T21[199marks]

[1mark]
1a. Definetheactivesiteofanenzyme.

1b. Explainhowtheactivesitepromotesenzymesubstratespecificity. [2marks]

[2marks]
1c. Outlinepossibleeffectsofacidsonenzymeactivity.
2a. Drawalabelleddiagramofaprokaryoticcell. [4marks]

[6marks]
2b. Outlinetranscriptioninprokaryotes.

2c. Someprokaryotescauseinfectiousdiseaseinhumans.Explaintheprinciplesofvaccination. [8marks]

3a. Describefourpropertiesofwaterthatareduetohydrogenbondingandpolarity. [4marks]

3b. Describehowwateriscarriedthroughafloweringplant. [6marks]

3c. Someofthewatercarriedtotheleavesofaplantisusedinphotosynthesis.Explaintheroleofwaterinthelightdependent [8marks]

reactionsofphotosynthesis.
 [3marks]
4a. Explainthenicheconcept.

[1mark]
4b. Statethemissingcelltypeinthesequenceencounteredaslightenterstheretina.

[1mark]
4c. Transportisthefunctionoftheproteinknownashemoglobin.Statethenameandfunctionofanotherprotein.Donotuse

enzymesormembraneproteinsforyouranswer.

Name:.............................................................
Function:.............................................................
4d. Analysetheelectronmicrographforthestateofcontractionofthemusclefibre. [2marks]

[3marks]
4e. ExplainhowGramstainingisusedinmicrobiology.

[4marks]
4f. Explaintheroleofenzymesinmetabolicpathways.
4g. OutlineATPproductioninmusclefibresduringintenseexercise. [2marks]

4h. Outlineonereasonfortheextinctionofanamedanimalspecies [1mark]

[2marks]
4i. Discussthepossibleconsequencesofgenetherapy.
 [2marks]
4j. DescribehowthelinkreactionandtheKrebscyclearerelated.

4k. ExplaintheroleofATPinmusclecontraction. [2marks]

[2marks]
4l. Evaluatethehealthconsequencesofadietrichinpolyunsaturatedfattyacids.
 [1mark]
5. Whichstatementscorrectlyexplainpropertiesofwater?

I.Waterisausefulmediumformetabolicreactionsasmanysubstancesdissolveinwater.
II.Waterisusefulasacoolantasittakesasmallamountofheatenergytochangeitstemperature.
III.Watermoleculesarecohesivewhichhelpswatertransportintherootsandstemsofplants.

A.IandIIonly
B.IandIIIonly
C.IIandIIIonly
D.I,IIandIII

[1mark]
6. Whichsugarsarebothdisaccharides?

A.maltoseandlactose
B.lactoseandfructose
C.fructoseandgalactose
D.galactoseandmaltose
 [1mark]
7. WhatoccursduringDNAreplication?

A.DNApolymeraseseparatesthetwoDNAstrands.
B.DNAmoleculescontainingnucleotidesfromtheoriginalmoleculeareproduced.
C.Adenineformsabasepairwitheitherthymineoruracil.
D.Newbasesattachtotheoriginalsugarphosphatebackbone.
 [1mark]
8. Whichgraphshowstheeffectofincreasingthesubstrateconcentrationonenzymeactivity?
9. Howisoxygenproducedduringphotosynthesis? [1mark]

A.WatermoleculesaresplitwithenergyfromATP.
B.Watermoleculesaresplitwithenergyfromlight.
C.CarbondioxidemoleculesaresplitwithenergyfromATP.
D.Carbondioxidemoleculesaresplitwithenergyfromlight.

[1mark]
10. Thediagramsshowthreerepresentationsofthestructureofthesamechemicalsubstance.

Whatchemicalsubstanceisshown?

A.Ribose
B.Glucose
C.Fattyacid
D.Aminoacid
11. Thediagramsshowthreerepresentationsofthestructureofthesamechemicalsubstance. [1mark]

Whatchemicalsubstanceisshown?

A.Ribose
B.Glucose
C.Fattyacid
D.Aminoacid

[1mark]
12. Whatisformedduringtranscription?

