CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE BOGHANI KAUSHAL B.

TRANSFORMER (130760109002)
CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMER
oA capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in power
systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for
metering or operating a protective relay.
INTRODUCTION
oCapacitor Voltage Transformers (CVT), are used for voltage metering and
protection in high voltage network systems.
oThey transform the high voltage into low voltage adequate to be processed in
measuring and protection instruments secondary equipment, such as relays and
recorders).
oA Voltage Transformer (VT) isolates the measuring instruments from the high
voltage of the monitored circuit. VTs are commonly used for metering and protection
in the electrical power industry.
oA voltage transformer comprising a capacitor divider unit and an electromagnetic
unit so designed and interconnected that the secondary voltage of the
electromagnetic unit is substantially proportional to and in phase with the primary
voltage applied to the capacitor divider unit.
WORKING
oIn its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across
which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device to
the line frequency, and a voltage transformer to isolate and further step down the
voltage for metering devices or protective relay.
oThe tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less
sensitive to changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection devices.
o The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage
signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which connect to the
instrumentation or protective relay.
oIn practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors
connected in series.
o This provides a large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop
across C2. As the majority of the voltage drop is on C1, this reduces the required
insulation level of the voltage transformer.
oThe voltage across the larger capacitance C2 will be V2 = V*C1/(C1+C2)
oThis makes CVTs more economical than the wound voltage transformers under high
voltage (over 100kV), as the latter one requires more winding and materials.
APPLICATION
oThe CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave
traps are used for filtering high-frequency communication signals from power
frequency. This forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission
network.
oVoltage Measuring: They accurately transform transmission voltages down to
useable levels for revenue metering, protection and control purposes
oInsulation: They guarantee the insulation between HV network and LV circuits
ensuring safety condition to control room operators
oHF Transmissions: They can be used for Power Line Carrier (PLC) coupling
oTransient Recovery Voltage: When installed in close proximity to HV/EHV Circuit
Breakers, CVTs own High Capacitance enhance C/B short line fault / TRV
performance
 Difference between CVT and PT
CVT PT
where as CVT is capacitive voltage transformer Potential Transformer is Inductive step down transformer
consisting of stack of series connected capacitor the used for measurement of voltage and protection.
voltage across the capacitor is used to measure the
voltage. It also serves the purpose of power line carrier
communication.

CVT is rated for extremely high voltage levels above while PT's aren't designed for such large values. upto
230KV. 12KV

CVT's offer the advantage that the voltage divider Core loss is too much high and so it is less economical
capacitor, being itself relatively smaller and lighter,
configuration makes the transformer's iron core much
smaller in size, and hence more economical, versus what
it would be if a pure magnetic transformer would be used.

Also the CVT's can be tuned to the fundamental PT's can't provide such advantage.
frequency of the line, and the capacitance prevents the
inductive "fire-back" of the coils in the transformer when
a breaker trips.
WHAT IS SATURATION IN
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER?
oThe term saturation of the CT can be defined as a condition in which the CT is no
longer able to reproduce the secondary current in proportion to its primary current .
oThe basic principle on which the CT reproduces the secondary current is based on the
well known Transformer principle where current flowing through the primary winding
produces a flux in the core of the transformer which is normally proportional to the
current in the primary.
o This flux is the basic reason for the current in the Secondary winding . Now if the core
is not able to reproduce a flux in proportion to the primary current , then the secondary
current will not be in proportion to the primary current and hence the measurement of
the current become wrong .
oThe phenomena of the CT core unable to produce the flux in proportion to the primary
current is called saturation of CT or CT core.
REASON OF
SATURATION IN CT.
o With constant VA applied in the CT secondary circuit the CT goes to saturation if the
primary current is increased beyond the designed value.
oWith constant current in the primary and if the burden is increased beyond the
designed value , still we will find the same phenomena of CT saturation.
oThe amount of the DC component available in the primary fault current etc.
EFFECT OF SATURATION ON
METERING AND PROTECTIVE
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
oOnce the CT is saturated then it will not be able to reproduce the secondary current in
proportion to its primary current and hence the relays connected to this CT circuit
may malfunction indiscriminately and trips the circuit without coordination with other
relays in the network or it may completely fail to operate for a fault both the condition
to be avoided.
oThis will give wrong readings.

oDue to this huge loss to cost will take place.

REMEDIES
oIt is the duty of the protection design engineer to do a CT sizing
calculation so that , the CT will not saturate for the worst case through
fault . There are number of factors to be considered before a CT is
designed for protection purposes which included the maximum
symmetrical and asymmetrical short circuit current and the system X/R
ratio.
oThe symmetrical and asymmetrical short circuit current can be calculated
by doing a short circuit study on the system under consideration . For
small systems manual calculation of the short circuit study is possible .
However for large systems the application of software are generally
required , otherwise the calculation become more tedious