CH 08

Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Karp7e

Chapter Number: 8
Question Type: Multiple Choice
1) When electron micrographs were first taken of the cell interior, what kinds of membranous structures
were seen?
a) membrane-bound vesicles of varying diameter, containing material of different electron density

b) long channels bounded by membranes and radiating through the cytoplasm
c) an interconnected network of canals
d) stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
e) All of these are correct.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Explain how particular proteins are targeted to specific subcellular
compartments, describing the differences and similarities between the biosynthetic and endosynthetic
pathways.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System
2) What is the name for a brief incubation of a tissue with radioactivity during which labeled amino acids
are incorporated into protein?
a) chase
b) pulse
c) pulse-chase
d) labelard
e) statin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.2 Discuss the laboratory methods used to detect proteins found in the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes
3) A tissue has been briefly labeled with radiolabeled amino acids. It is then transferred to a medium
containing unlabeled amino acids. This can be done several times with different tissue samples for
varying periods of time. What is the entire procedure called?
a) chase
b) pulse
c) pulse-chase
d) labelard
e) statin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
4) In a pulse-chase procedure, if the chase is longer, which statement below correctly describes the
location of the radioactively labeled proteins in the cell?
a) closer to the synthesis site

b) farther from the nucleus
c) farther from the synthesis site
d) closer to the nucleus
e) farther from the mitonchondria
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
5) Which procedure below would lead to the visualization of the dynamic movements of specific proteins
as they move through a single living cell? The proteins can be seen through the microscope eyepiece and
the cells do not have to be killed for the protein to be detected.
a) pulse-chase
b) fusion of the green fluorescent protein gene to the protein that is to be tracked through the cell
c) fusion of the green fluorescent protein gene to the gene encoding the protein to be tracked through the
cell
d) pulse-chase using fluorescent antibodies
e) all of these are correct
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
6) Cells are infected with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strain in which a viral gene (VSVG) is fused
to the green fluorescent protein gene. When the chimeric protein is synthesized, what pathway does it
follow from synthesis until it leaves the cell?
a) RER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes

b) RER, Golgi complex, viral envelopes, plasma membrane
c) Golgi complex, RER, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
d) RER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
e) RER, mitochondria, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
7) Cells are infected with a virus carrying a temperature-sensitive mutant VSVG gene that encodes a
protein that cannot leave the ER of infected cells grown at restrictive temperatures. Thus, at higher
temperatures, ______________.
a) VSVG protein heads immediately for the Golgi complex.

b) VSVG protein cannot leave the ER.
c) VSVG protein leaves the ER immediately.
d) All of the manufactured VSVG protein leaves the ER synchronously.
e) VSVG protein is degraded rapidly and never passes to the Golgi complex.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
8) TB 8.008 Elevated temperatures at which temperature-sensitive mutants do not work are called
________ temperatures.
a) restrictive
b) permissive
c) temperature-sensitive
d) frame-shift
e) point
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
9) When cells are homogenized, the cytomembrane system is broken into fragments, the ends of which
can fuse to form small membranous spheres called ________.
a) vacuoles
b) victuals
c) vesicles
d) nuclei
e) endosomes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
10) The separation of organelles or vesicles derived from different organelles is called ______.
a) cell division
b) mitosis
c) meiosis
d) subcellular fractionation
e) cell ostentation
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
11) The endomembrane system when homogenized is broken up into vesicles, which are heterogeneous
but similar in size. These vesicles can be purified and, after purification, often retain their biological
activity. They are collectively referred to as _________.
a) endosomes
b) microsomes
c) ribosomes
d) minisomes
e) lysosomes
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
12) Enzymes can be purified from the microsomal fraction. They can then be used as antigens to make
antibodies. The antibodies can then be exposed to cells and later visualized in the electron microscope.
What allows them to be seen in the electron microscope?
a) attachment of amino acids to the antibody

b) attachment of gold particles to the antibodies
c) attachment of nonradioactive amino acids to the antibodies
d) degradation of the antibodies
e) shrinkage of the antibodies
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
13) Studies of cell physiology that occur in test tubes that do not contain whole cells are called ______.
a) in vivo systems
b) cell-free systems
c) test tube systems
d) onsite systems
e) cellonic systems
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
14) Why are yeast cells often used to study eukaryotic gene mutations affecting secretion and other
cytomembrane processes?
a) They have only a few genes.

b) They are small and single-celled and can be cultured easily.
c) They can be grown as haploid organisms so mutants are easily seen.
d) Deficiencies in yeast cells caused by mutants are easily detected.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
15) TB 8.014 You incubate liposomes with a series of purified proteins normally found in the coats of
cell transport vesicles. After adding one of them to the liposome mixture, budding of vesicles from the
liposomes began. What does this mean?
a) Liposomes cause the protein to denature.

b) The protein is involved in the initiation of vesicle formation.
c) The protein is involved in liposome denaturation.
d) The protein triggers protein synthesis.
e) The protein causes the entry of water into the liposomes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
16) What is the effect on a yeast cell of the presence of a mutant gene involved in vesicle fusion?
a) The ER shrank.
b) The nucleus became swollen.
c) The Golgi complex expanded greatly.
d) Cells accumulated expanded ER cisternae.
e) Cells amassed an excess number of unfused vesicles.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
17) A cellular phenomenon called _________ is a process in which cells produce small RNAs that bind to
specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins.
a) RNAi
b) cRNAs
c) RNAi and RNA interference
d) RNA interference
e) RNAa
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
18) A cellular phenomenon called RNA interference is a process in which cells produce small RNAs
called _______ that bind to specific mRNAs and inhibit the translation of these mRNAs into proteins.
a) snRNAs
b) isRNAs
c) mRNAs
d) RNAsi
e) siRNAs
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
19) A control cell that is synthesizing a GFP-labeled version of mannosidase II has fluorescence localized
in the numerous Golgi complexes of the cell. Normally, this enzyme is synthesized in the endoplasmic
reticulum and moves via transport vesicles to the Golgi complex, where it takes up residence. What
would an experimental cell look like if it contained an siRNA that led to the absence of one of the proteins
involved in the transport of the enzyme from the ER to the Golgi complex?
1) Fluorescent label is not found in the Golgi complex.
2) The GFP-mannosidase II is denatured so there is no fluorescent label anywhere in the cell.
3) Fluorescent label still translocates the Golgi complex completely.
4) Fluorescent label is found only in the endoplasmic reticulum.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 3 and 4
e) 1 and 4
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
20) A control cell that is synthesizing a GFP-labeled version of mannosidase II has fluorescence localized
in the numerous Golgi complexes of the cell. Normally, this enzyme is synthesized in the endoplasmic
reticulum and moves via transport vesicles to the Golgi complex, where it takes up residence. If an
experimental cell contains an siRNA that leads to the fluorescence being restricted to the endoplasmic
reticulum, with what would the siRNA be likely to interfere?
a) an mRNA that codes for a protein involved in the transport of the enzyme from the ER to the Golgi
complex
b) an rRNA that synthesizes the enzyme
c) the synthesis of mannosidase II from its mRNA
d) an mRNA that codes for a protein involved in the transport of the enzyme from the Golgi complex to
the ER
e) an mRNA that codes for the enzyme
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
21) Why is RNAi now used as a strategy for investigating the effect of a missing protein more often than
generating an organism that possesses a mutant gene?
a) It is easier to generate an organism that possesses a mutant gene than to synthesize a small RNA.
b) Small RNAs are less stable than organisms.
c) Mutant genes are much easier to synthesize.
d) It is easier to synthesize a small RNA than to generate an organism that possesses a mutant gene.
e) Small RNAs are much more sensitive.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
22) What accounts for the differences in function between the types of ER?
1) the location of the ER
2) the proximity of the ER to the nucleus
3) the protein content of the ER
4) the shape of its component lipids
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1 and 2
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.3 Discuss the structural and functional differences of the RER and SER,
explaining their role in the maintenance of cellular proteins and membranes.
Section Reference: Section 8.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum
23) With what structure is the RER often seen to be continuous, as seen by its association with
ribosomes?
a) the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

b) the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
c) the outer mitochondrial membrane
d) the outer chloroplast membrane
e) the Golgi complex
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
24) What allows smooth and rough vesicles (microsomes) to be readily separated by density gradient
centrifugation?
a) their size differences

b) their differences in lipid composition
c) their differences in color
d) their differences in density
e) their differences in water content
Answer: d
Difficulty: Hard
25) Which type of cells below is not known for its extensively developed SER?
a) skin cells
b) kidney tubule cells
c) skeletal muscle cells
d) steroid-producing endocrine cells
e) both skeletal muscle cells and kidney tubule cells
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
26) What determines the function of a cell's smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
a) its lipid content

b) its polynucleotide content
c) its carbohydrate content
d) its protein content
e) its age
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
27) Which of the following is a function associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in at least
some cells?
a) synthesis of steroid hormones

b) detoxification of many organic compounds, like barbiturates and ethanol
c) release of glucose into the bloodstream
d) sequestration of calcium Ca2+ ions within the cisternal space
e) All of these are correct
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
28) What is one problem created by the detoxifying enzymes of the SER?
a) They often create compounds that cause excessive weight gain.

b) They often create compounds that cause excessive weight loss.
c) They can cause a compound to be converted into a carcinogen.
d) They can cause the denaturation of an essential enzyme or protein.
e) They can lead to addiction.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
29) Which of the following are enzymes that are involved in detoxification of organic compounds in the
SER of liver cells?
1) oxygen-transferring enzymes
2) oxygenases
3) members of the cytochrome P450 family
4) oxidases
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
30) What specific cellular responses are known to be triggered by the regulated release of Ca2+ ions from
the SER?
a) skeletal muscle cell contraction

b) secretory vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane
c) release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
d) release of the contents of the acrosome from the head of a sperm
e) skeletal muscle cell contraction
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
31) What is the arrangement of organelles in a secretory cell from the basal end to the apical end, an
arrangement that reflects the flow of secretory products from synthesis to discharge?
a) nucleus and RER SER Golgi complex secretory vesicles

b) Golgi complex nucleus and RER SER secretory vesicles
c) nucleus and RER Golgi complex SER secretory vesicles
d) SER nucleus and RER Golgi complex secretory vesicles
e) secretory vesicles nucleus and RER SER Golgi complex
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
32) What are the two sites within a cell at which protein synthesis is generally thought to occur?
a) cytosolic surface of RER and cisternal surface of RER

b) cytosolic surface of RER and free ribosomes
c) cisternal surface of RER and free ribosomes
d) free ribosomes and cytosolic surface of SER
e) cytosolic surface of RER and cytosolic surface of SER
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
33) TB 8.034 Blbel, Sabatini and Dobberstein proposed that the site of protein synthesis is determined
by information contained in the N-terminal portion of the protein, the first part to emerge from the
ribosome. What did they call their proposal?
a) the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

b) the Posttranslational Hypothesis
c) the SRP Hypothesis
d) the Signal Hypothesis
e) the Cotranslational Hypothesis
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
34) What happens to yeast cells that cannot transport proteins into the ER lumen cotranslationally?
a) The die.
b) They hibernate.
c) They survive, but grow more slowly than normal yeast cells.
d) They divide more frequently.
e) Their lifespans are lengthened.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
35) What are the differences between ribosomes that make secretory proteins and those that make proteins
intended for the cytosol?
a) The ribosomes that make secretory proteins are smaller.
b) The ribosomes that make cytosolic proteins are larger.
c) There are no differences between them.
d) The ribosomes that make secretory proteins are denser.
e) The ribosomes that secretory proteins have extra subunits.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
36) What effect does the binding of the SRP to the growing polypeptide chain and the ribosome have on
protein synthesis?
a) Protein synthesis accelerates.

b) Protein synthesis ceases temporarily.
c) Protein synthesis ceases permanently.
d) Protein synthesis is terminated.
e) The ribosome dissociates.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
37) The SRP and SRP receptor are thought to bind GTP ______ interacting with each other.
a) while
b) before
c) after
d) before and after
e) instead of
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
38) What appears to be the purpose of molecular chaperones like BiP?
a) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded proteins and help them attain their native structure.
b) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded DNAs and help them attain their native structure.
c) They recognize and bind to unfolded or misfolded RNAs and help them attain their native structure.
d) They recognize and bind unfolded or misfolded carbohydrates and help them lose their native shape.
e) They transport secretory proteins into secretory vesicles.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
39) Why is the ER so well-suited and ideally constructed for its role as a port of entry for secretory
proteins?
1) It has a large surface area allowing the attachment of many ribosomes.
2) The ER cisternae lumen favors unfolding and disassembly of proteins.
3) The RER can segregate secretory, lysosomal and cytoplasmic proteins from other newly made proteins,
allowing their modification, and sends them to their final destination.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1 and 3
e) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
40) How are integral membrane proteins thought to enter the lipid bilayer?
a) They insert into the membrane from the RER lumen after their synthesis is complete.
b) The aqueous translocon channel seems to have a gate that continuously opens and closes, giving each
nascent polypeptide segment a chance to partition itself into the lipid bilayer's hydrophobic core.
c) They insert into the membrane from the cytosol after their synthesis is complete.
d) It is thought that they burrow into the lipid bilayer.
e) It is thought that they are enzymatically implanted in the lipid bilayer.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
41) How is the orientation of membrane proteins in the membrane thought to be accomplished?
a) After synthesis, an enzyme orients the protein properly.

b) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the cytosol.
c) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more negative end
faces the cytosol.
d) During synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
e) After synthesis, the translocon inner lining orients the nascent polypeptide so the more positive end
faces the cytosol.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
42) What evidence suggests that the translocon, by itself, can properly orient transmembrane segments?
a) Studies performed with purified components in cell-free systems show that the translocon, by itself, is
capable of properly orienting transmembrane segments.
b) Reconstituted translocons properly oriented membrane proteins in a natural membrane.
c) Translocons orient proteins in red blood cells when exposed to them.
d) Translocons bind to proteins in vitro.
e) When translocons are missing, membrane proteins are not appropriately oriented.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
43) How and where is the asymmetry of the phospholipid bilayers initially established?
a) It is initially established in the Golgi complex during lipid and protein modification.
b) It is initially established in the ER during lipid and protein synthesis.
c) It is initially established in the secretory vesicles during lipid and protein modification
d) It is initially established in the mitochondria by random insertion into the membranes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
44) Phospholipids are made by integral ER membrane enzymes whose active sites face the cytosol and
they are inserted into the outer (cytoplasmic) leaflet of the ER membrane. How then do lipids destined
for the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane get there?
a) They diffuse freely into the luminal leaflet.

b) There are enzymes called flippases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet.
c) They are disassembled on the cytoplasmic side and reassembled on the luminal side.
d) They move to the cytoplasmic leaflet by osmosis.
e) There are enzymes called translocases that flip these lipids later into the opposite leaflet.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
45) Which of the proteins below is(are) not made on the membrane-bound ribosomes of the RER?
a) peripheral proteins of the inner surface of the plasma membrane

b) soluble lysosomal proteins
c) vacuolar enzymes
d) proteins of the extracellular matrix
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
46) What always serves as the donor of a sugar to the growing oligosaccharide chain of a glycoprotein?
a) a sugared nucleotide
b) a nucleotide peptide
c) a nucleotide sugar
d) a sugar
e) ATP
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
47) What enzyme transfers a block of sugars to asparagine residues of a polypeptide as it enters the RER?
a) glycosyltransferase
b) acid phosphatase
c) oligosaccharyltransferase
d) cellulose
e) glycolase
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
48) To what residue of a polypeptide are N-linked oligosaccharide chains attached as that poypeptide
enters the RER lumen through the translocon?
a) arginine
b) asparagine
c) serine
d) threonine
e) ninhydrin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
49) What is responsible for adding sugars to dolichol phosphate?
a) membrane-bound glycosyltransferases
b) membrane-bound oligosaccharyltransferase
c) membrane-bound gangliosidase
d) glycosylsynthetase
e) peptidyltransferase
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
50) CDG1b results from a deficiency in what enzyme?
a) phosphomannose phosphatase
b) phosphotungstate isomerase
c) phosphomannose isomerase
d) phosphatase
e) phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
51) What is the effect of CDG1b on cell physiology and what is the treatment that has shown some
promise of being effective?
a) Mannose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of mannose are the
treatment.
b) Mannose is available for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of mannose are the
treatment.
c) Mannose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; a diet free of mannose is the treatment.
d) Mannose is available for incorporation into oligosaccharides; a diet free of mannose is the treatment.
e) Fructose is unavailable for incorporation into oligosaccharides; oral supplements of fructose are the
treatment.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
52) The oligosaccharide block that is added to secretory proteins after they enter the ER lumen goes
through a number of modifications after its attachment. What is the first modification that occurs?
a) addition of more sugars

b) addition of glucose
c) trimming of some sugars from the oligosaccharide block
d) chemical modification of the sugars on the oligosaccharide chain
e) both addition of more sugars and addition of glucose
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
53) What happens to a newly synthesized glycoprotein after the binding of calnexin or calreticulin to help
the protein correctly complete its folding?
a) When the glycoprotein's folding is correctly completed, the remaining glucose on its oligosaccharide
chain is eventually reduced and the glycoprotein is released from the chaperone.
b) The oligosaccharide chain is totally degraded.
c) Nothing happens.
d) When the glycoprotein's folding is correctly completed, the remaining glucose on its oligosaccharide
chain is eventually removed enzymatically and the glycoprotein is released from the chaperone.
e) The oligosaccharide chain is totally degraded.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
54) What does the conformation-sensing enzyme GT do if it binds to a misfolded or incompletely folded
glycoprotein?
a) It degrades the oligosaccharide chain.

b) It adds a single mannose back to one of the glucose residues at the exposed end of the recently trimmed
oligosaccharide.
c) It adds a single glucose back to one of the mannose residues at the exposed end of the recently trimmed
oligosaccharide.
d) It degrades the protein.
e) It refolds the protein on its own.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
55) How does GT recognize incompletely folded or misfolded proteins that have been recently
synthesized?
a) Such proteins display exposed hydrophilic residues that are absent from properly folded proteins.
b) Five histidine residues are exposed on the protein's surface when it is improperly folded.
c) Such proteins display exposed hydrophobic residues that are absent from properly folded proteins.
d) Six arginine residues are exposed on the protein's surface when it is improperly folded.
e) Such proteins display numerous carboxyl groups on their surfaces, which decreases their solubility.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
56) What do studies suggest governs the "decision" to destroy a defective protein that has been unable to
fold correctly and has been in the ER for an extended period of time?
a) a fast-acting ER enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a
protein
b) a slow-acting ER enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide of a
protein
c) a fast-acting cytoplasmic enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the
oligosaccharide of a protein
d) a slow-acting nuclear enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the oligosaccharide
of a protein
e) a slow-acting cytoplasmic enzyme that trims a mannose residue from an exposed end of the
oligosaccharide of a protein
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
57) What is the fate of a misfolded or incompletely folded protein in the ER once one or more of its
mannose residues has been removed from its oligosaccharide chain(s)?
1) The protein can no longer be recycled.
2) The protein is recycled.
3) The protein is sentenced to degradation.
4) The protein continues to be refolded.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1 and 3
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
58) Where are misfolded secretory proteins eventually destroyed?
a) in the RER
b) in the SER
c) in the Golgi complex
d) in the cytosol (cytoplasm)
e) in the nucleus
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
59) How do misfolded proteins get to the cytoplasm to be destroyed?
a) They diffuse freely through the lipid bilayer.

b) A process called reverse transcription takes proteins back through the translocons they passed through
on their way into the ER lumen.
c) They diffuse through gap junctions.
d) An enzyme flips them through the hydrophobic part of the lipid bilayer.
e) Proteins are transported back to the cytosol through the translocon that brought them into the ER lumen
or through a separate dislocation channel of uncertain identity.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
60) What is responsible for degrading misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm?
a) polysomes
b) polyribosomes
c) peroxisomes
d) proteasomes
e) spliceosome
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
61) Why does the cell use proteasomes to destroy misfolded proteins?
a) Destruction of misfolded proteins assures that aberrant proteins are not sent to other parts of the cell.
b) These proteins can be degraded into components that can be used to make polynucleotides.
c) These proteins are degraded into components that can be used to make polysaccharides.
d) These proteins are degraded into components that are used to make lipids.
e) Destruction of misfolded proteins prevents the dissolution of the plasma membrane.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
62) What happens if misfolded proteins are generated in the ER at a faster rate than they can be exported
to the cytoplasm?
a) They are degraded in the ER.

b) They are inserted into the ER membrane.
c) They are resynthesized in the ER.
d) They accumulate in the ER.
e) They accumulate in the Golgi complex.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
63) The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER is a potentially lethal situation and thus causes the
triggering of what process?
a) the unfolded protein response (UPR)

b) the posttranscriptional response
c) the polysomal response
d) the proteasomal response
e) the intracellular protein response
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
64) TB 8.066 The ER reportedly contains sensors that monitor the concentration of unfolded or
misfolded proteins in the lumen. One proposal suggests that the sensors are normally kept in an inactive
state by ______, particularly ______.
a) molecular chaperones, ribosomes

b) proteasomes, BiP
c) molecular chaperones, BiP
d) enzymes, ER
e) molecular chaperones, Rubisco
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
65) What happens if the UPR is unsuccessful in relieving the stressful conditions in the cell?
a) The cell grows.

b) The cell divides.
c) The cell-death pathway is triggered and the cell is destroyed.
d) The cell shrinks.
e) The cell's temperature is raised.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
66) The movement of vesicular-tubular carriers (VTCs) farther away from the ER and toward the Golgi
complex occurs along tracks composed of what material?
a) RNA
b) DNA
c) microtubules
d) microfilaments
e) intermediate filaments
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
67) What is the name sometimes given to a single Golgi stack in a plant cell?
a) endosome
b) dictyosome
c) flagosome
d) ribosome
e) plantosome
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.4 Describe the process of protein trafficking from the cis-face to the trans-face
of the Golgi apparatus.
Section Reference: Section 8.4 The Golgi Complex
68) Which part of the Golgi complex is thought to function primarily as a sorting station that distinguishes
between proteins to be shipped back to the ER and those that are allowed to proceed to the next Golgi
station?
a) the cis cisternae

b) the CGN
c) the medial cisternae
d) the trans cisternae
e) the trans-Golgi network
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
69) What kind(s) of modifications are made in proteins as they move through the Golgi complex?
a) The protein's carbohydrates are modified by a series of stepwise enzymatic reactions.

b) Amino acids can be added to either end of the polypeptide chain.
c) Amino acids in the proteins may be chemically altered into nucleic acids.
d) Small segments of amino acids can be added into the center of an existing protein.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
70) Which of the following carbohydrates is not synthesized in the Golgi complex?
a) glycosaminoglycans in the animal extracellular matrix

b) plant cell wall polysaccharides like pectin and hemicellulose
c) the carbohydrates of glycolipids
d) the carbohydrates of glycoproteins
e) glycogen
Answer: e
Difficulty: Hard
71) What enzymes are responsible for determining the sequence of sugars added to growing
oligosaccharide chains of membrane proteins or secretory proteins as they travel through the Golgi
complex?
a) glycosaminocosidases
b) peptidyltransferases
c) glycosyltransferase
d) amylases
e) Rubisco
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
72) What sugar is usually removed from the N-linked core oligosaccharide chains on proteins in the Golgi
complex as opposed to the glucose residues trimmed off in the ER?
a) glucose
b) galactose
c) mannose
d) sialic acid
e) fucose
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
73) What determines the sequence of sugar addition to glycoproteins traveling through the Golgi
complex?
a) Nothing - the sequence is random.

b) the spatial arrangement of specific glycosyltransferases that contact proteins as they pass through the
Golgi complex
c) the concentration of sugars in the Golgi complex
d) the concentration of sugars in the Golgi complex
e) the sequence of nucleotides in the Golgi complex
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
74) Which of the models below suggests that the Golgi cisternae are transient structures that form at the
cis face of the stack by fusion of membranous carriers from the ER and ERGIC and that each cisterna
travels through the Golgi complex from the cis to the trans end of the stack, changing in composition as it
progresses?
a) the cisternal maturation model

b) the cargo carrying model
c) the vesicular transport model
d) the secretory transport model
e) the chemiosmotic model
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
75) Which model of Golgi complex formation suggests that the cisternae of a Golgi stack remain in place
as stable compartments held together by a protein scaffold, while the cargo is shuttled through the Golgi
via vesicles that bud from one compartment and fuse with a neighboring one?
a) the cisternal maturation model

b) the cargo carrying model
c) the vesicular transport model
d) the secretory transport model
e) the chemiosmotic model
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
76) Vesicles that move through the Golgi complex from a trans-donor to a cis-acceptor membrane are said
to move in a(n) __________ direction.
a) astrograde
b) anterograde
c) retrograde
d) awful grade
e) verigrade
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
77) Most vesicles budding from the Golgi body have a fuzzy, electron-dense coat on their ______ surface.
The coat appears to be made of _______.
a) luminal, protein
b) cytosolic, protein
c) luminal, lipid
d) cytosolic, carbohydrate
e) cytosolic, lipid
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.5 Discuss the types of vesicle transport, explaining their unique functions.
Section Reference: Section 8.5 Types of Vesicle Transport and their Functions
78) What components below are selected for transport by vesicles originating in the Golgi complex?
a) secretory proteins
b) lysosomal proteins
c) proteins required to dock the vesicle to an acceptor membrane
d) proteins required to target the vesicle to an acceptor membrane
e) All of these components.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
79) How do protein coats select the cargo molecules to be carried by the vesicles they help to form?
a) They electromagnetically attract the correct cargo proteins.

b) The protein coats have a specific affinity for the cytosolic tails of integral membrane proteins that
reside in the donor membrane.
c) The coats have a specific affinity for the luminal tails of integral membrane proteins that reside in the
donor membrane.
d) The coat proteins directly attach to the cargo proteins in the lumen of the forming vesicles.
e) The coat proteins attach to the extracellular matrix.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
80) The coat of vesicles that transport materials around the cell interior ___________.
a) is composed of two distinct protein layers

b) possesses an outer cage or scaffolding that forms the framework for the coat
c) possesses adaptors that are able to select specific cargo molecules
d) possesses an inner layer of adaptors that serves primarily to bind the vesicle's cargo
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
81) Which coated vesicles move materials in a retrograde direction from the ERGIC and Golgi stack
backwards toward the ER?
a) COPII-coated vesicles
b) COPI-coated vesicles
c) clathrin-coated vesicles
d) cadmium-coated vesicles
e) both COPII-coated vesicles and COPI-coated vesicles
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
82) What mediates the interaction between integral membrane proteins to be transported in COPII-coated
vesicles and the COPII-coat?
a) ER export signals in the luminal tails of integral ER membrane proteins

b) ER export signals in the cytosolic tails of integral ER membrane proteins
c) ER export signals in ER phospholipids that interact with the membrane proteins
d) ER export signals in carbohydrates on the cytosolic tails of integral ER membrane proteins
e) ER export signals in carbohydrates on the luminal tails of integral ER membrane proteins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
83) What GTP-binding protein plays a regulatory role by initiating vesicle formation and by regulating
the assembly of the vesicle's COPII coat?
a) Sar1
b) Gar1
c) ARF1 (adenosylation ribose factor)
d) Ras
e) Src
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
84) To what site does Sar1 bind after it binds to GTP?
a) the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane

b) the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane
c) the cytosolic leaflet of the ER bilayer
d) the luminal leaflet of the Golgi membrane
e) the cytosolic leaflet of the plasma membrane
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
85) Which protein(s) below is(are) recruited to the COPII coat by Sar1-GTP?
a) ARF1
b) Sec23
c) Sec32
d) Sec24
e) both Sec23 and Sec24
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
86) Sec23 and Sec24 bind together to form a "banana-shaped" dimer. What is the purpose of this dimer
a) Because of its linear shape, it firms up the membrane.

b) Because of its curved shape, the dimer puts pressure on the membrane surface to help it further bend
into a curved bud.
c) Because of its curved shape, the dimer puts pressure on the membrane surface to help it disintegrate.
d) The dimer stabilizes the Golgi complex membrane.
e) The dimer joins with other dimers to form a remarkably stable cage.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
87) What is the primary adaptor protein of the COPII coat that interacts specifically with the ER export
signals in the cytosolic tails of membrane proteins that are destined to traffic on to the Golgi complex?
a) ARF1
b) Sec23
c) Sec24
d) Sec31
e) Sec13
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
88) What subunit(s) of the COPII coat bind(s) to the vesicle membrane to form the outer structural cage of
the protein coat?
a) Sec31
b) Sec24
c) Sec23
d) Sec13
e) both Sec31and Sec13
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
89) What allows the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits to form cages of varying diameter, thus
accommodating vesicles of varying size?
a) a degree of flexibility built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
b) a degree of rigidity built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
c) a degree of extensibility built into the interface between the Sec13-Sec31 subunits
d) a protein between Sec13 and Sec31 that allows free rotation
e) Sec24, which provides a cushion between the Sec13 and Sec31 subunits
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
90) What happened to COPI-coated vesicles within the cell when the cell was treated with GTP analogues
that could not be hydrolyzed?
a) They accumulated in the nucleus.

b) They accumulated in the cytoplasm.
c) They fused into one giant vesicle that was seen in the cytoplasm.
d) They decreased substantially in number in the nucleus.
e) They decreased substantially in number in the cytoplasm.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Question Type: Essay
91) How are signaling receptors typically marked for endocytosis and subsequent destruction? What
evidence demonstrates ubiquitin's role in the internalization of membrane proteins?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.8 Explain the processes involved in the bulk transport of materials into the cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.8 The Endocytic Pathway: Moving Membrane and Materials into the Cell
Interior
Solution: Signaling receptors are typically marked for endocytosis and subsequent destruction by the
covalent attachment of a tag to the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor while it resides at the cell surface. The
tag is a small protein called ubiquitin. Membrane proteins that are not normally subjected to endocytosis
become internalized if they are made to carry an added ubiquitin.
92) What GTP-binding protein is associated with the formation of the COPI coat on COPI-coated
vesicles?
a) Sar1
b) Arf Arf
d) Ras
e) Src
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
93) What is usually the retrieval signal for ER integral membrane proteins, like the SRP receptor?
a) KKXX at the C-terminus of the protein

b) KDEL at the C-terminus of the protein
c) KDEL at the N-terminus of the protein
d) KKXX at the N-terminus of the protein
e) KXEL at the C-terminus of the protein
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
94) Where in the Golgi complex does most protein sorting occur?
a) the medial cisternae

b) the TGN
c) the CGN
d) the cis network
e) the pre-Golgi network
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
95) What are the recognition signals for lysosomal enzymes that allow them to be localized correctly in
lysosomes?
a) Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.

b) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
c) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains.
d) Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on O-linked carbohydrate chains.
e) Lysosomal enzymes possess phosphorylated glucose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
96) What would happen if the enzyme that adds phosphate groups to the appropriate mannose residues on
the carbohydrate chains of lysosomal enzymes were defective?
a) Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to lysosomes.

b) Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to peroxisomes.
c) Lysosomal enzymes would continue through the Golgi complex to secretory vesicles and would
eventually be secreted.
d) Lysosomal enzymes would be degraded.
e) Lysosomal enzymes would be degraded.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
97) What is responsible for recognizing lysosomal enzymes and localizing them to the lysosomes?
1) mannose 6-phosphate receptors
2) MPRs
3) integral membrane proteins that span the TGN membranes
4) intraGolgi receptors that reside in the TGN lumen
a) 1
b) 1, 2, and 4
c) 3
d) 4
e) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
98) What is the general name for a molecule that physically links two different types of materials?
a) enzymes
b) adaptors
c) structural proteins
d) receptors
e) polynucleotides
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
99) Lysosomal enzymes are transported from the TGN in vesicles coated with what protein?
a) clathrin
b) lysozyme
c) dynamin
d) acid phosphatase
e) COPII
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
100) Which GTP-binding protein is associated with clathrin-coated vesicles and helps to initiate the
formation of the coat?
a) Sar1
b) Raf Raf1
d) Ras
e) Src
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
101) What happens to the clathrin coat once the vesicle has budded from the Golgi body?
a) It is lost.
b) It is strengthened.
c) It is rearranged.
d) It is thickened.
e) It swells.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
102) What is thought to direct the movement of vesicles through the cytoplasm to their final destination?
a) microfilaments\
b) microtubules
c) intermediate filaments
d) collagen
e) keratin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
103) What would happen to the movement of vesicles toward their eventual target if a microtubule
inhibitor like colchicine were added to the cells?
a) The vesicles would disintegrate.

b) The vesicles would move faster.
c) Vesicle movement would slow or stop.
d) Vesicles will shrink.
e) Vesicles will swell.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
104) What appears to be an early step in the process of vesicle fusion to its target compartment?
a) swelling of the vesicle

b) shrinkage of the vesicle
c) tethering of vesicles to the target compartment by extended, fibrous proteins
d) a change in charge at the vesicle surface
e) dissociation of many lipids from the vesicle membrane
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
105) How do Rabs appear to associate with membranes?
a) via microtubules
b) via a lipid anchor
c) via intermediate filaments
d) via vimentin filaments
e) via filaments
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
106) When Rabs have bound to GTP, what do they do?
a) They fuse membranes directly.

b) They pass through the membrane.
c) They recruit specific cytosolic tethering proteins to specific membrane surfaces.
d) They denature specific membrane proteins.
e) They fuse to the nuclear membrane.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
107) What circumstantial evidence supports the proposed role of the Rabs in recruiting cytosolic tethering
proteins to specific membrane surfaces?
a) With over 60 Rab genes identified in humans, Rabs constitute the most diverse group of proteins
involved in membrane trafficking.
b) Rabs have the potential of giving each cell compartment a unique surface identity.
c) Different Rabs have been found to be associated with different membrane compartments.
d) The preferential localization of Rabs allows them to recruit the proteins involved in targeting
specificity.
e) All of these are correct statements that support the proposed role of the Rabs.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
108) In addition to their key role in vesicle targeting by recruiting specific cytosolic tethering proteins to
specific membrane surfaces, Rabs also play a key role in ________.
1) regulating the activities of numerous proteins involved in other aspects of membrane trafficking
2) regulating the aspects of motor proteins that move membranous vesicles through the cytoplasm
3) regulating metabolic processes
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1 and 2
e) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
109) The interaction between the membranes of vesicles and their target compartment is mediated by
which proteins below?
a) ARF1s
b) SNAREs
c) SNARFs
d) Sar1s
e) Rafs
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
110) SNAREs vary in structure quite a bit, but all of them contain a common domain. Where is this
domain located, of what is it composed and what is it called?
a) in the lumen, 60 70 amino acids that form a complex with another SNARE motif
b) in the lumen, 60 70 nucleotides that form a complex with another SNARE motif
c) in the cytosol, 60 70 amino acids that form a complex with another SNARE motif
d) in the cytosol, 60 70 amino acids forming a complex with another SNARE coil
e) in the cytosol, 60 70 carbohydrates forming a complex with another SNARE motif
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
111) What are the two functional categories of SNAREs?

a) v-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
b) t-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
c) v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs
d) v-SNAREs and er-SNAREs
e) er-SNAREs and g-SNAREs
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
112) Where are v-SNAREs and t-SNARES found, respectively?
a) incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during budding, in target compartment membranes
b) in target compartment membranes, incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during budding
c) in target compartment membranes, in target compartment membranes
d) incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during fusion, in target compartment membranes
e) in target compartment membranes, incorporated into transport vesicle membranes during fusion
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
113) What is thought to dissociate the 4-stranded SNARE complex by attaching to the SNARE bundle
and, using energy from ATP hydrolysis, twisting it apart?
a) a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called NSF

b) a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called ARF1
c) a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called Rab
d) a cylindrical, cytosolic protein called NSF
e) a cylindrical, cytosolic protein called ARF1
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
114) What determines the specificity of vesicle fusion to a target membrane?
a) interactions between tethering proteins alone

b) interactions between Rabs alone
c) interactions between specific combinations of interacting proteins, including tethering proteins, Rabs
and SNAREs assembled at that site in the cell
d) interactions between SNAREs alone
e) a single protein in the membrane of the particular vesicle and target membrane
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
115) The process of membrane fusion and subsequent content discharge is called ______ and is usually
triggered by a release of ______.
a) exocytosis, K+ ions
b) exocytosis, Ca2+ ions
c) endocytosis, Ca2+ ions
d) endocytosis, K+ ions
e) secretion, K+ ions
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
116) Synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane in a neuron is regulated by what calcium-
binding protein found in the membrane of the synaptic vesicle?
a) synaptin
b) synaptogenin
c) calmodulin
d) calcitonin
e) synaptotagmin
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
117) Based on what is known about the involvement of calcium ions in exocytosis, what should happen if
Ca2+ ions are injected into a cell?
a) Secretion stops.
b) Wholesale exocytosis of secretory product occurs.
c) Wholesale endocytosis of secretory product occurs
d) Wholesale exocytosis of nuclear contents occurs.
e) Endocytosis rates are accelerated.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
118) Which of the following enzymes are typically found in lysosomes?
a) hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases)

b) oxidoreductases
c) transferases
d) lyases
e) ligases
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
119) Which pH below would be most likely to favor the operation of a lysosomal enzyme?
a) 8.5
b) 7.6
c) 4.5
d) 11.3
e) 6.5
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
120) What is thought to shield lysosomal membranes against attack by their enclosed enzymes?
a) DNA
b) basic RNA
c) carbohydrate chains attached to integral membrane proteins
d) carbohydrate chains attached to peripheral membrane proteins
e) the lipid bilayer itself
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
121) What happens to the breakdown products of materials brought into many single-celled organisms
from the extracellular environment?
a) They are used as nutrients and are released to the extracellular space.
b) They are used as nutrients and are released into the cytoplasm.
c) Peptides produced during digestion are posted on the cell surface.
d) They are used to build the nuclear envelope and are released into the cytoplasm.
e) They are maintained within the lysosome and used for building new lysosomes.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 8.6 Assess the importance of lysosomal function to the health and functioning of
a cell.
Section Reference: Section 8.6 Lysosomes
122) What happens to the breakdown products of bacteria brought into mammalian phagocytic cells (like
macrophages and neutrophils) from the extracellular environment?
a) They are used as nutrients and are released to the extracellular space.
b) They are used as nutrients and are kept in the lysosome.
c) Peptides produced during digestion are posted on the phagocytic cell's surface.
d) They are used to build the nuclear envelope and are released into the cytoplasm.
e) They are maintained within the lysosome and used for building new lysosomes.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
123) What is it about lysosomes that initially deactivates most ingested bacteria?
a) low pH
b) high pH
c) neutral pH
d) lysosomal carbohydrate content
e) lysosomal lipid content
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
124) What is the name of the structure in the sperm head that is a specialized lysosome whose contents
are released extracellularly to digest the egg's outer covering?
a) spermosome
b) dictyosome
c) actinosome
d) acrosome
e) disovacrosome
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
125) What process is responsible for organelle turnover in the cell and carries out the regulated
destruction of the cell's own organelles for the purpose of recycling the components of which they are
made?
a) autolysis
b) autophagolysosome
c) apoptosis
d) autophagy
e) autonomy
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
126) Once an organelle to be destroyed, like a mitochondrion, has been surrounded with a double
membrane, what is the name of the structure that has been produced?
a) autophagolysosome
b) phagolysosome
c) bacteriophage
d) phagosome
e) autophagosom
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
127) You are working on a project in which you block autophagy in a particular portion of the brain of a
laboratory animal. What happens to these animals?
1) Nothing happens since nerve cells are so long-lived.
2) That region of the nervous system experiences a massive loss of nerve cells.
3) There is slight, but not dangerous damage, to the organelles and proteins of the nerve cells.
4) There is continuous damage to the proteins and organelles of these long-lived cells.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 2 and 4
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
128) Once the digestive process in an autophagolysosome is completed, the organelle is called a(n)
_____. If its contents are not eliminated from the cell by exocytosis and are instead retained within the
cytoplasm indefinitely, it is called a(n) _______.
a) lipofuscin granule, residual body

b) residual body, autophagosome
c) residual body, lipofuscin granule
d) lipofuscin granule, autophagosome
e) autophagosome, lipofuscin granule
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
129) Which of the following are proposed functions of autophagy?
a) It plays a role in organelle turnover.

b) It is used to cannibalize organelles when a cell is deprived of nutrients.
c) It protects organisms against intracellular threats like abnormal protein aggregates and invading
bacteria.
d) It plays a role in the regulated destruction of the cell's own organelles and their replacement.
e) All of the other answers are correct.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
130) Which of the following is not a function of plant cell vacuoles?

1) a temporary storehouse for many cell solutes and macromolecules
2) distributes toxic compounds to cytoplasm
3) generates high turgor pressure that pushes outward against the cell wall and maintains cell shape
4) site of intracellular digestion in a plant cell
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 2 and 4
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the nature and various functions of the planet vacuole.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Plant Cell Vacuoles
131) The two separate (basic) categories of uptake of extracellular materials into cytoplasmic vesicles are
______ and ______.
a) phagocytosis, exocytosis
b) pinocytosis, exocytosis
c) phagocytosis, endocytosis
d) pinocytosis, endocytosis
e) exocytosis, endocytosis
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
132) The uptake of relatively large particulate matter into the cell is called _________.
a) endocytosis
b) phagocytosis
c) autophagy
d) exocytosis
e) pinocytosis
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
133) The vesicle containing material taken into the cell by phagocytosis is called a(n) _________.
a) phagocytosome
b) vacuolosome
c) phagosome
d) phagolysosome
e) exosome
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
134) What drives the engulfment of particulate material by phagocytosis?
a) contractile activities of the actin-containing microfilaments that underlie the plasma membrane
b) contractile activities of the tubulin-containing microtubules that underlie the plasma membrane
c) contractile activities of the actin-containing microfilaments that underlie the mitochondrial membrane
d) contractile activities of the myosin-containing microfilaments that underlie the plasma membrane
e) contractile activities of the tubulin-containing microtubules that underlie the mitochondrial membrane
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
135) How do early endosomes mature into late endosomes? How is this population of vesicles formed?
What name is often given to late endosomes because of the population of vesicles located inside the
endosome?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
Solution: They do so progressively. The transformation from an early to a late endosome is apparently
characterized by a decrease in pH, an exchange of Rab proteins (from Rab5 to Rab7) and a major change
in the internal morphology of the structures in which a population of vesicles is created that crowds the
interior of the late endosome. The outer boundary membrane of the endosome forms buds on its lumenal
surface that invaginate inward. Multivesicular bodies (or MVBs).
136) If you treated a macrophage with colchicine (a microtubular inhibitor), what would be likely to
happen to the rate of phagocytosis? What would be likely to happen to the rate of phagocytosis if you
treated the macrophage with an inhibitor of microfilament contractile activities?
a) Nothing would happen after colchicine exposure. The rate would rise after cytochalasin B exposure
b) The rate would drop after colchicine exposure. Nothing would happen after cytochalasin B exposure.
c) Nothing would happen after colchicine exposure. The rate would drop after cytochalasin B exposure.
d) The rate would rise after colchicine exposure. Nothing would happen after cytochalasin B exposure.
e) Nothing would happen after treatment with either inhibitor.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
Interior
137) Which of the following strategies is used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium responsible
for tuberculosis, to avoid being destroyed by phagocytosis?
a) The bacterium crystallizes the enzymes in the phagolysosome.

b) The bacterium inhibits fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome.
c) The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but neither the acidic pH nor the lysosomal enzymes
can destroy it.
d) The bacterium produces proteins that destroy lysosomal membrane integrity so that the bacterium can
escape into the cell cytosol.
e) The bacterium neutralizes the enzymes in the lysosome.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
138) Which of the following is a difference between the coats of COPII- and clathrin-coated vesicles?
a) The inner layer of adaptor proteins of COPII-coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those of
clathrin-coated vesicles do not overlap.
b) The outer scaffold subunits of the clathrin lattice of coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those of
the COPII lattice of coated vesicles do not overlap.
c) The outer scaffold subunits of the COPII lattice of coated vesicles overlap extensively, while those of
the clathrin lattice of coated vesicles do not overlap.
d) The clathrin-coated vesicles have three distinct layers, while the COPII-coated vesicles have two
distinct layers.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
139) Which of the following strategies is used by Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium that causes
meningitis, to avoid being destroyed by a lysosome's fusion with the phagosome in which it was ingested?
a) The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but the acidic pH cannot destroy it.
b) The bacterium inhibits fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome.
c) The bacterium allows fusion with the lysosome, but the lysosomal enzymes cannot destroy it.
d) The bacterium produces proteins that destroy lysosomal membrane integrity so that the bacterium can
escape into the cell cytosol.
e) The bacterium neutralizes the enzymes in the lysosome.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
140) What types of molecules below can a cell internalize by receptor-mediated endocytosis?
a) hormones and growth factors

b) enzymes
c) bloode-borne proteins carrying certain nutrients
d) hormones and growth factors and enzymes
e) All of these are correct
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
141) Substances that enter the cell by receptor-mediated endocytosis bind receptors that collect in
specialized domains of the plasma membrane called ______.
a) coated vesicles
b) coated pits
c) RME pits
d) gap junctions
e) tight junctions
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
142) The three-legged assembly of protein chains that makes up a clathrin molecule and that can assemble
into a network of polygons resembling a honeycomb is called a(n) _____.
a) trigeminy
b) triskeleton
c) trigellium
d) triskelion
e) triskellium
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
143) The best-studied adaptors that participate in the formation of the coated pits and coated vesicles of
clathrin-mediated endocytosis are the _____ adaptors.
a) COPII
b) GGA
c) AP2
d) clathrin
e) COPI
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
144) What molecules do the AP2 adaptors of the clathrin coat connect?
a) GGA adaptors and clathrin molecules

b) the cytoplasmic tails of specific membrane receptors and clathrin molecules
c) the luminal tails of specific membrane receptors and clathrin molecules
d) the clathrin molecules and cargo molecules
e) cargo molecules and the cytoplasmic tails of specific membrane receptors
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
145) Which molecule below is a GTP-binding protein that is required for the release of a clathrin-coated
vesicle from the membrane on which it was formed?
a) AP2
b) GGA
c) clathrin
d) dynamin
e) opsonin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
146) Which of the following has not been identified as a phosphoinositide?
a) PI(3)P
b) PI(4)P
c) PI(5)P
d) PI(6)P
e) PI(3,4)P2
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
147) The phosphorylated rings of phosphoinositides are recognized and bound by particular proteins.
Where are the phosphorylated rings located?
a) They reside in the membrane interior.

b) They are found in lysosomes.
c) They reside at the membrane surface.
d) They reside inside the clathrin coat.
e) They reside inside the COPII-coat.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
148) The phosphorylated rings of phosphoinositides are recognized and bound by particular proteins.
Where are the phosphorylated rings located?
a) They reside in the membrane interior.

b) They are found in lysosomes.
c) They reside at the membrane surface.
d) They reside inside the clathrin coat.
e) They reside inside the COPII-coat.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
149) What helps to give different membrane compartments their own unique surface identity?
a) the different proteins contained within them

b) the different surface nucleotides in each one
c) the different shapes of the different membrane compartments
d) the degree of concentration of the contents of the membrane compartments
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
150) The inner leaflet of the plasma membrane contains elevated levels of _____, which plays an
important role in the recruitment of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, like dynamin and
AP2.
a) PI(4,5)P2
b) PI(4)P
c) PI(3,5)P2
d) PI(3,4)P2
e) PI(5)P
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
151) The inner leaflet of the plasma membrane contains elevated levels of PI(4,5)P2, which plays an
important role in the recruitment of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, like ______ and
______?
a) AP3, dynamin
b) AP2, dynamin
c) TGN, dynamin
d) TGN, dynamin
e) clathrin, dynamin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
152) Lipid species like the phosphoinositides can have a dynamic regulatory role because _______.
a) it can be rapidly formed by enzymes localized at particular places within the cell
b) it can be rapidly formed by enzymes localized at particular times within the cell
c) it can be rapidly destroyed by enzymes localized at particular places within the cell
d) it can be rapidly destroyed by enzymes localized at particular times within the cell
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
153) About what time does PI(4,5)P2 disappear from a site of endocytosis?
a) about the time the coated pit forms

b) about the time the coated vesicle is pinched away from the plasma membrane
c) when the ligand binds to the receptors
d) well after the vesicle has pinched away from the plasma membrane
e) as the coated pit rounds into a larger coated pit
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
154) Which phosphoinositide is localized at the TGN, secretory granules and synaptic vesicles?
a) PI(4,5)P2
b) PI(4)P
c) PI(3,5)P2
d) PI(3)P
e) PI(5)P
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
155) Which phosphoinositide is localized at the late endosome boundary membrane?
a) PI(4,5)P2
b) PI(4)P
c) PI(3,5)P2
d) PI(3)P
e) PI(5)P
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
156) Typically, receptors for hormones or growth factors are destroyed during endocytosis, leading to a
reduction in the cell's sensitivity to further stimulation by that particular hormone or growth factor. This
is a mechanism by which cells regulate their ability to respond to extracellular messengers. What is it
called?
a) receptor annihilation
b) receptor down-regulation
c) super-signaling
d) endocytotic assignation
e) receptor up-regulation
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
157) Signaling receptors are usually marked for endocytosis and subsequent destruction by the covalent
attachment of a "tag" to the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor while it resides at the cell surface. What is the
name of the "tag"?
a) ubiquitin
b) transferrin
c) opsonin
d) chaperonin
e) complexin
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
158) Which endosomes are typically located near the peripheral region of the cell?
a) late endosomes
b) early endosomes
c) medial lysosomes
d) medial endosomes
e) intellosomes
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
159) Which endosomes are typically located in the more interior part of the cell, near the nucleus?
a) late endosomes
b) early endosomes
c) medial lysosomes
d) medial endosomes
e) intellosomes
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
160) What are the differences between early and late endosomes?
a) Early endosomes exchange their Rab5 proteins for Rab7 proteins as they transform into late
endosomes.
b) Late endosomes have a population of vesicles crowding their interior; early endosomes do not.
c) Late endosomes exhibit a lower pH than early endosomes.
d) In late endosomes, the outer boundary membrane has budded inward on its lumenal surface creating a
group of vesicles.
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
161) Late endosomes are also referred to as _______.
a) multivertiginous bodies
b) multivesicular bodies
c) MVBs
d) multivesicular bodies and MVBs
e) lateosomes
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
162) What recognizes ubiquitinated signaling receptors and sorts them into the membranes that give rise
to the internal vesicles of the late endosomes?
a) ESCRT complexes
b) CREST complexes
c) ESCORT complexes
d) RESCT complexes
e) lysosomes
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
163) What leads to the degradation of the contents of late endosomes by lysosomal enzymes?
a) secretion of lysosomal enzymes into late endosomes

b) transport of lysosomal enzymes into late endosomes through specialized pore complexes
c) fusion of late endosomes containing intralumenal vesicles with a lysosome.
d) fusion of early endosomes with lysosomes; late endosomes lowering their internal pH activating the
enzymes
e) late endosomes synthesizing lysosomal enzymes that then degrade the contents
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
164) People with Niemann-Pick type C disease suffer from what defect?
a) They lack one of two lysosomal enzymes.

b) They cannot degrade HDL particles.
c) They cannot degrade LDL particles.
d) They lack one of the proteins needed to transport cholesterol out of lysosomes.
e) Their LDL receptors are nonfunctional.
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
165) Drugs that lower blood LDL levels are referred to as _______.
a) olefins
b) statins
c) ancestrins
d) cholestrins
e) cholestrans
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Interior
166) The drugs that lower LDL concentration in the blood function by ________.
a) blocking a key cholesterol-degrading enzyme, HMG CoA reductase

b) activating a key cholesterol-degrading enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
c) blocking a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
d) activating a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA reductase
e) blocking a key cholesterol synthesis enzyme, HMG CoA oxidase
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
167) What protein is associated with HDL particles?
a) Large LDL particle B-100

b) LDLenin
c) apolipoprotein B-100
d) statin
e) apolipoprotein A-1
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
168) Which of the following organelles imports proteins through one or more outer boundary
membranes?
a) the nucleus
b) mitochondria
c) chloroplasts
d) peroxisomes
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
169) How many subcompartments do peroxisomes have into which an imported protein can be placed?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 3 or 4
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: Section 8.9 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and
Chloroplasts
Section Reference: LO 8.9 Explain how proteins are inserted into the membranes and lumen of cellular
organelles.
170) Proteins destined for the peroxisomal matrix possess a(n) ________.
1) peroxisomal targeting signal
2) PTS
3) mPTS
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 1, 2, and 3
e) 1 and 2
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
171) Where does the PTS receptor bind to peroxisome-destined proteins?
a) in the nucleus
b) in the cytoplasm (cytosol)
c) in the mitochondrion
d) in the peroxisome
e) in the RER
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Chloroplasts
organelles.
172) Which of the following organelles imports proteins in their native, folded conformation?
a) mitochondria
b) chloroplasts
c) peroxisomes
d) nuclei
e) lysosomes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Chloroplasts
organelles.
173) How many mitochondrial subcompartments exist into which proteins can be delivered?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
174) Which of the following is a mitochondrial subcompartment into which proteins can be delivered?
a) outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM)

b) inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM)
c) intermembrane space
d) matrix
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
Chloroplasts
organelles.
175) The targeting sequence of mitochondrial-matrix proteins is found at the molecule's N-terminus and
includes a number of positively charged residues. What is this targeting sequence called?
a) PTS
b) mPTS
c) signal peptide
d) presequence
e) mitochondrial targeting signal
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Chloroplasts
organelles.
176) The N-terminal targeting sequence of mitochondrial-matrix proteins is ultimately removed by

_______ following import into the matrix.
a) signal peptidase
b) mitochondrial processing peptidase
c) mitochondrial processing lipase
d) mitochodrial signal peptidase
e) mitochondrial signalase
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
Chloroplasts
organelles.
177) What kind of molecule has been implicated in preparing polypeptides for mitochondrial uptake,
including those that specifically direct mitochondrial proteins to the cytosolic surface of the outer
mitochondrial membrane?
a) proteases
b) aggregases
c) molecular chaperones
d) carbohydratase
e) pronases
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Chloroplasts
organelles.
178) What are the functions of housekeeping receptors in the endocytic pathway? What is the function of
signaling receptors in the endocytic pathway? How do the fates of housekeeping and signaling receptors
generally differ?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
Solution: Housekeeping receptors in the endocytic pathway are responsible for the uptake of materials
that will be used by the cell, like transferrin and LDL receptors, which mediate the delivery to cells of
iron and cholesterol, respectively. Signaling receptors are responsible for binding extracellular ligands
that carry messages that change the activities of the cell, like hormones (e.g., insulin) and growth factors
(e.g., EGF). These ligands bind to the surface receptor and signal a physiologic response inside the cell.
Housekeeping receptors typically deliver their bound materials to the cell and then return to the cell
surface for additional rounds of uptake. Endocytosis of the signaling receptors often results in the
destruction of the receptor, a process called receptor down-regulation. This leads to a reduction in the
sensitivity of the cell to further stimulation by the hormone or growth factor. Receptor down-regulation is
a mechanism by which cells regulate their ability to respond to extracellular messengers.
179) Proteins destined for the inner mitochondrial membrane or the mitochondrial matrix must pass
through the _________.
a) TOM complex
b) TIM complex
c) at least one protein-lined channel
d) intermembrane space
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
180) The _______ binds integral proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane and inserts them into lipid
bilayer and the ______ binds matrix proteins and translocates them completely through the inner
mitochondrial membrane into the aqueous matrix compartment.
a) TIM complex, TOM complex

b) TOM complex, TIM complex
c) TIM22 complex, TIM23 complex
d) TIM23 complex, TIM22 complex
e) TOM complex, TIM23 complex
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
181) What powers the movement of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix?
a) electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane acting on the positively-charged targeting
signal
b) electric potential across the outer mitochondrial membrane acting on the positively-charged targeting
signal
c) ATP
d) GTP
e) electric potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane acting on the negatively-charged targeting
signal
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
182) When a mitochondrial chaperone helps a mitochondrial matrix protein into the matrix by biased
diffusion, the chaperone is said to be acting as a(n) ______.
a) Brownian motion
b) biased diffuser
c) Brownian ratchet
d) misratchet
e) unbiased diffuser
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
183) How many subcompartments are there in chloroplasts into which proteins can be delivered?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 6
d) 4
e) 5
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
184) Which list below names the compartments into which chloroplast proteins must be imported?
a) inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, thylakoid membranes,
thylakoid lumen
b) inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intercristal space, the stroma, thylakoid membranes,
thylakoid lumen
c) inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the cytoplasm, thylakoid membranes,
thylakoid lumen
d) inner and medial chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, thylakoid membranes,
thylakoid lumen
e) inner and outer chloroplast membranes, the intermembrane space, the stroma, cristae membranes,
thylakoid lumen
Answer: a
Difficulty: Hard
Chloroplasts
organelles.
185) The outer and inner chloroplast membranes contain distinct translocation complexes named
________, respectively, that work together during protein import.
a) Toc and Tic complexes

b) Tic and Toc complexes
c) Tick and Tock complexes
d) Tock and Tick complexes
e) Tock and Tic complexes
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
186) Most proteins destined for the chloroplast are synthesized with a removable ________ called the
______.
a) N-terminal sequence, signal peptide

b) C-terminal sequence, transit peptide
c) N-terminal sequence, transit peptide
d) C-terminal sequence, signal peptide
e) mid-chain sequence, transit peptide
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Chloroplasts
organelles.
187) Proteins that are destined to be translocated through the chloroplast envelope into the stroma must
have a transit peptide including _______.
a) a thylakoid transfer domain

b) a thylakoid lumen domain
c) a transit peptidase
d) a stroma-targeting domain
e) a matrix-targeting domain
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Chloroplasts
organelles.
188) What removes the stroma-targeting domain and where does the removal occur?
a) a processing peptide synthase, stroma

b) a processing peptidase, stroma
c) a processing peptidase, thylakoid membrane
d) a processing peptidase, thylakoid lumen
e) a stromase, stroma
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
189) Many of the proteins that reside within the thylakoid membrane are encoded by chloroplast genes
and synthesized on __________.
a) ribosomes floating in the stroma

b) ribosomes bound to the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane
c) ribosomes bound to the inner chloroplast membrane
d) ribosomes inside the thylakoid disks
e) cytoplasmic ribosomes
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Chloroplasts
organelles.
190) What acts as an address directing lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes?
a) a lysosomal peptide
b) mannose-6-sulfate residues on the enzyme
c) mannose-6-phosphate residues on the enzyme
d) a signal peptide on the enzyme
e) a stroma transfer peptide on the enzyme
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
191) I-cell disease is typified by __________.
a) lysosomes bloated with undegraded materials

b) the production of normal levels of lysosomal enzymes without the mannose 6-phosphate residues
normally present
c) lysosomal enzymes being secreted by the cell because they have not been targeted to lysosomes
d) a deficiency in N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
192) In general, diseases that result from a deficiency of a single lysosomal enzyme are called ________.
a) lysosomal dissociation disorders

b) Tay-Sachs Disease
c) lysosomal storage disorders
d) ancestral disorders
e) ancestral lysosomal disorders
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
a cell.
193) Why does glucocerebrosidase taken into macrophages by receptor-mediated endocytosis end up in
lysosomes?
a) The enzyme travels through the cytoplasm to get to lysosomes.

b) The enzyme denatures and then goes through a channel into lysosomes.
c) Lysosomes are the natural target of enzymes taken into macrophages by endocytosis.
d) Lysosomes adsorb glucocerebrosidase to their surfaces.
e) Lysosomes pick up the enzyme from mitochondria.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
a cell.
194) Why does targeting glucocerebrosidase to lysosomes in macrophages serve as a treatment for
Gaucher's disease?
a) Glucocerebrosidase is normally denatured in the lysosomes.