A.RNAstrandcomplementarytoDNAstrand,formedbyRNApolymerase
B.DNAstrandcomplementarytoDNAstrand,formedbyDNApolymerase
C.RNAstrandcomplementarytoRNAstrand,formedbyDNApolymerase
D.DNAstrandcomplementarytoRNAstrand,formedbyRNApolymerase
13. Howdoesanincreaseintemperatureaffectenzymeactivity? [1mark]

14. Whataretheeffectsofchangingcarbondioxideconcentrationontherateofphotosynthesis? [1mark]

I.Atlowandmoderatecarbondioxideconcentrations,decreasescausetherateofphotosynthesistofall.
II.Athighcarbondioxideconcentrations,increasesdonotaltertherateofphotosynthesis.
III.Athighcarbondioxideconcentrations,increasescausetherateofphotosynthesistofall.

A.Ionly
B.IandIIonly
C.IandIIIonly
D.IIIonly

[1mark]
15. Whereinthecelldocondensationreactionsinvolvingaminoacidsoccur?

A.Nucleus
B.Golgiapparatus
C.Ribosomes
D.Lysosome
 [1mark]
16. Betweenwhichatomsdohydrogenbondsforminwater?

A.Oxygenandhydrogenatomsinthesamewatermolecule
B.Oxygenandhydrogenatomsindifferentwatermolecules
C.Hydrogenatomsinthesamewatermolecule
D.Oxygenatomsofdifferentwatermolecules

[1mark]
17. Whichcarboncompoundproducedbylivingorganismsisinorganic?

A.DNA
B.Cellulose
C.Glucose
D.Carbondioxide
18. WhatoccursduringDNAreplication? [1mark]

A.DNApolymeraseseparatesthetwoDNAstrands.
B.DNAmoleculescontainingnucleotidesfromtheoriginalmoleculeareproduced.
C.Adenineformsabasepairwitheitherthymineoruracil.
D.Newbasesattachtotheoriginalsugarphosphatebackbone.

[1mark]
19. Whichchemicalisproducedduringbothaerobicandanaerobicrespirationinhumans?

A.Carbondioxide
B.Pyruvate
C.Water
D.Lactate
20. Howisoxygenproducedduringphotosynthesis? [1mark]

A.WatermoleculesaresplitwithenergyfromATP.
B.Watermoleculesaresplitwithenergyfromlight.
C.CarbondioxidemoleculesaresplitwithenergyfromATP.
D.Carbondioxidemoleculesaresplitwithenergyfromlight.

[1mark]
21. Whichstructurerepresentsafattyacid?
 [1mark]
22. ThisquestionreferstothefollowingDNAdiagram.

Whichpointstothe3endofastrandofDNA?

A.I
B.II
C.III
D.IV

23. WhattypeofbonddoesZrepresent? [1mark]

A.Covalentbond
B.Hydrogenbond
C.Peptidebond
D.Semiconservativebond
 [1mark]
24. Whatistheenergyabsorbedbychlorophylluseddirectlyforinplants?

I.ToproduceATP
II.Tosplitwater
III.TofixCO2

A.Ionly
B.IIIonly
C.IandIIonly
D.IIandIIIonly

[1mark]
25. ThediagramshowspartofaDNAmolecule.

WhattypeofbonddoesXrepresent?

A.Covalentbond
B.Hydrogenbond
C.Peptidebond
D.Semiconservativebond
 [1mark]
26. WhatwillbethesequenceonthemRNAmoleculethatisproducedwhentheDNAbasesequenceACTGATGCCistranscribed?

A.ACTGATGCC
B.ACUGAUGCC
C.TGACTACGG
D.UGACUACGG

[1mark]
27. Thediagramshowsanaerobicrespirationinyeastcells.

WhatwouldbeproducedatX?

A.ATP
B.Lactate
C.EthanolandCO2
D.CO2andH2O
 [1mark]
28. Whichofthefollowingareconnectedbyhydrogenbonds?

A.Hydrogentooxygenwithinamoleculeofwater
B.PhosphatetosugarinaDNAmolecule
C.BasetosugarinaDNAmolecule
D.Hydrogentooxygenbetweentwodifferentmoleculesofwater

[1mark]
29. Thegraphbelowshowstheeffectofsubstrateconcentrationonenzymeactivity.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnaboutsectionX

ofthegraph?

A.Theenzymehasstartedtodenatureandthereactionslowsdown.
B.Thereactionhasfinishedandthesubstratehasbeenusedup.
C.Theenzymeissaturatedandisworkingatitsmaximumreactionrate.
D.Someoftheenzymehasbeenconsumedandthereactionhasreachedaplateau..
 [1mark]
30. ThepercentageofthymineintheDNAofanorganismisapproximately30%.Whatisthepercentageofguanine?

A.70%
B.30%
C.40%
D.20%

[1mark]
31. Whatisdenaturation?

A.Astructuralchangeofaproteinthatresultsinthelossofitsbiologicalproperties
B.Achangeinthegeneticcodeofanorganism
C.Achangeintheaminoacidsequenceofaproteincausingadisruptionofits3Dshape
D.Theprocessbywhichaminoacidsarebrokendownandammoniaisreleased
 [1mark]
32. Howdocellscapturetheenergyreleasedbycellrespiration?

A.Theystoreitinmoleculesofcarbondioxide.
B.Theyproduceglucose.
C.Theenergyisreleasedaspyruvate.
D.TheyproduceATP.

[1mark]
33. Whatisthesourceoftheoxygenreleasedintotheairasaproductofphotosynthesis?

A.Chlorophyll
B.Carbondioxideonly
C.Wateronly
D.Bothwaterandcarbondioxide
 [1mark]
34. ThediagramshowsthetranslationofamRNAmolecule.

AtRNAmoleculewithanticodonCAGcarriestheaminoacidphenylalanine.WhichcodonofmRNAwillthetRNAjoin?

A.CTG
B.CAG
C.GTC
D.GUC

[4marks]
35a. Drawalabelleddiagramofthedigestivesystem.
 [6marks]
35b. Manypeoplecannotdigestlactoseandbenefitfromadietcontainingnolactose.Outlinetheproductionoflactosefreemilk.

[8marks]
35c. Explainhowthekidneyhelpstoretainusefulsubstancesinthebloodandeliminatesubstanceswhichthebodydoesnotneed.

[1mark]
36. Whatisphosphorususedforinplantcells?

A.Structureofhemoglobin
B.Compositionoflongtermenergystorage
C.Positivechargeofmembranes
D.Compositionofnucleicacids
37. Whichstatementdescribesglycogen? [1mark]

A.Itisahormoneinvolvedinthecontrolofbloodglucose.
B.Itisacomponentofthecellwallinplants.
C.Itisamonosaccharideconvertedtopyruvateduringcellrespiration.
D.Itisapolysaccharidefoundinanimals.
 [1mark]
38. Whichmolecularstructurecorrectlyillustratestwoaminoacidslinkedbyapeptidebond?
39. Whatsubstanceisrepresentedbythisstructure? [1mark]

A.Glycerol
B.Fattyacid
C.Cellulose
D.Glycogen

[1mark]
40. Whichofthefollowingstatementsis/arecorrectforDNAreplication?

I.Itoccursduringinterphase.
II.Itissemiconservative.
III.Itisastageinproteinsynthesis.

A.Ionly
B.IIonly
C.IandIIonly
D.I,IIandIII

[1mark]
41. WhichofthefollowingprocessesusesDNAligase?

A.UnwindingDNA
B.Genetransferusingplasmids
C.Addingprimers
D.Complementarybasepairing
42. Whatisinvolvedduringoxidation? [1mark]

A.Thelossofelectrons
B.Thegainofelectrons
C.Thegainofhydrogen
D.Thelossofoxygen

[4marks]
43a. Stateoneroleinlivingorganismsforeachofthefollowing:sulfur,calcium,phosphorusandiron.

[6marks]
43b. Outlinetheroleofcondensationandhydrolysisintherelationshipbetweenfattyacids,glycerolandtriglycerides.
43c. Explaintherelationshipbetweenthepropertiesofwateranditsusesinlivingorganismsasacoolant,amediumformetabolic [8marks]

reactionsandatransportmedium.

