Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
P028
Part 1 of Course
(sessions 1-3)
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes
only the product defined in the introduction of this documentation. This document is
intended for the use of AIRCOM International's customers only for the purposes of
the agreement under which the document is submitted, and no part of it may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or means without the prior written permission
of AIRCOM International. The document has been prepared to be used by
professional and properly trained personnel, and the customer assumes full
responsibility when using it. AIRCOM International welcomes customer comments as
part of the process of continuous development and improvement of the
documentation.
The information or statements given in this document concerning the suitability,
capacity, or performance of the mentioned hardware or software products cannot be
considered binding but shall be defined in the agreement made between AIRCOM
International and the customer. However, AIRCOM International has made all
reasonable efforts to ensure that the instructions contained in the document are
adequate and free of material errors and omissions. AIRCOM International will, if
necessary, explain issues, which may not be covered by the document.
AIRCOM International's liability for any errors in the document is limited to the
documentary correction of errors. AIRCOM International WILL NOT BE
RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FOR ERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENT OR FOR ANY
DAMAGES, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING MONETARY
LOSSES), that might arise from the use of this document or the information in it.
This document and the product it describes are considered protected by copyright
according to the applicable laws.
ASSET is a registered trademark of AIRCOM International.
Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their
respective companies, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only.
Copyright AIRCOM International 2012. All rights reserved.
Designed for:
This course is aimed at LTE/3G radio network planners with ASSET experience. It is
a mixture of Theory, Practical and Demonstrations. However, if class size is over 8
delegates, there will be ASSET demonstrations.
Delegate Prerequisites:
Must have used ASSET before to plan 2G/3G
Understand the basics of ASSET
Good understanding of Rel99 air interface (NOT covered on course)
Understand the parameters input into ASSET to control coverage and capacity for
Rel99 (NOT covered in course)
Understand link budget for Rel99
Understand cell breathing and the parameters that control it
Contents
1.1 Introduction
Evolution
Up to 56 Mbit/s on the
downlink and 22 Mbit/s on 3G REL 7-
Long Term Evolution (LTE) the uplink HSPA+
REL 8-
HSUPA-UP Link(5.76 Mbps) 3G REL 6-
300Mbps Downlink (4x4) HSUPA
75Mbps Uplink
HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 3G REL 5-
ALL IP NETWORK HSDPA
GSM CSD
9.6Kbps
8 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Release 99
Node B
Iub
Node B RNC
Iu-CS MSC/VLR
D
Node B
Iur Gs HLR
Node B
GGSN
UE
Iub Iur Iu-CS Iu-PS
Network 2 SGSN GGSN
MTU = 620
UTRAN
Ping t 1.10.1.5
A.Reply from 1.10.15 time =1121ms TTL = 239 unloaded
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =220ms TTL = 239
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =220ms TTL = 239
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =190ms TTL = 239
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =180ms TTL = 239
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =200ms TTL = 239
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =200ms TTL = 239
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =210ms TTL = 239
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =200ms TTL = 239
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =190ms TTL = 239
Throughput
LTE
One Tunnel
Traditional Architecture
Architecture LTE
REL7
GGSN
GGSN SAE GW SAE /GW System
Architecture Evolution
IP Network
SGSN
SGSN IP Network
RNC
RNC MME MME - Mobility
IP Network
Management Entity
NODE B
NODE B eNODE B eNodeB - evolved Node B
Control plane
User plane
13 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
S6a
S11 S7
Internet
LTE-Uu
Serving PDN
Evolved
Gateway Gateway
Node B
(eNB)
14 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
S11
S1-U S5
Internet
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
SGSN
2G/3G
Roaming
Gx
HSS
PCRF
Rx
IMS
SGi
PDN
HPMN Gateway
VPLMN S8
MME
S1-MME
S11
S1-U
E-UTRAN
Serving
Gateway
A network run by one operator in one country is known as a Public Land Mobile
Network (PLMN). Roaming, where users are allowed to connect to PLMNs other than
those to which they are directly Subscribed.
USER/CONTROL PLANE
LTE software, comprising the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, S1AP, X2AP, GTPu and SCTP, is
a key component for building LTE femtocells and pico and macro eNodeB base
stations.
LTE is all IP
HSS
S1
MME
Serving
Gateway
Network
Test Server
X2 Router / Gateway
10.X.XX. for Drive testing
192.128.10.101
192.128.10.0
PCI
VLAN ID
Host address: 192.128.10.1
Mask : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.128.10.101
19 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
TCP/IP Inter-networks
Routers connect two or more
MME
TCP/IP networks and shuffle Serving
Gateway
datagrams from one to another
by making routing decisions
Net 1
Routing is the process of Net 2
choosing a path over which to
send datagrams to their ultimate
destination
Routers use the destination
network address to make routing
decisions
Net 3
In a TCP/IP internetwork all Net 4
networks are equal
X2
HSS
Net 5
Data Link
Network Access
Physical
TCP/IP can be represented by the US DoD Model. This model describes the
relationship between the main protocols used by TCP/IP.
Prior to the development of this model most network protocols were vendor
dependent. The architecture behind TCP/IP is different in the sense that the same
protocol model can be run on a multitude of different computer systems without
modification of the operating system or hardware architecture. TCP/IP is designed to
run as an application.
The protocol was primarily used to support application-orientated functions and
process-to-process communications between hosts. Specific applications to provide
basic network services for users were written to run with TCP/IP. The objective of the
lower protocols was to provide support for the network layer application services.
Transport layer protocols provide two basic functions to the application layer services
- quality of service and application multiplexing through port numbers. TCP/IP has two
main transport layer protocols TCP and UDP.
UDP provides a simple datagram delivery service adding application multiplexing and
a checksum to the underlying IP layer. It therefore provides the same unreliable,
connectionless delivery service as IP. It does not use acknowledgements to confirm
that messages have arrived, it does not provide any flow control mechanisms, and it
does no sequencing - UDP messages can be duplicated, arrive out of order or not at
all. UDP works well on LANs where error rates are low and delays small, but on WANs
it behaves poorly especially for large data transfers.
TCP provides a reliable, connection-oriented, stream based delivery system by adding
acknowledgements, sequencing and flow control to IP. This makes TCP much more
efficient on WANs and for large data transfers, but it has a large protocol overhead
which makes it slower and less efficient than UDP in certain applications.
In general most applications tend to use TCP because it provides reliable delivery, but
time sensitive, transactional and broadcast based applications need to use UDP.
Transport layer protocols provide two basic functions to the application layer services
- quality of service and application multiplexing through port numbers. TCP/IP has two
main transport layer protocols TCP and UDP.
