolated element in which the
normal stresses on each surface are equal to the
hydrostatic stress . There are eight surfaces
symmetric to the principal directions that contain this stress. This forms an octahedron as shown in
Fig. 510. The shear stresses on these surfaces are equal and are called the octahedral shear stresses
(Fig. 510 has only one of the octahedral surfaces labeled). Through coordinate transformations the
octahedral shear stress is given by:
1
= [(1 2 )2 + (2 3 )2 + (3 1 )2 ] 2 (5 16)
From Eq. (516) the octahedral shear stress under the tensile test is:
2
= (5 17)
3
When, for the general stress case, Eq. (516) is equal or greater than Eq. (517), yield is predicted.
This reduces to:
[72]
1
(1 2 )2 + (2 3 )2 + (3 1 )2 2
[ ] (5 18)
2
Equation (5-11) can be expressed as a design equation by:
= (5 19)
Thus, the shear yield strength predicted by the distortion-energy theory is = 0.577 .
EXAMPLE 1:
A hand cranking lever, as shown in next Figure is used to
start a truck engine by applying a force F = 400 N. The
material of the cranking lever is 30C8 for which yield
strength = 320 MPa; Ultimate tensile strength = 500
MPa; Youngs modulus = 205 GPa; Modulus of rigidity
= 84 GPa and poissons ratio = 0.3. Assuming factor of
safety to be 4 based on yield strength, design the
diameter d of the lever at section X-X near the guide bush using : 1. Maximum distortion energy
theory; and 2. Maximum shear stress theory. [Ans. 28.2 mm; 28.34 mm]
condition of:
(5 24)
Equations (522)
to (524) are
represented in Fig.
514 by the three
lines indicated in
the , plane.
For design
equations,
incorporating the
factor of safety n,
divide all strengths by n. For example, Eq. (522) as a design equation can be written as:
1 3 1
= (5 25)
Since for the Coulomb-Mohr theory we do not need the torsional shear strength circle we can deduce
it from Eq. (521). For pure shear , 1 = 3 = . The torsional yield strength occurs when
= . Substituting 1 = 3 = into Eq. (521) and simplifying gives:
= (5 26)
+
, which is plotted in Fig. 518a. As before, the failure criteria equations can be converted to design
equations as:
Brittle-Coulomb-Mohr:
[76]
Modied Mohr:
EXAMPLE:
Given:
Shaft of ASTM G25 cast iron subject
to loading shown
From Table A-24
Sut = 26 kpsi
Suc = 97 kpsi
Find: For a factor of safety of n = 2.8, what
should the diameter of the shaft (d) be?
Solution:
First, we need to find the forces acting on the
shaft Torque on shaft from pulley at B = (300 50)(4) = 1000
[77]
= +
C at (10 x 103)/d3
R = (11.2 x 103)/d3
1 = (21.2 x 103)/d3
3 = (-1.2 x 103)/d3
Use Coulomb-Mohr theory for brittle failure:
1 3 1
S ut S uc
21.2 1 .2 1
3
3
26 d 97 d 2 .8
d 1.32"
If making a design recommendation, you would recommend the next largest standard
dimension (16ths): d = 1.375 in
511 Selection of Failure Criteria:
Figure 521 provides a summary ow-chart for the selection of an effective procedure for analyzing
or predicting failures from static loading for brittle or ductile behavior.
Problem Two steel tubes are shrink-tted together where the nominal diameters are 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00 in.
538
Careful measurement before tting revealed that the diametral interference between the tubes to be
0.00246 in. After the t, the assembly is subjected to a torque of 8000 lbf in and a bending-
moment of 6000 lbf in. Assuming no slipping between the cylinders, analyze the outer cylinder at
[82]
the inner and outer radius. Determine the factor of safety using distortion energy with S y = 60 kpsi.
SOLUTION: