CH 09

Package Title: Test Bank
Course Title: Karp7e

Chapter Number: 9
Question Type: Multiple Choice
1) Which type of cytoskeletal element is characterized as a hollow, rigid cylindrical tube with
walls composed of tubulin subunits?
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
c) intermediate filaments
d) all of these choices
e) minitubules
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.1 List some of the major functions of the cytoskeleton.
Section Reference: Section 9.1 Overview of the Major Functions of the Cytoskeleton
2) Which type of cytoskeletal element is described as tough, ropelike fibers composed of a

variety of related proteins like keratin?
a) microfilaments
b) microtubules
c) intermediate filaments
e) macrofilaments
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
3) You use a nonionic detergent to extract a cell. When you do, much of the mRNA stays behind
with the cytoskeleton, which is not solubilized by this treatment. What do these results mean?
a) The cytoskeleton denatures in nonionic detergents.

b) The mRNA is solubilized by the nonionic detergents.
c) The mRNA is anchored to the cytoskeleton.
d) The cytoplasm is anchored to the mRNA.
e) The cytoskeleton is destabilized by the nonionic detergent.
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
4) The splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells is called ______.
a) diakinesis
b) cytokinesis
c) mitosis
d) meiosis
e) cytomegaly
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
5) Fluorescence microscopy allows investigators to view things _________ of regular light

microscopes.
a) above the limits of resolution

b) above the limits of magnification
c) below the limits of resolution
d) below the limits of magnification
e) at the limits of magnification
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.2 Explain the methods used to study the cytoskeleton.
Section Reference: Section 9.2 The Study of the Cytoskeleton
6) When laser beams are shone through the objective lens of a microscope, a weak attractive
force is generated near the point of focus. This allows the grasping of microscopic objects. Such
a device is called a(n) ______.
a) optical density
b) optical tweezer
c) confocal laser scanning
d) absorbance microscopy
e) laser pointer
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
7) In an attempt to monitor the movement of individual kinesin molecules labeled with GFP
along microtubules labeled with a red fluorescent dye using an in vitro motility assay, what
specialized type of laser-based fluorescence microscopy would be most likely to be employed?
a) FRAP
b) TIRF
c) total internal reflection microscopy
d) atomic force microscopy
e) TIRF and total internal reflection microscopy
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
8) TIRF works by _________________.
a) chemically dissecting microtubules

b) focusing on a very thin plane just above the surface on which microtubules are lying
c) by preventing light rays emanating from individual motor proteins being monitored from
being obscured by light rays from other areas
d) focusing on a very thin plane just above the surface on which microtubules are lying and by
preventing light rays emanating from individual motor proteins being monitored from being
obscured by light rays from other areas
e) denaturing the tubulin subunits of microtubules
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
9) Using TIRF, scientists have been able to _________________.
a) compare the properties of different motor proteins

b) measure the properties of individual motors under different experimental conditions
c) ask how a specific mutation of a motor protein affects its motility properties
d) measure the interrelationships between molecular motor subunits
e) compare the properties of different motor proteins, measure the properties of individual
motors under different experimental conditions and ask how a specific mutation of a motor
protein affects its motility properties
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
10) Which technique below can be used to measure the mechanical properties of the cytoskeletal
elements themselves?
a) laser beams
b) atomic force microscopy
c) transmission electron microscopy
d) scanning electron microscopy
e) SDS-PAGE
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
11) An intermediate filament can stretch up to _____ its normal length before it breaks into two
pieces.
a) 1.5
b) 2.5
c) 3.5
d) 10
e) 35
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
12) In stretching an intermediate filament with an atomic force microscope, what properties of an
intermediate filament can be tested?
a) tensile strength
b) solidity
c) brittleness
d) extensibility
e) tensile strength and extensibility
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
13) Which of the following appears to be the most extensible?
a) intermediate filaments
b) microtubules
c) microfilaments
d) spindle fibers
e) microtubules and spindle fibers
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
14) A new field of mechanical engineering that involves the development of tiny machines
capable of performing specific activities in a submicroscopic world is called ________.
a) nanodictation
b) nanomechanics
c) microscopotechnics
d) nanotechnology
e) picomechanics
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
15) In cell biology and with respect to microtubules and microfilaments, the word "dynamic"
means ________.
a) impressive
b) constant
c) ever-changing
d) energetic
e) forceful
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
16) A microscope is equipped with a laser that can be focused on a small region of the cell. The
laser beam is used to bleach fluorescent tubulin in a small region of the cell. The specimen is
then followed over time and the recovery of the fluorescent signal into the bleached zone is then
measured. What is the name of this technique?
a) TIRF
b) fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
c) total internal refraction microscopy
d) FRAP
e) fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and FRAP
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
17) Which of the following could be a method used to label microtubules with a fluorescent dye?
a) injecting tubulin with a fluorescent dye