UDP provides a simple datagram delivery service adding application multiplexing and
a checksum to the underlying IP layer. It therefore provides the same unreliable,
connectionless delivery service as IP. It does not use acknowledgements to confirm
that messages have arrived, it does not provide any flow control mechanisms, and it
does no sequencing - UDP messages can be duplicated, arrive out of order or not at
all. UDP works well on LANs where error rates are low and delays small, but on WANs
it behaves poorly especially for large data transfers.
TCP provides a reliable, connection-oriented, stream based delivery system by adding
acknowledgements, sequencing and flow control to IP. This makes TCP much more
efficient on WANs and for large data transfers, but it has a large protocol overhead
which makes it slower and less efficient than UDP in certain applications.
In general most applications tend to use TCP because it provides reliable delivery, but
time sensitive, transactional and broadcast based applications need to use UDP.
ROUTER
1.0.20.1 2.0.30.1
1.0.20.2 2.0.30.2
IP Datagram Format
0 4 8 16 19 24 31
VERS HLEN Service Type Total Length
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options (If any) Padding
DATA
...
ROUTER
1.0.20.1 2.0.30.1
1.0.20.2 2.0.30.2
Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT
Payload STD STD STD
(ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms)
256 bytes 646 25 41.0 61.6 51 26 35.7 5.9 335 21 51.5 41.1
512 bytes 308 27 38.2 27.5 312 26 43.0 30.6 381 30 59.4 40.9
1024 bytes 324 27 41.1 29.7 122 29 43.1 13.0 1112 55 155.1 160.4
27 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
IP v4 Addresses
32-bit IP Address
Network ID Host ID
154.206.50.122
29 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Binary address strings are very difficult to work with. To overcome this problem and
make logical addressing easier to comprehend the 32-bit address string is divided into
8-bit bytes and then converted into the corresponding decimal notation. It is this
dotted decimal notation which is used to configure hosts on a TCP/IP network.
However, it should be noted that decimal addresses are a human and humane
interface to TCP/IP. As far as the host is concerned the address appears and is used as
a binary string. This is the cause of much confusion.
Address Classes
There are five main classes of IP addresses but only three of which are directly usable.
Address classes A, B and C are directly usable. For a Class A address, 8-bits are used to
logically identify the network, for Class B 16-bits are used to logically identify the
network, for Class C 24-bits are used to logically identify the network. In each case,
once the network bits have been allocated, the remaining bits are used to logically
identify the node.
Class E addresses are reserved for testing and development by the IETF and cannot be
assigned to any device. Class D addresses are software multicast addresses and
reserved for the use of routing protocols such as OSPF, RIPv2 etc.
The address categorisation is derived from the high bit order rule of the first byte. The
high bit order rule is interrupted by every TCP/IP stack as soon as an address is
entered. This rule is also used to define the decimal ranges in the first byte of each
address.
UDP
Host B
TTL = 127
Router 1
Router 3
TTL = 125
Router 2
The TIME To LIVE specifies how long, in seconds, the datagram is permitted to remain
in the internet. Whenever a host injects a datagram into the internet, its sets a
maximum time that the datagram should survive. Router and hosts that process
datagrams must decrement the TIME To LIVE filed as time passes and remove the
datagram from the internet when the values in this field reaches zero.
Estimating exact time is difficult because routers do not usually know the transit time
of physical networks. A few rules simplify processing and makes it easy to handle
datagrams without synchronise clocks. First, each router along the path from source
to destination is required to decrement the TIME To LIVE field by when the datagram
header is processed. Furthermore, to handle cases of overloaded routers that
introduce long delays, each router records the local time when the datagram arrives
and decrements the TIME To LIVE by the number of seconds that the datagram
remained inside the router waiting for service.
SOURCE ADDRESS
D E S T IN A T IO N A D D R E S S
SOURCE ADDRESS
D E S T IN A T IO N A D D R E S S
Each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits (bits) (also called a "nibble"), and the primary
use of hexadecimal notation is as a human-friendly representation of binary coded values in
computing and digital electronics
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
32 Bits
C 1 F E : 0 2 A 1
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
32 Bits
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
becomes: FE80::202:B3FF:FE1E:8329
IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS)
LTE-Uu eNB
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5 (IMS)
The initial bearer-level QoS parameter values of the default bearer are
assigned by the MME, based on subscription data retrieved from the HSS.
IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS)
LTE-Uu eNB Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
IMS
S5 Bearer
-Uu S1-U
Admission control
CCCH:RRC Connection Set up
Allocation and Retention
DCCH:RRC Connection Set up Complete Priority (ARP):
Attach Accept
PDP Type Ipv4, 10.187.128.20/ QCI 9
Activate Default Bearer
44 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Link Quality
Radio Resource Management (RRM) algorithms are responsible for efficient utilisation of the
air interface resources. RRM is needed to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS), to maintain the
planned coverage area, and to offer high capacity.
LC
PS
What is load control
monitoring?
Load Control:
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC:
Interference levels
BTS power levels
60 2.4
70 2.9
80 3.3
90 3.7
100 4.2
Simulator
60 2.4
70 2.9
80 3.3
90 3.7
100 4.2
UE
rejected
UE
C-Plane
Signalling
QoS definition for Radio Bearers which can be modified are listed below:
QoS-Label/ QoS Profile ID
UL Guaranteed Bit rate [1]
UL Maximum Bit rate [2]
DL Guaranteed Bit rate GBR
DL Maximum Bit rate
Allocation / Retention Priority
[1] Guaranteed bit rate (GBR) specifies the guaranteed number of bits delivered by E-UTRA within a period of time (provided
there is data to deliver).
[2] Maximum bit rate (MBR) specifies a maximum number of bits delivered by UMTS within a period of time
MAC Scheduler
Control Plane
NAS Protocols
The NAS protocol is running between UE and MME and thus
must be transparently transferred via EUTRAN.
S1-AP Bearer
SCTP
management
IP Build, Modify
S11 S6a Remove
eNB L1/L2
S1-U HSS
(User Plane)
User PDUs
EPC Access
GTP-U Attachment &
Serving
Gateway Service Request
UDP
Security &
IP Authentication
L1/L2
SGSN
58 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
The MME is the key control-node for the LTE access- network. It is responsible for idle
mode UE tracking and paging procedure including retransmissions. It is involved in the
bearer activation/deactivationprocess and is also responsible for choosing the SGW
for a UE at the initial attach and at time of intra-LTE handover involving Core Network
(CN) node relocation.