b) Glucocerebrosidase is delivered to the precise sites in the cell where the deficiency is manifested, thus
correcting the deficit.
c) Glucocerebrosidase denatures the cytoplasm from its location in the lysosomes correcting the deficit.
d) Glucocerebrosidase binds to the outer lysosome surface and breaks down glycogen in the cytoplasm.
e) Glucocerbrosidase is supposed to digest most of the enzymes in the lysosome.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
a cell.
195) Treatment of lysosomal storage diseases with enzyme replacement therapy involves _______.
a) targeting functional copies of the missing enzyme to the precise cell sites where the deficiency is
manifested
b) targeting mutant copies of the missing enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
c) targeting functional copies of another enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
d) administration of small molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of substances that accumulate in
the disease
e) administration of large molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of substances that accumulate in
the disease
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
196) Treatment of lysosomal storage disorders with substrate reduction therapy involves _______.
a) targeting functional copies of the missing enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
b) targeting mutant copies of the missing enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
c) targeting functional copies of another enzyme to the cell sites where the deficiency is manifested
d) administration of small molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of the substances that
accumulate in the disease
e) administration of large molecular weight drugs to inhibit the synthesis of the substances that
accumulate in the disease
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
197) Explain how lysosomes become bloated in patients who suffer from I-cell disease.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
Solution: Lysosomal enzymes in I-cell patients lack the mannose 6-phosphate residues that are needed to
target them to lysosomes. Thus, lysosomal enzymes are synthesized at normal levels, but they are
secreted instead of being targeted to lysosomes. When molecules that are usually broken down in the
lysosomes get there, they are not degraded because the enzymes are missing from the lysosome. As a
result, these molecules build up in the lysosomes since they are not degraded, causing them to become
bloated with undegraded materials.
198) What is responsible for the deficiency in I-cell disease patients in which the lysosomal enzymes do
not carry the normal mannose phosphate residues that target them to lysosomes?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
Solution: These patients possess a deficiency in the enzyme, N-acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase,
which adds phosphate groups to mannose residues on lysosomal enzymes, while they are being processed
in the Golgi complex.
199) What is a lysosomal storage disease?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
Solution: A lysosomal storage disease arises when an enzyme usually found in the lysosomes is absent or
is mutated so that it does not function properly. The substrate that it usually degrades builds up in the
lysosomes, causing the organelle to swell and leading to irreversible cell and tissue damage. Over 40
such diseases have been described, and each is characterized by the deficiency of a single lysosomal
enzyme and the corresponding accumulation of undegraded substrate.
200) You wish to target a purified enzyme to the lysosomes of macrophages. How might you accomplish
this?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
a cell.
Solution: If you treat the oligosaccharides of the enzyme with glycosidases so that mannose residues are
exposed as terminal sugars, they may be recognized by receptors on macrophage surfaces. If they are
recognized, they will be ingested by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Since the natural target site of
materials brought into the cell by endocytosis is the lysosomes, the enzymes might be delivered efficiently
to lysosomes, thus correcting the deficiency. This form of enzyme replacement therapy has actually been
used successfully in many cases.
201) Approaches other than enzyme replacement therapy for treatment of lysosomal storage diseases have
shown some promise. What are they and how do they work?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
Solution: It is unfortunate that many lysosomal storage diseases affect the central nervous system. The
cells of the central nervous system are unable to take up circulating enzymes because of the blood-brain
barrier. Thus, enzyme replacement therapy is not effective in the central nervous system.
202) You are observing a cell process in which small vesicles continually merge with the cell membrane.
A number of different treatments known to influence the secretion of specific materials seems to have no
effect on the process. What type of secretion appears to be occurring?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.1 Explain how particular proteins are targeted to specific subcellular
compartments, describing the differences and similarities between the biosynthetic and endosynthetic
pathways.
Section Reference: Section 8.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System
Solution: It looks like constitutive secretion since known regulatory treatments have little effect.
203) A tissue that secretes a number of proteins is exposed in culture to radiolabeled amino acids for a
very short period of time and then fixed immediately and prepared for autoradiography. What is seen
after the autoradiograms are prepared?
Answer:
Difficulty: Easy
Solution: Exposed silver grains are seen over the rough ER where the amino acids are incorporated into
proteins.
204) What recently developed technique allows scientists to follow with their own eyes the dynamic
movements of specific proteins as they occur within the living cell?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a small protein from a certain jellyfish, which emits a green
fluorescent light. The DNA encoding GFP can be fused to the gene to be studied. The resultant
composite DNA can be introduced into cells and once there, the chimeric (composite) protein consisting
of GFP fused to the end of the protein to be studied can be expressed. Generally, the GFP fused to the
protein to be studied functions normally as does the protein to which it is attached. Furthermore, the
movement of the studied protein through the cell is unaffected as well. Wherever the protein is
transported through the cell, it can be visualized via the attached GFP.
205) You homogenize a liver cell and isolate from it vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum.
When their biochemistry is analyzed, they are found to contain oxygenases. From what type of ER are
they derived?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Solution: They contain oxygenases, suggesting that they may be derived from liver SER, which carries
out detoxification of organic compounds like ethanol and barbiturates.
206) In carrying out a pulse-chase experiment, radiolabel appears first over the ER in the basal portion of
the cell. It moves next to the Golgi apparatus located centrally. Next, the radiolabel appears in the cell's
apical region near a number of small cytoplasmic vesicles. What kind of cell is this?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: It is a secretory cell.
207) You homogenize a cell and isolate from it vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. When
their biochemistry is analyzed, they are found to have the ability to synthesize testosterone. From what
type of ER are they derived?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: They are derived from SER, since they are capable of synthesizing a steroid like testosterone, a
job often identified with SER.
208) What is the name of a cellular phenomenon in which cells produce small RNAs that bind to specific
mRNAs and inhibit their translation into proteins? What are the small RNAs that bind to these specific
mRNAs called?
Answer:
Difficulty: Easy
Solution: It is called RNA interference or RNAi. siRNAs bind to them.
209) What information does the use of siRNAs provide?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: They can be used to determine and identify which genes are involved in a particular cellular
process. If an siRNA interferes with a process like a step in the secretory pathway, the protein product of
the inhibited mRNA (and the gene to which it is complementary) is likely to be involved in that step.
210) The mRNA for a well-known secretory protein is isolated and placed in a test tube in the presence of
all the substances required for in vitro protein synthesis. The sequence of the protein produced in vitro is
then compared to the sequence of the purified secretory protein. The sequences of the two proteins are
not the same. What is the explanation?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Solution: A short expanse of hydrophobic amino acids (the signal peptide) was removed from the N-
terminal end of the polypeptide in the intact cell.
211) A scientist isolates two specific mRNAs. One codes for the enzyme fowlase, an enzyme that is
involved in digestion in chickadees; the other codes for the quail enzyme quailase that is involved in
cellular carbohydrate metabolism. Both mRNAs are placed in a test tube with RER vesicles stripped of
their ribosomes, free ribosomes and precursors for protein synthesis. When the protein synthesis reaction
is complete, fowlase is found inside the vesicles; quailase is found in the liquid portion of the test tube
outside the vesicles. What can one conclude about the two proteins?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Solution: Fowlase is a secretory protein; quailase is a domestic protein that is not secreted and stays in the
cell cytoplasm.
212) Radioactive phospholipid precursors are exposed to growing cells in a brief pulse. After a chase
with nonlabeled phospholipid precursors, it is clear that the label appears first over the endoplasmic
reticulum. Some time later, the label appears in the cell membrane after being seen in the Golgi complex
and cytoplasmic vesicles. To what conclusion do the data lead you?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Membrane lipids appear to be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, after which they move
to the Golgi apparatus and then to vesicles, which contribute the phospholipids to the membrane upon
exocytosis.
213) You have isolated from a cell vesicles that are shown to be derived from the Golgi apparatus. They
take up a large amount of osmium tetroxide when stained and contain little nucleotide diphosphatase
activity. These vesicles also contain a few proteins typical of the endoplasmic reticulum. Is it possible to
determine where in the Golgi body these vesicles originated? Explain your answer.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Since the Golgi apparatus is not uniform in composition, such a determination should be
possible. Cis Golgi membranes typically take up osmium tetroxide better than other parts of the Golgi,
but should contain little or no nucleotide diphosphatase, since this enzyme is normally found at the trans
face. The presence of a few ER proteins also suggests that the vesicles are probably from the cis Golgi
since some ER proteins can be taken there from the ER. They will, however, be recycled back to the ER
before they get to the trans face.
214) A scientist is studying the movement of vesicles between different cellular compartments. She starts
by treating the cells with a number of known inhibitors of cellular activities. One of them greatly
increases the number of fuzzy-coated vesicles. What is a possible explanation? The effect of the inhibitor
can be reversed if intracellular GTP is added in large amounts. What might explain this?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: The inhibitor could inhibit some action of the adenosylation ribose factor (ARF), like binding or
hydrolysis of GTP. This could allow the formation of fuzzy-coated vesicles, but prevent their
disassembly at the appropriate time. If increased intracellular GTP can reverse the inhibition, it suggests
that the inhibitor might be a GTP analog that binds to ARF and thus a competitive inhibitor of this
process. Increasing the concentration of GTP (the normal ligand) reverses this competitive inhibition.
215) A protein that is normally secreted is genetically engineered by altering the gene that encodes it.
The part of the gene encoding the KDEL sequence is removed from the C-terminus and two stop-transfer
sequences are inserted in the middle of its gene. When the altered gene is reinserted into the cells, what
happens?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Solution: The protein is no longer found in the cisternal space. Instead, it is found in the membrane since
the stop-transfer sequences prevent it from passing completely through the channel into the cisternae. It
will also travel via the biosynthetic pathway to the cell membrane if it lacks the KKXX sequence that
restricts such proteins to the ER membranes.
216) An organelle whose interior exhibits a low pH is identified. It is irregularly shaped and contains acid
phosphatase. What is it most likely to be?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
Solution: A lysosome
217) You are studying the effects of a number of treatments on the nervous system of a particular species
of lab animal. One of the treatments is able to block the process of autophagy and it can be administered
with enough precision to localize the treatment to a particular portion of the brain. What effect does such
a treatment have on the animal's brain and what do the results suggest?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
a cell.
Solution: When treated in this fashion, the specific region of the nervous system receiving the treatment
experiences a massive loss of nerve cells. This exhibits the importance of autophagy in protecting brain
cells from the continuous damage to proteins and organelles that is experienced by these long-lived cells.
218) Plant cells are exposed to an inhibitor of H+-ATPase in the tonoplast membrane. What will the
immediate effect be?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 8.7 Explain the nature and various functions of the planet vacuole.
Section Reference: Section 8.7 Plant Cell Vacuoles
Solution: Since the enzyme pumps H+ ions into the plant's large, central vacuole, disabling it will be likely
to raise the pH inside the vacuole
219) If amoebae are treated with cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, phagocytosis stops.
Why is this so?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Interior
Solution: The process of phagocytosis is driven by microfilaments, which are made up of actin.
Cytochalasin B inhibits their polymerization and thus phagocytosis as well.
220) An infant, who is unable to acquire antibodies properly from his mother's breast milk, is born. Tests
determine that he makes receptors for the antibodies and that they efficiently bind the antibodies, yet they
are not exactly like normal receptors. What is a possible explanation for the inability to take up the
antibodies.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
Solution: It is possible that while the antibody receptors can bind their ligand, they are unable to localize
to the coated pits to facilitate internalization.
221) What is thought to mediate the initial contacts between a transport vesicle and its target membrane,
like a Golgi cisterna? Describe the two groups of tethering proteins.
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Interior
Solution: The initial contacts between a transport vesicle and its target membrane are thought to be
mediated by so-called tethering proteins. One group of tethering proteins is characterized by rod-shaped,
fibrous proteins that are capable of forming a molecular bridge between the two membranes over a
considerable distance (50 200 nm). The second group is composed of large multiprotein complexes that
appear to hold the two membranes in closer proximity.

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CH 08

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Package Title: Test Bank

Course Title: Karp7e

Question Type: Multiple Choice

a) membrane-bound vesicles of varying diameter, containing material of different electron density

a) closer to the synthesis site

a) RER, Golgi complex, plasma membrane, viral envelopes

a) VSVG protein heads immediately for the Golgi complex.

a) attachment of amino acids to the antibody

a) They have only a few genes.

a) Liposomes cause the protein to denature.

a) the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

a) their size differences

26) What determines the function of a cell's smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

a) its lipid content

a) synthesis of steroid hormones

a) They often create compounds that cause excessive weight gain.

a) skeletal muscle cell contraction

a) nucleus and RER SER Golgi complex secretory vesicles

a) cytosolic surface of RER and cisternal surface of RER

a) the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis

a) Protein synthesis accelerates.

a) After synthesis, an enzyme orients the protein properly.

a) They diffuse freely into the luminal leaflet.

a) peripheral proteins of the inner surface of the plasma membrane

49) What is responsible for adding sugars to dolichol phosphate?

50) CDG1b results from a deficiency in what enzyme?

a) addition of more sugars

a) It degrades the oligosaccharide chain.

59) How do misfolded proteins get to the cytoplasm to be destroyed?

a) They diffuse freely through the lipid bilayer.

60) What is responsible for degrading misfolded proteins in the cytoplasm?

a) They are degraded in the ER.

a) the unfolded protein response (UPR)

a) molecular chaperones, ribosomes

a) The cell grows.

a) the cis cisternae

a) The protein's carbohydrates are modified by a series of stepwise enzymatic reactions.

a) glycosaminoglycans in the animal extracellular matrix

a) Nothing - the sequence is random.

a) the cisternal maturation model

a) the cisternal maturation model

a) They electromagnetically attract the correct cargo proteins.

a) is composed of two distinct protein layers

a) ER export signals in the luminal tails of integral ER membrane proteins

84) To what site does Sar1 bind after it binds to GTP?

a) the luminal leaflet of the ER membrane

a) Because of its linear shape, it firms up the membrane.

a) They accumulated in the nucleus.

Question Type: Essay

Question Type: Multiple Choice

a) KKXX at the C-terminus of the protein

a) the medial cisternae

a) Lysosomal enzymes possess sulfated mannose residues on N-linked carbohydrate chains.

a) Lysosomal enzymes would be localized to lysosomes.

a) The vesicles would disintegrate.

a) swelling of the vesicle

105) How do Rabs appear to associate with membranes?

106) When Rabs have bound to GTP, what do they do?

a) They fuse membranes directly.

111) What are the two functional categories of SNAREs?

112) Where are v-SNAREs and t-SNARES found, respectively?

a) a doughnut-shaped, cytosolic protein called NSF

114) What determines the specificity of vesicle fusion to a target membrane?