b) coupling tubulin to a fluorescent dye
c) coupling actin to a fluorescent dye
d) inducing a cell to express the gene for tubulin that has been fused to the gene for GFP
e) coupling tubulin to a fluorescent dye and inducing a cell to express the gene for tubulin that
has been fused to the gene for GFP
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
18) If the FRAP technique is used to bleach a small zone of fluorescent microtubules in a cell,
which of the following is a possible explanation for the recovery of fluorescence in the region of
the cell previously bleached?
a) the dynamics of the microtubules turning over in that bleached zone of the cell
b) the growth of new microtubules into the bleached zone
c) movement of microtubules through the bleached zone
d) all of these choices
e) the dynamics of the microtubules turning over in that bleached zone of the cell and the growth
of new microtubules into the bleached zone
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
19) The microtubule wall is composed of globular proteins arranged in longitudinal rows called
_________.
a) microfilaments
b) protofilaments
c) prototubules
d) prototubulins
e) microtubular units
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Describe three functions of microtubu
Section Reference: Section 9.3 Microtubules
20) In a normal microtubule, how many protofilaments make up its cylindrical wall?
a) 13
b) 15
c) 11
d) 9
e) 17
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
21) What kinds of forces are thought to hold microtubular structure together?
a) strong interactions
b) noncovalent interactions
c) covalent interactions
d) magnetism
e) strong interactions and covalent interactions
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
22) An abnormally high level of _______ of the MAP protein tau is implicated in the
development of strange, tangled filaments called _________ that have been seen in the brains of
patients suffering from several fatal neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.
a) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles

b) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary anastomoses
c) dephosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles
d) dephosphorylation, neurofibrillary anastomoses
e) amination, neurofibrillary tangles
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
23) Given that axons grow out through the action of microtubules, what should happen to axons
growing out from a neuron when they are exposed to colchicine or nocodazole?
a) Axons grow more rapidly.

b) Axonal outgrowth stops.
c) Axons grow more rapidly.
d) Axonal outgrowth stops.
e) There is no change in axonal outgrowth.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
24) How are microtubules thought to affect cell shape in plants?
a) Microtubules of the plant cell cortex are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
synthesizing enzymes in the cell membrane, which, in turn, affect cell wall growth and shape.
b) Microtubules of the plant cell vacuole are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
c) Microtubules of the plant cell cortex are thought to affect the movement of lipid-synthesizing
enzymes in the cell membrane, which, in turn, affect cell wall growth and shape.
d) Microtubules of the plant cell wall are thought to affect the movement of cellulose-
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
25) In a growing plant cell, cellulose microfibrils are oriented _______ the direction of cell
growth.
a) identically to
b) perpendicular to
c) parallel to
d) diagonal to
e) horizontal to
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
26) In what form are proteins and neurotransmitters usually transported down the axon of a nerve
cell?
a) individually by diffusion
b) in groups of ten
c) inside transport vesicles
d) inside the Golgi complex
e) tied individually to microtubules
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
27) Structures that move from the cell body of a neuron down the axon toward the neuron
terminals are said to move in a(n) _________ direction.
a) retrograde
b) anterograde
c) astronomical
d) radial
e) intergrade
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
28) The movement of endocytic vesicles formed in the neuron terminals from the synapse to the
cell body is said to be in a(n) ________ direction.
a) retrograde
b) anterograde
c) astronomical
d) radial
e) intergrade
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
29) Which of the following molecular motors is associated with microfilaments?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and dyneins
c) kinesins and myosins
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
30) Which of the following molecular motors is known to travel in a retrograde direction along
microtubules?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and myosins
e) kinesins and dyneins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
31) Which of the following molecular motors is known to travel in an anterograde direction
along microtubules?
a) kinesins
b) dyneins
c) myosins
d) kinesins and dyneins
e) kinesins and myosins
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
32) What is the direct source of energy that powers molecular motors?
a) hydrolysis of GTP
b) hydrolysis of ATP
c) proton gradient
d) H+ gradient
e) condensation of ATP
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
33) What part of the molecular motor kinesin is responsible for binding to the cargo to be
hauled?
a) the motor domain

b) the neck
c) the rod-like stalk
d) the fan-shaped tail
e) the motor domain and the neck
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
34) Kinesin movement along a microtubule is said to be ________ meaning that it can move
long distances along an individual microtubule without falling off.
a) excessive
b) processive
c) depressive
d) progressive
e) egressive
Answer: processive
Difficulty: Easy
35) What is the minimum number of kinesin heads in contact with a microtubule at all times?
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3
e) 4
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
36) The current model for the nucleation of microtubules is that a helical array of gamma-tubulin
subunit forms an open, ring-shaped template on which the first row of alphabeta-tubulin dimers
assembles. How does this model account for the polarity of microtubules?
a) Only the alpha-tubulin of a heterodimer can bind to the ring of gamma-subunits.

b) Only the beta-tubulin of a heterodimer can bind to the ring of gamma-subunits.
c) The ring structure straightens out the microtubule.
d) The ring structure interacts with a homodimer instead of a heterodimer.
e) Only the alpha-tubulin of a heterodimer can bind to the ring of gamma-subunits. and the ring
structure straightens out the microtubule.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
37) Which of the following treatments do not disassemble microtubules in living cells?
a) slightly elevated temperature

b) hydrostatic pressure
c) elevated calcium ion concentration
d) colchicine or vinblastine treatment
e) all of these choices disassemble microtubules in living cells
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
38) Why are taxol, vinblastine and other drugs like them used as chemotherapy agents?
a) They preferentially kill tumor cells.

b) They preferentially stabilize tumor cells.
c) They disrupt tumor cell membranes.
d) They prevent entry of cells into the stage of meiosis.
e) They inhibit mitochondria.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
39) Which of the following treatments did not help microtubules to polymerize when
homogenates prepared from brain tissue received it?
a) Mg2+ ions
b) GTP
c) EGTA
d) a temperature of 37C
e) a temperature of 4C
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
40) How does EGTA block microtubule polymerization?
a) It binds Ca2+ ions, which inhibit microtubule polymerization.

b) It binds Mg2+ ions, which inhibit microtubule polymerization.
c) It binds Ca2+ ions, which stabilize microtubule polymerization.
d) It destroys Ca2+ ions, which inhibit microtubule polymerization.
e) It destroys Mg2+ ions, which inhibit microtubule polymerization.
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
41) To which end of microtubules are tubulin subunits primarily added in vitro?
a) the minus end

b) the N-terminal end
c) the plus end
d) the C-terminal end
e) the 5'-end
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
42) Which of the following is NOT a function of a cilium?
a) moving the cell from place to place

b) moving fluid and particulate material past the cell
c) a role in sensory function in monitoring the properties of extracellular fluids
d) moving vesicles down the nerve cell axon
e) all of these choices are functions of a cilium
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
43) The core of a cilium is called the ________.
a) troponeme
b) dynomeme
c) cilioneme
d) axoneme
e) flagelloneme
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
44) Which of the following is normally associated with the cilia of organisms from protists to
mammals?
a) a 9 + 0 pattern
b) a 9 + 1 pattern
c) a 9 + 2 pattern
d) microtubules
e) none of these choices
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
45) Of what protein are the arms attached to the A microtubule of the axoneme composed?
a) tubulin
b) actin
c) dynein
d) keratin
e) myosin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
46) From what structure do cilia and flagella emerge?
a) centromeres
b) basal bodies
c) centrioles
d) spindle
e) MTOC
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
47) The peripheral doublets of the axoneme are connected to one another by a(n) ________
composed of an elastic protein _______.
a) intersheath bridge, nexin