It is responsible for authenticating the user (by interacting with the HSS). The Non-
Access Stratum (NAS) signalling terminates at the MME and it is also responsible for
generation and allocation of temporary identities to UEs. It checks the authorization
of the UE to camp on the service providers Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and
enforces UE roaming restrictions.
S1-AP
IP
ARP/RARP
SCTP
IP Ethernet
eNB L1/L2
S1-U
(User Plane)
User PDUs
GTP-U Serving
UDP Gateway
IP
L1/L2
SGSN
S-GW FUNCTION
MME
Local Mobility
eNB Anchor for Inter
eNB handover
External Bearer
SAE Bearer Service
Service
MME HSS
NAS: Tracking Area
update
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2 NAS: Tracking Area MME
TAI2 update
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI3
TAI3
TAI3
TAI3
S1-MME
(Control Plane)
Tracking Area Update Complete NAS Protocols
S1-AP
SCTP
IP
eNB L1/L2
S1-U
(User Plane)
NAS Protocols
eNB MME
S1-AP
SCTP
IP
Tracking Area Update Request
L1/L2
S1-MME
S-TMSI/IMSI, (Control Plane)
An IMSI is usually 15 digits long. The first 3 digits are the Mobile Country Code (MCC),
and is followed by the Mobile Network Code (MNC), either 2 digits
(Europeanstandard) or 3 digits (North American standard). The remaining digits are
the mobile station identification number (MSIN) within the network's customer base.
S-TMSI:
It is dynamically allocated by the serving MME.
Its main purpose is to avoid usage of IMSI on
air.
Internally the allocating MME can translate S-
TMSI into IMSI and vice versa.
NAS Protocols
eNB MME
S1-AP
Globally Unique Temporary ID SCTP
IP
Tracking Area Update Request
L1/L2
S1-MME
S-TMSI/IMSI,/ GUTI (Control Plane)
MME Pool
The set of MME/S-GW nodes which serves
a common area is called an MME/S-GW
pool, and the area covered by such a pool
of MME/S-GWs is called a pool
MME MME
area.
MME MME
Last
A
registered
A
MME
MME MME
GUTI to the base station
Pool Area.
Some of the digits in the GUTI identify the
Mobility Management Entity the mobile
was last registered
In LTE, the P-TMSI is now called the Globally Unique Temporary ID or Global cell ID, .
Some of the digits in the GUTI identify the Mobility Management Entity the mobile
was last registered with and they are referred to as the Globally Unique MME
Identifier, or the GUMMEI.
When contacting the network, the mobile sends the GUTI to the base station which
then uses the parameter to identify the MME to which it will send the request to re-
establish the communication session.
In LTE, the P-TMSI is now called the Globally Unique Temporary ID, or the GUTI. Some
of the digits in the GUTI identify the Mobility Management Entity the mobile was last
registered with and they are referred to as the Globally Unique MME Identifier, or the
GUMMEI.
Asset
Policy Control
LTE-Uu eNB Serving Enforcement
Gateway Function (PCEF)
S1-U
PDN Gateway S7
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5
Internet
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
Policy Control
Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) Enforcement
Function (PCEF)
charging support
1.5.1 QCI
Policy Control
MAC Scheduler Enforcement
Function (PCEF)
The need for supporting a broader variety of applications requiring higher bandwidth
and lower latency led 3GPP to alleviate the existing QoS principles with the
introduction for EPS of a QoS Class Identifier (QCI).
The QCI is set of transport characteristics (bearer with/without guaranteed bit rate,
priority, packet delay budget, packet error loss rate) and is used to control packet
forwarding treatment (e.g., scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queue
management thresholds, link-layer protocol configuration, etc.).
LTE QoS
An LTE user can have up to 24 bearers, each with its own QoS Class
The QoS parameters are a function of guaranteed & non-guaranteed bit
rates defined by 8 QCI labels.
QoS Class
Delay Budget Loss Rate Example Services
Identifier
QCI=1 (GBR) 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
QCI=2 (GBR) 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)
QCI=3 (GBR) 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
QCI=4 (GBR) 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video
QCI=7 (non-GBR) 100 ms 10-3 Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming
Each packet flow is mapped to a single QCI value (nine are defined in the Release 8
version of the specifications) according to the level of service required by the
application.
The usage of the QCI avoids the transmission of a full set of QoS-related parameters
over the network interfaces and reduces the complexity of QoS negotiation.
LTE QoS
Load control
eNB
UE
Services
VoIP- QCI/ARP
Video-QCI/ARP
Admission control
Http-QCI/ ARP
Packet Scheduler
TCP UDP
REAL TIME
IP
76 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Asset -Service
External Bearer
SAE Bearer Service
Service
PDN Gateway S7
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5
Internet
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
Policy Control
Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) Enforcement
Function (PCEF)
charging support
PDN Gateway S7
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5
Internet
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
HSS
S2a
trusted non-3GPP
The term trusted non-3GPP refers to networks that can be trusted to run 3GPP
defined authentication.
VoIP Protocols
DATA SIGNALLING
AUDIO VIDEO
CODECS CODECS SIP
PCM ulaw
PCM Alaw
H.261
G.722
G.723
G728
H.263
Default Radio Bearer
To IMS
G729
RTP/RTCP
UDP
IP
Default Bearer
DATA SIGNALLING
AUDIO
CODECS
PCM ulaw VIDEO
PCM Alaw CODECS
SIP
G.722 H.261
Default Radio Bearer
G.723 H.263
To IMS
G728
G729 RTP/RTCP
UDP
IP
LTE-Uu eNB Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
ims
S5 Bearer
-Uu S1-U
Bob@15.2.78.7 bill@171.12.56.78
INVITE
Bill@171.12.56.78
From
To
Call ID
INVITE SDP
SIP bill@171.12.56.78
Via SIP UDP 15.2.78.7
Call id 4561 15.2.78.7
From Bob@15.2.78.7
Content :application/sdp
SDP
V=0
M=audio RTP/AVP 0
SDP
m= audio 11742 RTP/AVP 8
Bob Bill
INVITE
Bill
Invite From
To
Call ID
SDP Bad requests
(100) Trying
400 Bad request
401Payment
(180) Ringing-when bill phone starts ringing
required
414 URL to long
(200) OK when Bob picks phone up
484 Address
F12 ACK- successful response of invite
incomplete
415 unsupported
Media type
RTP Session - DATA
F13 BYE From either party terminates the call
Call Terminated
Bob
Proxy Location Bill
Server
Proxy Server
Location server/SIP Registrar
This is a intermediary program that acts as both a
server and a client for the purpose of making Accepts registration requests
requests on behalf of other clients. A proxy from users
interprets,and if necessary rewrites a request
message Maintains users whereabouts
HLR type functionality
Bob Location
Proxy Server
INVITE IAM
RINGING
+441214215678
ACM
Source IP Address
IP
Destination IP Address
PDCP
IP Options (If any) Padding
RLC
DATA
MAC
...