44a. Distinguishbetweenventilation,gasexchangeandcellrespiration. [4marks]

[6marks]
44b. Outlinetheprocessofaerobicrespiration.
 [8marks]
44c. Respirationandotherprocessesincellsinvolveenzymes.Explainthefactorsthatcanaffectenzymes.

[1mark]
45a. Thetablebelowshowstheresultsofcontinuousstimulationofthetailshakermuscleofeightwesterndiamondrattlesnakes

(Crotalusatrox).

Usingthegraph,measuretheamountofATPproducedbyoxidativephosphorylation,givingtheunits.
 [1mark]
45b. WithinacrosssectionalstudyFitforLifeinGermany,thebodymassindex(BMI)ofvolunteersagedbetween16and25years

wasinvestigated.Volunteerswerealsointerviewedabouttheirdailyexercisehabits.Thegraphsbelowshowthepercentageofmenand

womenwhowereoverweight,andthepercentagewhoexerciseddaily.

Measurethedifferencebetweenthepercentageofoverweightmenandthepercentageofoverweightwomenatage20.

[2marks]
45c. Comparethechangesinoxygenandlactatecontentinthebloodwhenarestingrattlesnakestartsrattling.
45d. Atreadmilltestwastakenby46menandwomenwhowereinactiveandoverweight.Duringthetest,thepercentageoffatand [1mark]

carbohydrate(CHO)usedforenergywasmeasuredatincreasinglevelsofexerciseintensity.Theintensityofexercisewasassessedby

measuringVO2andshowingitasapercentageofVO2max.

Statethepercentagecontributionofthedifferentsourcesofenergyat36%VO2maxinwomen.

Fat:................................................................
CHO:................................................................

45e. Statetherangeofthebodymassindex(BMI)thatcorrespondstooverweightstatus. [1mark]

[3marks]
45f. Usingthedata,deduce,withreasons,whetheranaerobicrespirationprovidessomeoralloftheATPusedinrattling.

[3marks]
45g. Usingthedatainthegraph,describetherelationshipbetweentheintensityofexerciseandthesourceofenergy.
 [2marks]
45h. Comparethepercentageofmenandwomenwhoexerciseddaily.

[2marks]
45i. Fatcanonlybeusedinaerobicrespiration.Suggestreasonsforthechangeinthepercentagecontributionoffatstoenergy

supplyduringexerciseastheintensityofexerciseincreases.

[3marks]
45j. Evaluatethehypothesisthatbeingoverweightisduetolackofexercise.
46. Whatisafunctionofcelluloseinplants? [1mark]

A.Toformameshoffibresinthecellwall
B.Topreventmineralionsfromdiffusingoutofthecell
C.Topreventwaterloss
D.Tocaptureblueandredlightphotons

[1mark]
47. ThisquestionreferstothefollowingdiagramofDNA.

WhatdoesthestructurelabelledXrepresent?

A.Hydrogenbond
B.Phosphate
C.Covalentbond
D.Base
 [1mark]
48. WhatdoesthestructurelabelledYrepresent?

A.Ribose
B.Thymine
C.Guanine
D.Deoxyribose

[1mark]
49. Whichstatementaboutwateriscorrect?

A.Theatomswithinamoleculeofwaterareheldtogetherbyhydrogenbonds.
B.Waterhasalowheatcapacityallowingenzymaticreactionstohappenatawiderangeoftemperatures.
C.Watermoleculesarepolar,thereforefattyacidsdonotdissolve.
D.Icehasahigherdensitythanliquidwater,thereforesomeorganismscanliveundertheice.

50. Whichtypeofmoleculeisshowninthediagrambelow? [1mark]

A.Peptide
B.Carbohydrate
C.Lipid
D.Nucleicacid

[1mark]
51. ThepercentageofthymineintheDNAofanorganismisapproximately30%.Whatisthepercentageofguanine?

A.70%
B.30%
C.40%
D.20%
 [1mark]
52. Whichofthefollowingareinvolvedinbothreplicationandtranscription?

A.DNAonly
B.DNAandRNA
C.DNAandribosomes
D.DNA,RNAandribosomes

[1mark]
53. Whatisthesourceoftheoxygenreleasedintotheairasaproductofphotosynthesis?