b) peridoublet sheath, dynein
c) interdoublet bridge, nexin
d) interdoublet sheath, dynein
e) peridoublet sheath, nexin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
48) What protein is responsible for intraflagellar transport of kinesin-II molecules and recycled
axonemal proteins toward the basal body?
a) kinesin-II
b) myosin
c) cytoplasmic dynein
d) kinesin
e) cytoplasmic kinesin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
49) What does treatment of a sperm axoneme with 0.6 M NaCl do to its structure?
a) It removes both arms from the A microtubule.

b) It selectively removes the outer arms from the A microtubule.
c) It selectively removes the inner arms from the A microtubule.
d) It selectively removes the outer arms from the B microtubule.
e) It selectively removes the inner arms from the B microtubule.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
50) The presence of what ion appears to be necessary for connecting the ciliary (axonemal)
dynein arms to the A microtubules of the axoneme?
a) calcium
b) potassium
c) magnesium
d) manganese
e) sodium
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
51) _______ is an elastic protein that connects tubulin doublets in cilia and flagellae. The
resultant bridges play an important role in ciliary and flagellar movement by limiting the extent
that adjacent doublets can slide over one another. The resistance to sliding provided by these
bridges causes the axoneme to bend.
a) Plectin
b) Filamentin
c) Nexin
d) Vimentin
e) Myosin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
52) The cross-bridges that hold intermediate filaments together are composed of _______.
a) filamentin
b) plectin
c) ascriptin
d) dynein
e) myosin
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.4 Give an example of the tissue-specific function of intermediate
filaments.
Section Reference: Section 9.4 Intermediate Filaments
53) The central, rod-shaped domain of an intermediate filament is flanked on each side by
globular domains of variable size and sequence. What structure forms the core of the central,
rod-shaped domain?
a) alpha-helix
b) beta-pleated sheet
c) double helix
d) quaternary coil
e) coiled coil
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
filaments.
54) Which property below is most characteristic of intermediate filaments?
a) elastic
b) highly resistant to shrinkage
c) springy
d) highly resistant to tensile forces
e) hyperflexible
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
filaments.
55) You inject radioactively labeled keratin subunits into cultured skin cells. What happens a
few minutes later?
a) The keratin subunits remain in the cytoplasmic keratin subunit pool.

b) Filaments initially become labeled at scattered sites along their length.
c) Filaments become labeled at both ends simultaneously.
d) Filaments become labeled at one end exclusively.
e) The entire intermediate filament network is quickly labeled.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Hard
filaments.
56) Which protein below is often a component of intermediate filaments?
a) alpha-tubulin
b) beta-tubulin
c) actin
d) keratin
e) myosin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
filaments.
57) What seems to control the assembly and disassembly of intermediate filaments?
a) denaturation
b) sulfation
c) phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
d) hydrolysis
e) hydroxylation
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
filaments.
58) With which of the following structures are intermediate filaments associated?
a) the nuclear envelope in the center of the cell

b) hemidesmosomes
c) desmosomes
d) the neurofilaments of neuron axons
e) all of these choices
Answer: e
Difficulty: Medium
filaments.
59) What kind of cells seem to rely mostly on microfilaments for long-distance transport of
cytoplasmic vesicles and organelles, probably due to the restricted microtubule distribution in
these cells?
a) red blood cells

b) white blood cells
c) plant cells
d) neurons
e) muscle cells
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: LO 9.5 Discuss the three functions of actin filaments.
Section Reference: Section 9.5 Microfilaments
60) Which of the following words best describes the structure of an actin filament?
a) single actin strand

b) triple helix
c) hyperpolar filament
d) double helix
e) supercoil
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
61) Which of the following does not describe the types of microfilament organization normally
seen in cells?
a) highly ordered arrays