PHY
TCP
IP
UDP
RLC RLC
IP
MAC MAC
VLAN-Ethernet
PHY PHY
SDH
NRT RT
TCP UDP
IP
RLC Modes
Transparent Mode Unacknowledged Acknowledged
Mode Mode
No segmentation C-Plane
and reassembly of
RLC SDUs
RLC RLC
No RLC headers
Data Radio Bearers Prio 1-Q
are added Policy QoS
Prio 2-Q
QoS
guarantees handling QoS
Flow 2
Uu
Suitable for and IP
packet Prio 3-Q
carrying voice mux and
demux
QoS
above Flow 3
bearer
level Aggregated IP Flows
MAC Mux
RLC Modes
eNodeB
MAC Scheduler
Unacknowledged UE
Mode Signaling Radio Bearers
Segmentation and
reassembly of RLC C-Plane
SDUs
RLC Headers are RLC
added RLC
Data Radio Bearers Prio 1-Q
Mode
Signaling Radio Bearers
Segmentation and
reassembly of RLC C-Plane
SDUs
RLC Headers are
RLC RLC
added
Data Radio Bearers Prio 1-Q
MAC
Data on a transport channel is organized into transport blocks.
Each Transmission Time Interval (TTI), at most one transport block of a
certain size is transmitted over the radio interface to/from a mobile
terminal (in absence of spatial multiplexing)
By varying the transport format, the MAC layer can realize different data
rates.
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
MCCH DCCH
DTCH
MTCH
Admission control
CCCH:RRC Connection Set up
Allocation and Retention
DCCH:RRC Connection Set up Complete Priority (ARP):
Attach Accept
PDP Type Ipv4, 10.187.128.20/ QCI 9
Activate Default Bearer
103 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
DTCH MTCH
PCCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel
(DTCH) : This traffic MIB
channel is used for the
transmission of user data. PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
The LTE transport channels vary between the uplink and the downlink as each has
different requirements and operates in a different manner. Physical layer transport
channels offer information transfer to medium access control (MAC) and higher
layers.
Broadcast Channel (BCH) : The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) : This transport channel is the main channel for
downlink data transfer. It is used by many logical channels.
Paging Channel (PCH) : To convey the PCCH
Multicast Channel (MCH) : This transport channel is used to transmit MCCH
information to set up multicast transmissions
Physical
Hence, hybrid ARQ is only supported for the DL-SCH and the UL-SCH
DCCH
MCCH
carries PCCH; BCCH
Physical
DCCH
MCCH
broadcast channel. 00 10Re BCCH
carries BCCH; PCCH
Supports only SIBs
QPSK MIB
No HARQ/ No
Beam-forming
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
Physical
DTCH MTCH
Physical Broadcast DCCH
MCCH
Channel (PBCH): BCCH
PCCH
Physical
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
109 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
PCCH
MIB
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): This physical channel carries system information
for UEs requiring to access the network.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) :
This physical channel defines the size of the PDCCH.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : The main purpose of this physical
channel is to carry scheduling information.
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : As the name implies, this channel
is used to report the Hybrid ARQ status.
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : This channel is used for unicast and
paging functions.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : This physical channel carries system
information for multicast purposes.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : This provides information to
enable the UEs to decode the PDSCH.
00 10Re
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
16QAM
b0 b1b2b3
Im 1111
4 BITS PDCCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
Re
Physical
0000
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5
Im R0 R0
R0
6 BITS R0
R0 R0
Re
R0 R0
The number of
RB and the enodeB calculates a
CRC
DL-SCH modulation 24 bit CRC word
scheme
assigned by
PDSCH the scheduler If code block size
determine the Segmentation & greater than 6144 the
size of the CRC block is segmented
and an additional CRC
transport block
Re Re 00 10Re
0000
113 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
HARQ
Physical Uplink Control Channel
CQI AK/NAK DATA
MAC Scheduler
DL
MAC Scheduler
UL Physical Downlink Control Channel
(PDCCH) - UL GRANT
UE
UE
Physical Uplink Shared
maintains Channel(PUSCH) Buffer Status Report
a logical
channel
buffer Physical Downlink Control Channel HARQ
status (PDCCH) - Additional UL GRANT
report for MAC Scheduler
each DL
logical PUSCH - Data
channel
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
ACK/NAK
Physical
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
Physical Contains
Downlink
in slots 1,2 & 3
Control
An Up link assignment
Channel A downlink assignment
PMCH
Physical Channels
DL-SCH
or
MCH
Physical Channels
equivalent to the support at least [16] Mobile TV channels at around [300 kbps x
16 = 4.8 Mb/s] per channel in a 5 MHz carrier in an urban or suburban
environment.
PDSCH
In order to avoid further increasing the overhead arising from the CP in this
case, the number of subcarriers per unit bandwidth is also doubled, giving a
subcarrier spacing of 7.5 kHz.
Questions
2.1 Introduction
To meet the demand for ever-higher data rates, LTE offers a 100 Mbps download rate and 50
Mbps upload rate for every 20 MHz of spectrum. Support is intended for even higher rates, to
326.4 Mbps in the downlink, using multiple antenna configurations. To allow the use of both new
and existing frequency bands, LTE provides scalable bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz in both
the downlink and the uplink. LTE is optimized for low speeds (0 - 15 km/h) but will still provide
high performance to 120 km/h with support for mobility maintained up to 350 km/h. 3GPP are
considering support for even higher speeds up to 500 km/h.
Uplink
uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
Single Carrier Frequency means information is modulated only to
one carrier, adjusting the phase or amplitude of the carrier or both
75 Mbit/s per 20 MHz of spectrum
eNODE B
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
Multiplexing (OFDM) is intrinsically able to handle the most common radio frequency (RF)
distortions without the need for complex equalization techniques, and scales easily to fit different
bandwidth requirements.
Each user is
Orthogonal
Frequency assigned a
Division specific
Multiplexing frequency
resource
OFDMA
The downlink transmission scheme for E-UTRA FDD and TDD modes is based on conventional
OFDM. In an OFDM system, the available spectrum is divided into multiple carriers, called
subcarriers. Each of these subcarriers is independently modulated by a low rate data stream.