A.Chlorophyll
B.Carbondioxideonly
C.Wateronly
D.Bothwaterandcarbondioxide
54. Whichofthesemoleculesisadisaccharide? [1mark]

A.Galactose
B.Sucrose
C.Cellulose
D.Ribose

[1mark]
55. Whatisacodon?

A.AsequenceofnucleotidesonrRNAthatcorrespondstoanaminoacid
B.AsequenceofnucleotidesonmRNAthatcorrespondstoanaminoacid
C.AsequenceofnucleotidesontRNAthatcorrespondstoanaminoacid
D.AsequenceofnucleotidesonDNAthatcorrespondstoanaminoacid
 [1mark]
56. Whathappensasanenzymebecomesdenatured?

A.Theenzymeworksfaster.
B.Theenzymeworksslower.
C.Theenzymecanperformanewrole.
D.Theenzymecanmakethereversereactionproceedfaster.

[1mark]
57. Whichsubstanceinprokaryotescontainssulfur?

A.DNA
B.Phospholipids
C.Proteins
D.Antibiotics
58. Whichdescribesthesemoleculescorrectly? [1mark]
59. WhatsequenceofprocessesiscarriedoutbythestructurelabelledXduringtranslation? [1mark]

A. Combiningwithanaminoacidandthenbindingtoananticodon
B. Bindingtoananticodonandthencombiningwithanaminoacid
C. Bindingtoacodonandthencombiningwithanaminoacid
D. Combiningwithanaminoacidandthenbindingtoacodon
 [1mark]
60. Thediagrambelowshowsabiochemicalpathwayinayeastcell.Whichofthefollowingcorrectlyidentifiesacompoundinthe

diagram?

A.Iisfat.
B.IIispyruvate.
C.IIIislactate.
D.IViscarbondioxide.
 [1mark]
61. ThefollowingdiagramshowsashortstretchofDNA.WhatbasesareindicatedbylabelsYandZ?
 [1mark]
62. Aplantisexposedtoincreasinglightintensityfromverydimtobrightlight,whilethecarbondioxideconcentrationand

temperaturearekeptatanoptimumlevel.Whatwillhappentotherateofoxygenproduction?

A.Itwillincreaseexponentially.
B.Itwillremainconstant.
C.Itwilldecreasetoaminimumlevel.
D.Itwillincreasetoamaximumlevel.

[1mark]
63. Whatisaroleofsulfurinlivingorganisms?

A.Formationofproteins
B.Formationofcarbohydrates
C.Formationofteeth
D.Transmissionofnerveimpulses
 [1mark]
64. Whichmoleculesformthenucleotidemarkedinthediagram?

A.phosphate,deoxyriboseandnitrogenousbase
B.phosphorus,riboseandnitrogenousbase
C.phosphorus,deoxyriboseandguanosine
D.phosphate,riboseandguanine
 [1mark]
65. Whichenzymecatalyzestheelongationoftheleadingstrand?

A.RNApolymerase
B.Helicase
C.DNApolymerase
D.Ligase

[1mark]
66. Whichofthefollowingisafunctionofcelluloseinplants?

A.Storageoffat
B.Formationofmitochondria
C.Storageofenergy
D.Formationofcellwalls
 [1mark]
67. Whichofthefollowingisthebestdefinitionofcellrespiration?

A.Aprocessneededtouseenergy,intheformofATP,toproduceorganiccompounds
B.Aprocessusedtoprovideoxygentotheatmosphere
C.Acontrolledreleaseofenergy,intheformofATP,fromorganiccompoundsincells
D.Acontrolledreleaseofenergyintheproductionoffoodfromorganiccompounds
 68. ThegraphbelowshowstheeffectoftemperatureontheseparationofthestrandsinDNAtoformsinglestrands.The [1mark]

temperatureatwhich50%oftheDNAissinglestrandediscalledthemeltingtemperature(TM).

Whatdotheresultsshow?

A. Whenthetemperaturereaches85CtherearenomoredoublestrandedDNAmolecules.
B. Whenthetemperaturereaches85CtheDNAstrandsstartseparatingrapidly.
C. AT Mof85CmeansthatDNAisnotstableatroomtemperature(25C).
D. TheseparationoftheDNAstrandsisdirectlyproportionaltotheincreaseintemperature.

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