b) loose, ill-defined networks
c) tightly anchored bundles
d) cylindrical conglomerations
e) all of these choices describe types of microfilament organization
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
62) What chemical below is known to free actin monomers and block their incorporation into the
polymer?
a) cytochalasins
b) nocodazole
c) phalloidin
d) latrunculin
e) phalloidin and latrunculin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
63) What motor is associated with microfilaments?
a) myoglobin
b) kinesin
c) myosin
d) dynein
e) myometrium
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
64) Where does the energy to run myosin motors come from?
a) GTP
b) ATP
c) proton gradient
d) CTP
e) creatine phosphate
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
65) The myosin filament is characterized as a(n) _________ filament.
a) bipolar
b) unipolar
c) tripolar
d) parallel
e) orthogonal
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
66) A culture of Dictyostelium slime mold is prepared in which the myosin II gene is deleted. In
which activity or activities below are these cells unable to participate?
a) separation of chromosomes during mitosis

b) cell elongation
c) cytokinesis
d) separation of chromosomes during mitosis and cell elongation
e) separation of chromosomes during mitosis and cytokinesis
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
67) Why is myosin V able to take very large steps along a microfilament?
a) Its neck is twisted.

b) Its neck is relatively long.
c) Its neck is relatively short.
d) Its tail is very long.
e) Its tail is bipolar.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
68) Along which structure do membranous vesicles and organelles typically move long distances
in an animal cell?
a) mitochondria
b) microtubules
c) microfilaments
d) intermediate filaments
e) lysosomes
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
69) Along which structure do membranous vesicles and organelles typically engage in local
movement in the cell periphery of an animal cell?
a) mitochondria
b) microtubules
c) microfilaments
d) intermediate filaments
e) lysosomes
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
70) How do muscle cells become multinucleate?
a) They undergo fission.

b) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of large numbers of mononucleate
myoblasts.
c) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of large numbers of multinucleate
myoblasts.
d) They become multinucleate via mitosis in myoblasts without cytokinesis.
e) They become multinucleate via the embryonic fusion of mononucleaate neuroblasts.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.6 Explain muscle contractility and the role of calcium in this process.
Section Reference: Section 9.6 Muscle Contractility
71) Myofibrils in a muscle cell are made up of a repeating linear array of contractile units called
________.
a) sarcocytes
b) blastomeres
c) myomeres
d) sarcomeres
e) myotubules
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
72) What is the name of the lightly staining areas at the outer edges of a sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
73) What is the name of the densely staining area between the lightly staining areas at the outer
edges of a sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: a
Difficulty: Easy
74) Which region of the sarcomere contains only actin thin filaments or microfilaments?
a) A bands
b) H zones
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) M lines
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
75) Which region of the sarcomere represents the region of overlap between the two types of
filaments in the sarcomere?
a) A bands
b) the part of the A band on either side of the H zone
c) I bands
d) Z lines
e) the part of the H zone on either side of the A band
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
76) What accounts for the decrease in the length of an entire muscle?
a) the combined decrease in sarcomere length

b) the combined shortening of actin filaments
c) the combined shortening myosin filaments
d) the combined shortening of thin filaments
e) the combined decrease in sarcomere length and the combined shortening of actin filaments
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
77) What happens to the Z lines after contraction of the sarcomere?
a) The distance between the Z lines does not change.

b) The distance between the Z lines decreases.
c) The distance between the Z lines increases.
d) The Z lines disappear.
e) The Z lines become curved.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
78) Which of the following would be an accurate title for a movie about the mechanism of
muscle contraction?
a) Sliding Lamina
b) Shortening Filaments
c) Sliding Filaments
d) And Then There Were Two
e) Filaments At Large
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
79) What links actin filament barbed ends to the Z line?
a) troponin
b) myosin
c) actinin
d) titin
e) tropomyosin
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
80) What is the name of the largest protein yet discovered? It extends from the M line in the
center of the sarcomere along the myosin filament and past the A band to terminate at the Z line.
a) troponin
b) myosin
c) actinin
d) titin
e) tropomyosin
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
81) Why does an actin thin filament manage to move continuously during a contraction cycle?
a) All of the myosin heads beat synchronously.