OFDM is used as well in WLAN, WiMAX and broadcast technologies like DVB. OFDM has several
benefits including its robustness against multipath fading and its efficient receiver architecture.
LTE - FDD/TDD
FDD
TDD
F -DL
F -UL
LTE can be used in both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD) spectrum. Leading suppliers first
product releases will support both duplex schemes. In general, FDD is more efficient and
represents higher device and infrastructure volumes, while TDD is a good complement, for
example in spectrum center gaps.
All cellular systems today use FDD, and more than 90 per cent of the worlds mobile frequencies
available are in paired bands. With FDD, downlink and uplink traffic is transmitted simultaneously
in separate frequency bands.
With TDD the transmission in uplink and downlink is discontinuous within the same frequency
band. As an example, if the time split between down- and uplink is 1/1, the uplink is used half of
the time. The average power for each link is then also half of the peak power. As peak power is
limited by regulatory requirements, the result is that for the same peak power, TDD will offer less
coverage than FDD.
FDD
Type 1 used for the LTE FDD mode systems.
The basic type 1 LTE frame has an overall length of 10 ms. This is
then divided into a total of 20 individual slots. LTE Subframes then
consist of two slots - in other words there are ten LTE subframes
within a frame.
10 ms
0 1 2 3 19
One Sub-
frame = 1 mS
Two frame structure types are defined for E-UTRA: frame structure type 1 for FDD mode, and
frame structure type 2 for TDD mode.
For the frame structure type 1, the 10 ms radio frame is divided into 20 equally sized slots of 0.5
ms. A sub-frame consists of two consecutive slots, so one radio frame contains ten sub-frames.
TDD
Type 2 LTE Frame Structure
The frame structure for the type 2 frames used on LTE TDD is somewhat
different. The 10 ms frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE
half-frames are further split into five subframes, each 1ms long.
10 ms
0 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
The frame structure for the type 2 frames used on LTE TDD is somewhat different. The 10 ms
frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE half-frames are further split into five
sub-frames, each 1ms long.
With TDD the transmission in uplink and downlink is discontinuous within the same frequency
band. As an example, if the time split between down- and uplink is 1/1, the uplink is used half of
the time. The average power for each link is then also half of the peak power. As peak power is
limited by regulatory requirements, the result is that for the same peak power, TDD will offer less
coverage than FDD.
special sub-fames
The DL to UL switching method ensures that the high power downlink transmissions from the
eNodeB from other neighbour cells do not interfere when the eNodeB UL reception is going in
the current cell.
0 1 2 3 19
10 ms
7 2500-2570 15750 16449 2620-2690 2750 3449 FDD Supported LTE modes of
8 880-915 16450 16799 925-960 3450 3799 FDD operation
9 1749.9-1784.9 16800 17149 1844.9-1879.9 3800 4149 FDD
13 777-787 18180 18279 746-756 5180 5279 FDD Time Division Duplex
14 788-798 18280 18379 758-768 5280 5379 FDD (TDD)
...
LTE is defined to support flexible carrier bandwidths from below 1.4MHz up to 20MHz, in many
spectrum bands and for both FDD and TDD deployments. This means that an operator can
introduce LTE in both new and existing bands.
LTE supports a range of bandwidths up to 20 MHz, as depicted above. LTE also supports devices
that can work on various system-bandwidth combinations, therefore reducing the need to make
specific device profiles tailored to each combination. This allows an operator to deploy LTE in 10
or 20 MHz combinations, without worrying about device-compatibility issues. LTE devices are
mandated to support 20 MHz bandwidth in the DL and the UL. The available peak rates and
average user rates for an individual user, however, scale with the deployment bandwidth.
LTE supports both FDD and TDD modes, allowing operators to address all available spectrum
resources.
6 or 7 OFDM symbols
(depending upon cyclic
perfix size), thus a
single resource block is
containing either 72 or
84 OFDM symbols
12x 7 = 84 OFDM
symbols
The subcarriers in LTE have a constant spacing of f = 15 kHz. In the frequency domain, 12
subcarriers form one resource block. The resource block size is the same for all bandwidths.
To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as guard time. One downlink slot consists
of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols, depending on whether extended or normal cyclic prefix is configured,
respectively. The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with higher delay spread of
the radio channel.
QPSK 16QAM
b0 b1 b0 b1b2b3
Im Im 1111
01 11
00 10Re Re
0000
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5
Im
Re
Data symbols are independently modulated and transmitted over a high number of closely
spaced orthogonal subcarriers. In E-UTRA, downlink modulation schemes QPSK, 16QAM, and
64QAM are available.
BW Channel
BW config
R R R R R R R R R R R R R
B B B B B B B B B B B B B
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
# of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Transmission bandwidths
LTE must support the international wireless market and regional spectrum regulations and
spectrum availability. To this end the specifications include variable channel bandwidths
selectable from 1.4 to 20 MHz, with subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz. If the new LTE eMBMS is used, a
subcarrier spacing of 7.5 kHz is also possible. Subcarrier spacing is constant regardless of the
channel bandwidth.
3GPP has defined the LTE air interface to be bandwidth agnostic, which allows the air interface
to adapt to different channel bandwidths with minimal impact on system operation.
The smallest amount of resource that can be allocated in the uplink or downlink is called a
resource block (RB). An RB is 180 kHz wide and lasts for one 0.5 ms timeslot. For standard LTE, an
RB comprises 12 subcarriers at a 15 kHz spacing, and for eMBMS with the optional 7.5 kHz
subcarrier spacing an RB comprises 24 subcarriers for 0.5 ms. The maximum number of RBs
supported by each transmission bandwidth is given above.
66.7us
Depending on the required data rate, each UE can be assigned one or more resource blocks in
each transmission time interval of 1 ms. The scheduling decision is done in the base station
(eNodeB).
Sub-carriers
GSM
200Khz
15Khz Spacing saving
bandwidth. 12 carriers
QPSK for 0.5ms LTE
b0 b1
Im
01 11
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5
00 10Re Im
16QAM
b0 b1b2b3 Re 7.5Khz Spacing saving
Im 1111
bandwidth. 24
subcarriers for 0.5 ms.
Re
0000
19 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
For standard LTE, an RB comprises 12 subcarriers at a 15 kHz spacing, and for eMBMS with the
optional 7.5 kHz subcarrier spacing an RB comprises 24 subcarriers for 0.5 ms. The maximum
number of RBs supported by each transmission bandwidth is given above.
22
E Reserved 11110000 240-255 - -
Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
What is orthogonality?
What is orthogonality?
QPSK
C
b0 b1 1, -1 P
-1, 1
Im
01 11
Frequency
fc 15 kHz
00 10
Re OFDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for
-1,-1 1, 1
one OFDMA symbol period
These graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time
CP
QPSK
b0 b1 1, -
-1,
1 Im 1 60 kHz Frequency
01 11 fc
SC-FDMA
00 10 Re
Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for
-1,-1 1, 1
1/N SC-FDMA symbol periods
These graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time
LTE has ambitious requirements for data rate, capacity, spectrumefficiency, and latency. In order
to fulfill these requirements, LTE is based on new technical principles. LTE uses new multiple
access schemes on the air interface: OFDMA (Orthogon al Frequency Division Multiple Access) in
downlink and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) in uplink.
While OFDMA is seen optimum to fulfil the LTE requirements in downlink, OFDMA properties are
less favourable for the uplink. This is mainly due to weaker peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
properties of an OFDMA signal, resulting in worse uplink coverage.
Thus, the LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SC-FDMA (Single
Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) with cyclic prefix. SC-FDMA signals have better PAPR
properties compared to an OFDMA signal. This was one of the main reasons for selecting SCFDMA
as LTE uplink access scheme. The PAPR characteristics are important for cost-effective design of
UE power amplifiers.
cyclic prefix
In the time domain, a guard interval may be added to each symbol to
combat inter-OFDM-symbol-interference due to channel delay spread.
cyclic prefix
In the time domain, a guard interval may be added to each symbol to combat inter-OFDM-
symbol-interference due to channel delay spread. In EUTRA, the guard interval is a cyclic
prefix which is inserted prior to each OFDM symbol.
Delay spread is a type of distortion that is caused when an identical signal arrives at different
times at its destination. The signal usually arrives via multiple path and with different angles
of arrival. The time difference between the arrival moment of the first multipath component
(typically the Line of sight component) and the last one, is called delay spread.
Delay spread
Time Domain
Direct signal
Reflection 1
Last Reflection
The data to be transmitted on an OFDM signal is spread across the carriers of the signal, each
carrier taking part of the payload. This reduces the data rate taken by each carrier. The lower
data rate has the advantage that interference from reflections is much less critical. This is
achieved by adding a guard band time or guard interval into the system. This ensures that the
data is only sampled when the signal is stable and no new delayed signals arrive that would
alter the timing and phase of the signal.
The distribution of the data across a large number of carriers in the OFDM signal has some
further advantages. Nulls caused by multi-path effects or interference on a given frequency
only affect a small number of the carriers, the remaining ones being received correctly. By
using error-coding techniques, which does mean adding further data to the transmitted
signal, it enables many or all of the corrupted data to be reconstructed within the receiver.
This can be done because the error correction code is transmitted in a different part of the
signal. It is this error coding which is referred to in the "Coded" word in the title of COFDM
which is often seen.
2
1
3
4
Time Domain
T Tg
s
Obviously when
time
the delay spread
of the multi-path
2
environment is
greater than the
time
guard period
duration (Tg),
3
then we
encounter inter-
time
symbol
interference (ISI)
4
time
To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as guard time. One downlink slot
consists of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols, depending on whether extended or normal cyclic prefix is
configured, respectively. The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with
higher delay spread of the radio channel.
UMTS
UMTS/WCDMA too use 10 ms frame structure. This of course going to help
developments of multi-mode handsets.
0.666mS
3.84 Mchips in 1S
2ms
Sampling Frequency:
The rate at which sampling of signals is carried out. Its origin is the WCDMA chip rate: 3.84 Mcps.
The same clock that generates 3.84 Mcps chip rate in WCDMA can be used to generate various
sampling frequencies in LTE:
Air Interface
Chip Stream
Despreading X
Code Chip Stream
Rx Bit Stream
Carrier bandwidth
Resource block
Frequency
Transmit on those resource
blocks that are not faded
34 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
To combat errors due to fading and interference on the radio link data is divided at the
transmitter into blocks and then the bits within a block are encoded and interleaved. The
length of time required to transmit one such block determines the TTI. At the receiver all bits
from a given block must be received before they can be deinterleaved and decoded. Having
decoded the bits the receiver can estimate the bit error rate (BER). And because the shortest
decodable transmission is one TTI the shortest period over which BER can be estimated is also
one TTI. Thus in networks with link adaptation techniques based on the estimated BER the
shortest interval between reports of the estimated performance, which are used to adapt to
the conditions on the link, is at least one TTI. In order to be able to adapt quickly to the
changing conditions in the radio link a communications system must have shorter TTIs.
LTE utilizes Incremental Redundancy HARQ with a 1/3 turbo encoder used for forward error
correction. The Transport Block (TB) CRC is used to detect errors.
TTI
NodeB 10ms UEs
RNC Iub
TTI 1 ms
LTE
UEs
TTI (Transmission Time Interval), is a parameter in UMTS /LTE related to encapsulation of data
from higher layers into frames for transmission on the radio link layer. TTI refers to the duration of
a transmission on the radio link. The TTI is related to the size of the data blocks passed from the
higher network layers to the radio link layer.
In UMTS Release '99 the shortest TTI is 10 ms and can be 20 ms, 40 ms, or 80 ms. In UMTS
Release-5 the TTI for HSDPA is reduced to 2ms. This provides the advantage of faster response to
link conditions and allows the system to quickly schedule transmissions to mobiles which
temporarily enjoy better than usual link conditions.
RNC
In previous RNC releases First phase retransmission
the retransmission has from BTS => HARQ
always occurred from the
RNC RLC. Second phase
Retransmission has been retransmission from RNC
based on the RLC Sequence if the first phase turned out
Numbers to be unsuccessful.
Retransmission
Second Phase
Retransmission
Networks need to provide data quickly and reliably without taxing their resources. Hybrid
automatic repeat request (HARQ) technology can make that happen.
The telecommunications industry has used the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) layer 2 protocol
for many years to ensure that data is sent reliably from one node to another.
Hybrid automatic repeat request (Hybrid ARQ or HARQ) is a combination of high-rate forward
error-correcting coding, and ARQ error-control for detectable-but-uncorrectable errors. In
standard ARQ, redundant bits are added to data to be transmitted using an error-detecting code
such as cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
During good radio conditions, ARQ can be considered very efficient, as no additional forward
error correction (FEC) bits are added to the basic data to be transmitted. Yet bandwidth efficiency
will suffer significantly in poor channel conditions due to excessive retransmissions.
Block Size
Hybrid ARQ is not applicable for all
types of traffic (broadcast
transmissions typically do not rely
on hybrid ARQ).