b) All of the myosin heads beat out of synchrony with one another.
c) They use an enormous amount of ATP.
d) They use an enormous amount of GTP.
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
82) A(n) ________ motor, like muscle myosin (myosin II) and unlike myosin V, remains in
contact with its track, in this case the thin filament, for only a small portion, less than 5 percent,
of the overall cycle.
a) processive
b) nonprocessive
c) efficient
d) small
e) large
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
83) What provides the energy that drives sarcomere contraction?
a) ATP
b) ADP
c) GTP
d) GDP
Answer: a
Difficulty: Medium
84) The point at which the neuron axon terminus and the muscle fiber make contact is called the
_________.
a) neuromuscular terminus
b) nerve exons
c) neural conjunctions
d) neuromuscular junction
e) neuromuscular conjunction
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
85) What blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin thin filaments in a stimulated sarcomere?
a) troponin
b) myosin itself
c) tropomyosin
d) titin
e) nothing
Answer: e
Difficulty: Easy
86) What is a major influence in determining the organization and behavior of actin filaments
inside cells?
a) actinin-binding proteins
b) tubulin
c) actin-binding proteins
d) dynein
e) actin-binding proteins and dynein
Answer: c
Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: LO 9.7 List the various types of actin-binding proteins and describe a
function of each type.
Section Reference: Section 9.7 Nonmuscle Motility
87) Proteins that accelerate the polymerization of actin filaments are called ________.
a) nucleons
b) nucleating proteins
c) monomer-sequestering proteins
d) end-blocking proteins
e) nucleons and nucleating proteins
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
88) ________ proteins share considerable sequence homology with actins and accelerate the
polymerization of actin filaments.
a) Actin-nucleating
b) Actin-racemase
c) Actin-related
d) Tubulin-related
e) Actin-rated
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
88) A shift in the concentration or activity of which type of proteins can cause a shift in the
equilibrium between actin monomers and polymers?
a) nucleating proteins
b) monomer-sequestering proteins
c) endolysins
d) capping proteins
e) all of these choices
Answer: b
Difficulty: Medium
89) _________ proteins are able to alter the three-dimensional organization of an actin filament
population.
a) Monomer-polymerizing
b) Cross-linking
c) Filament-severing
d) Actin-filament depolymerizing
e) End-blocking
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
90) Which type of actin-binding protein is known to decrease cytoplasmic viscosity by breaking
existing actin filaments into two or more pieces?
a) monomer-polymerizing proteins
b) cross-linking proteins
c) filament-severing proteins
d) actin-filament depolymerizing proteins
e) end-blocking proteins
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
91) Which of the following nonmuscle cell activities do not involve actin filaments often
working in concert with myosin motors?
a) cytokinesis
b) blood platelet activation
c) vesicle trafficking
d) red blood cells carrying oxygen
e) changes in cell shape
Answer: d
Difficulty: Medium
92) As a fibroblast moves, its leading edge extends from the cell as a broad, flattened, veil-like
protrusion called a ________.
a) pseudopodium
b) lamella
c) lamellipodium
d) podium
e) extensor
Answer: c
Difficulty: Easy
93) One of the WASP/WAVE family of proteins, specifically WASP, the founding member of the
family, is associated with what disease below?
a) hemophilia
b) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
c) lymphoma
d) lupus erythematosus
e) Wallace's syndrome
Answer: b
Difficulty: Easy
94) If you were to fix a fish keratocyte and stain it with fluorescent antibodies for myosin II,
where would you see the myosin II?
a) in the advancing lamellipodium edge