2048 *15KHz
To sample 2048 carriers the = 2048x15=
30.72Mhz
Basic unit for LTE is 1/30720000 seconds - basis of which is sampling rate for 2048 FFT size
implementation of OFDM for subcarrier spacing of f = 15 kHz.
You will see that fs is integer multiple WCDMA chip rate (3.84 Mcps). The same is true if we take
other FFT sizes as 1024 and 512.
2048 *15KHz
15kHz
66.7us
OFDM Symbol =
2048 x Ts =
66.67 us
FDD
In case of FDD there is a time offset between uplink and downlink
transmission.
FFT Size
LTE Parameters
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
# of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Subframe 1 ms
duration
Subframes
12 dB
averaged power
PAPR
(peak - to -
average power
ratio)
fsubcarrier
fsub-used
f0 frequency
f1 f2 fN-2 fN-1
ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference (Co-channel Interference)
Scheduler dynamically
allocates resources to UEs
at each TTI
eNB scheduler controls the time/frequency resources for a given time for uplink and downlink
dynamically controls the terminal(s) to transmit to and, for each of these terminals, the set of
resource blocks upon which the terminals DL-SCH should be transmitted Scheduler
dynamically allocates resources to UEs at each TTI The scheduling strategy is implementation
specific and not specified by 3GPP scheduler selects best multiplexing for UE based on
channel conditions preferably schedule transmissions to a UE on resources with advantageous
channel condition.
Most scheduling strategies need information about:
Channel conditions at the terminal buffer status and priorities of the different data flows
interference situation in neighboring cells (if some form of
Interference coordination is implemented) UE transmits channel-status reports reflecting the
instantaneous channel quality in the time and frequency domains
Information necessary to determine the appropriate antenna processing in case of spatial
multiplexing
Scheduler in eNB (base station) allocates resource blocks (which are the smallest elements of
resource allocation) to users for predetermined amount of time Slots consist of either 6 (for long
cyclic prefix) or 7 (for short cyclic prefix) OFDM symbols Longer cyclic prefixes are desired to
address longer fading Number of available subcarriers changes depending on transmission
bandwidth (but subcarrier spacing is fixed).
Proportional Fair
The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources as fairly as
possible in such a way that, on average, each terminal gets the highest possible
throughput achievable under the channel conditions.
Round Robin
The aim of this scheduler is to share the available/unused resources equally among the RT
terminals (i.e. the terminals requesting RT services) in order to satisfy their RT-MBR demand.
This is a recursive algorithm and continues to share resources equally among RT terminals,
until all RT-MBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate
Proportional Fair
The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources as fairly as possible in
such a way that, on average, each terminal gets the highest possible throughput achievable
under the channel conditions.
This is a recursive algorithm. The remaining resources are shared between the RT terminals in
proportion to their bearer data rates. Terminals with higher data rates get a larger share of the
available resources. Each terminal gets either the resources it needs to satisfy its RT-MBR
demand, or its weighted portion of the available/unused resources, whichever is smaller. This
recursive allocation process continues until all RT-MBR demands have been met or there are
no more resources left to allocate.
Proportional Demand
The aim of this scheduler is to allocate the remaining unused resources to RT terminals in
proportion to their additional resource demands. This is a non-recursive allocation process
and results in either satisfying the RT-MBR demands of all terminals or the consumption of all
of the resources,.
6 BITS
64QAM 2 BITS
4 BITS
16 QAM
QPSK
Max SINR
The aim of this Scheduler is to maximise the terminal throughput and in turn the average cell
throughput. This is a non-recursive resource allocation process where terminals with higher
bearer rates (and consequently higher SINR) are preferred over terminals with lower bearer
rates (and consequently lower SINR). This means that resources are allocated first to those
terminals with better SINR/channel conditions, thereby maximising the throughput.
Asset - LTE
Scheduler in eNB (base station) allocates resource blocks (which are the smallest elements of
resource allocation) to users for predetermined amount of time.
Slots consist of either 6 (for long cyclic prefix) or 7 (for short cyclic prefix) OFDM symbols.
Longer cyclic prefixes are desired to address longer fading.
Number of available subcarriers changes depending on transmission bandwidth (but
subcarrier spacing is fixed).
R0 R0
R0
R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel): Informs the UE about the resource allocation of
PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information related to DL-SCH. It also carries the uplink
scheduling grant. The downlink control signalling (PDCCH) is located in the first n OFDM symbols
where n 3 and consists of:
Transport format, resource allocation, and hybrid-ARQ information related to DL-
SCH, PCH and UL-SCH;
QPSK modulation is used for all control channels
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel): The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four subframes
within a 40 ms interval. This 40 ms timing is blindly detected, i.e. there is no explicit signalling
indicating 40 ms timing. Each subframe is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e. the BCH can be
decoded from a single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel conditions.
P-SCH (Downlink Primary Synchronisation Channel): Used for cell search and identification by
the UE. Carries part of the cell ID (one of 3 orthogonal sequences).
S-SCH (Downlink Secondary Synchronisation Channel): Used for cell search and identification by
the UE. It carries the remainder of the cell ID (one of 168 binary sequences).
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel): Informs the UE about the number of
OFDM symbols used for the PDCCHs. It is transmitted in every subframe.
DCCH
BCCH MCCH
CCCH
PCCH
R0 R0
MIB
R0
R0
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
R0 R0
R0 R0 Physical
If you have a large number of VoIP users. How will this effect the
Physical Channels?
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) : This control channel provides system information to all
mobile terminals connected to the eNodeB.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH) : This control channel is used for paging information when
searching a unit on a network.
Common Control Channel (CCCH) : This channel is used for random access information, e.g.
for actions including setting up a connection.
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) : This control channel is used for Information needed for
multicast reception.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) : This control channel is used for carrying user-specific
control information, e.g. for controlling actions including power control, handover, etc.
Broadcast Channel (BCH) : The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control Channel
(BCCH) .
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) : This transport channel is the main channel for
downlink data transfer. It is used by many logical channels.
Paging Channel (PCH) : To convey the PCCH.
Multicast Channel (MCH) : This transport channel is used to transmit MCCH information to
set up multicast transmissions.
Power Allocation
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
Downlink reference
Downlink reference signal signal structure
The downlink reference
PDSCH signal structure is
important for channel
estimation.
The principle of the
downlink reference
signal structure for 1
antenna.
Ref Signal TX1= 8 for
15Khz spacing
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
RSRP is a RSSI type of measurement. It measures
the average received power over the resource
elements that carry cell-specific reference signals
within certain frequency bandwidth.