b) in the rear of the cell
c) in a band where the rear of the lamellipodium joins the rest of the cell
d) around the nucleus
e) surrounding the mitochondria
Answer: c
Difficulty: Hard
95) The focal complexes that form near the leading edge of a motile cell exert traction force
through their associated __________ and then typically disassemble as the cell moves forward.
a) microtubules
b) keratin filaments
c) vinculin filaments
d) actin filaments
e) actinin filaments
Answer: d
Difficulty: Easy
Question Type: Essay
96) How can the rate of movement generated by molecular motors be measured?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: After attaching MTs to a cover slip, microscopic beads with molecular motors (one or a
few) attached can be placed on the MT surface using focused laser beams (optical tweezers).
The distance moved by the bead per unit time can be measured and the rate of movement thus
determined.
97) How can the ability of an intermediate filament to stretch be measured?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Solution: The atomic force microscope (AFM) possesses a nano-sized tip that can be used to
probe the surface of a macromolecular specimen. The tip of an AFM can be embedded into a
single intermediate filament. Once embedded, it can be used to pull on the end or middle of the
filament to test its extensibility and tensile strength. In one such experiment, it was
demonstrated that a segment of intermediate filament could be mechanically stretched up to 3.5
times its normal length before it breaks into two pieces.
98) Why would the addition of an irreversibly binding ATP analog to an in vitro system for
monitoring molecular motors stop motor function?
Answer:
Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: LO 9.3 Describe three functions of microtubules.
Solution: Such an ATP analog would bind to the molecular motor, but it would not be hydrolyzed
or released. This would paralyze further movement of the motor since the cycle of
conformational changes could not be completed.
99) An element of the cytoskeleton is treated with ferritin-labeled antibodies to dynein and
visualized in the electron microscope. Ferritin can be seen attached to these elements. What are
they? What physical property of the cytoskeletal element would support your conclusion?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: They are microtubules since dynein, a molecular motor identified with microtubules, is
part of the structure. If the element were hollow and the right diameter, this conclusion would be
supported.
100) A scientist observes the motion of a certain type of vesicle around the cell. She notices that
vesicle movement ceases when colchicine is added to the culture medium. What conclusion can
she draw?
Answer:
Difficulty: Medium
Solution: Since colchicine inhibits microtubule function, it is likely that the vesicular movement
is orchestrated by microtubules.

CH 09

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

CH 09

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Package Title: Test Bank

Course Title: Karp7e

Question Type: Multiple Choice

2) Which type of cytoskeletal element is described as tough, ropelike fibers composed of a

a) The cytoskeleton denatures in nonionic detergents.

5) Fluorescence microscopy allows investigators to view things _________ of regular light

a) above the limits of resolution

a) chemically dissecting microtubules

9) Using TIRF, scientists have been able to _________________.

a) compare the properties of different motor proteins

13) Which of the following appears to be the most extensible?

a) injecting tubulin with a fluorescent dye

a) phosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles

a) Axons grow more rapidly.

24) How are microtubules thought to affect cell shape in plants?

29) Which of the following molecular motors is associated with microfilaments?

a) the motor domain

a) Only the alpha-tubulin of a heterodimer can bind to the ring of gamma-subunits.

a) slightly elevated temperature

a) They preferentially kill tumor cells.

40) How does EGTA block microtubule polymerization?

a) It binds Ca2+ ions, which inhibit microtubule polymerization.

a) the minus end

42) Which of the following is NOT a function of a cilium?

a) moving the cell from place to place

46) From what structure do cilia and flagella emerge?

a) intersheath bridge, nexin

a) It removes both arms from the A microtubule.

54) Which property below is most characteristic of intermediate filaments?

a) The keratin subunits remain in the cytoplasmic keratin subunit pool.

56) Which protein below is often a component of intermediate filaments?

a) the nuclear envelope in the center of the cell

a) red blood cells

a) single actin strand

a) highly ordered arrays

65) The myosin filament is characterized as a(n) _________ filament.

a) separation of chromosomes during mitosis

a) Its neck is twisted.

70) How do muscle cells become multinucleate?

a) They undergo fission.

a) the combined decrease in sarcomere length

77) What happens to the Z lines after contraction of the sarcomere?

a) The distance between the Z lines does not change.

79) What links actin filament barbed ends to the Z line?

a) All of the myosin heads beat synchronously.

83) What provides the energy that drives sarcomere contraction?

a) in the advancing lamellipodium edge

Question Type: Essay

Potrebbero piacerti anche