49 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
65 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), is determined for a considered cell as the linear average
over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference
signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. For RSRP determination the
cell-specific reference signals R0 and if available R1 can be used.
RSRP is not affected by cell loads. This is the reason why a network is usually firstly
dimensioned to provide adequate signal strength at the desired areas.
UE Measurements
RSRP is used to measure the coverage of the LTE cell on the DL. The UE will
send RRC measurement reports that include RSRP .The appropriate bin mapping
is given below.
The reporting range of RSRP is dened from140 to 44dBm with 1dB resolution.
RULE TUMB
If RSRP>75dBm, excellent QoS
RSRP is used to measure the coverage of the LTE cell on the DL. The UE will send RRC
measurement reports that include RSRP values in a binned format. RSRP is dened from140
to44dBm with 1dB resolution.
The main purpose of RSRP is to determine the best cell on the DL radio interface and select
this cell as the serving cell for either initial random access or intra-LTE handover. The RRC
measurement reports with RSRP measurement results will be sent by the UE if a predened
event trigger criterion is met. There is certainly a correlation also between RSRP and the user
plane QoS.
RSRQ
RSRQ is affected by cell loads. Cell loads in essence express how many users are connected to the
network. The more active users there exist, the more resources are consumed in the DL and UL
interference level rises. This explains why cells service areas shrink as the number of users
increase. The following figure illustrates an unloaded network and the one after this a heavily
loaded network.
LOADED
UNLOADED
RSRQ affected by cell loads.
UE Measurements
The reporting range of RSRQ is dened from19.5 to3dB
RULE TUMB
RSRQ values higher than9dB guarantee
the best subscriber experience.
WILL BE EFFECTED
BY CELL LOADING
The reporting range of RSRQ is dened from19.5 to3dB with 0.5dB resolution .When comparing
the measurement results of RSRQ and RSRP that have been made at the samegeographic location
in a protocol trace they can be identied by the same timestamp it is possible to determine if
coverage or interference problems occur at this location. If a UE changes its location or if radio
conditions change due to other reasons and RSRP(i.e., theabsolute signal strength of the
reference signals) remains stable or becomes even better than before while RSRQ is declining, this
is an unambiguous symptom of rising interference. If, on the otherhand, both RSRP and RSRQ
decline at the same time/location, this clearly indicates an area withweak coverage. This kind of
evaluation is very important for nding the root cause of call drops due to radio problems.
The range between9 and12dB can be seen as neutral with a slight degradation of QoS,
butoverall customer experience is still at a fair level. Starting with RSRQ values of 13dB and
lower, things become worse with signicant declines of throughput and a high risk of call drop.
Pixel Analyer
Data rates
Assuming a constant transmit
power, the received signal power
can always be increased by
reducing the distance between the
transmitter and the receiver
6 BITS
2 BITS
64QAM
4 BITS
Always possible
to increase the achievable 16 QAM
a reduction in the
transmitter/receiver
distance
Assuming a constant transmit power, the received signal power can always be increased by
reducing the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, thereby reducing the attenuation
of the signal as it propagates from the transmitter to the receiver. Thus, in a noise-limited
scenario it is at least in theory always possible to increase the achievable data rates, assuming
that one is prepared to accept a reduction in the transmitter/receiver distance, that is a reduced
range. In a mobile communication system this would correspond to a reduced cell size and thus
the need for more cell sites to cover the same overall area. Especially, providing data rates in the
same order as or larger than the available bandwidth, i.e. with a high-bandwidth utilization,
would require a significant cell-size reduction. Alternatively, one has to accept that the high data
rates are only available for mobile terminals in the center of the cell, i.e. not over the entire cell
area.
Another means to increase the overall received signal power for a given transmit power is the
use of additional antennas at the receiver side, also known as receive-antenna diversity.
Multiple receive antennas can be applied at the base station (that is for the uplink) or at the
mobile terminal (that is for the downlink).
By proper combining of the signals received at the different antennas, the signalto-noise ratio
after the antenna combining can be increased in proportion to the number of receive
antennas, thereby allowing for higher data rates for a given transmitter/receiver distance.
Multiple antennas can also be applied at the transmitter side, typically at the base station,
and be used to focus a given total transmit power in the direction of the receiver, i.e. toward
the target mobile terminal. This will increase the received signal power and thus, once again,
allow for higher data rates for a given transmitter/receiver distance.
Transmit Diversity
010100
T R SU-MIMO
010100 X X
010100
Tx diversity:
The first and simplest downlink LTE multiple antenna scheme is open-loop Tx diversity. It is
identical in concept to the scheme introduced in UMTS Release 99. The more complex, closedloop
Tx diversity techniques from UMTS have not been adopted in LTE, which instead uses the more
advanced MIMO.
Rx diversity:
The second downlink scheme, Rx diversity, is mandatory for the UE. It is the baseline receiver
capability for which performance requirements will be defined. A typical use of Rx diversity is
maximum ratio combining of the received streams to improve the SNR in poor conditions. Rx
diversity provides little gain in good conditions
MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Multiple Users MIMO
(Single User MIMO)
TX1 RX1
TX RX
TX2 RX2
Multi-Antenna Transmission
LTE supports downlink transmission on 1, 2 or 4 cell specific antenna ports corresponding either
to 1, 2 or 4 cell-specific reference signals. On their turn each one of the RS corresponds to one
antenna port.
The following DL transmission modes are defined for PDSCH
Single antenna port; port 0
Single User MIMO
Transmit diversity
Open loop spatial multiplexing
Closed loop spatial multiplexing
Multi User MIMO
Closed-loop Rank=1 pre-coding
Closed Loop
The UE asks for two layersRank
Indicator 2 from the enodeB.
UE feels it can distinguish between
to different layers
PUSCH
MIMO employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to substantially enhance the air interface.
It uses space time coding of the same data stream mapped onto multiple transmit antennas,
which is an improvement over traditional reception diversity schemes where only a single
transmit antenna is deployed to extend the coverage of the cell.
MIMO processing also exploits spatial multiplexing, allowing different data streams to be
transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit antennas, to increase the end-user data
rate and cell capacity.
RI (Rank Indicator):
RI indicates the number of spatial layers that can be supported by the UE based
on the channel conditions. The transmission rank selected to be used is dependent on RI as well
as other factors (depending on the vendor) such as traffic pattern, available transmission
bandwidth etc. RI is compulsory for both open and closed loop spatial multiplexing.
LTE UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz
64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
R0 R0
R0 R0 Port 3
R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 Port 2
R0
R0
R0
R0
Port 1
R0
R0
R0 R0 R0 Port 0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
Downlink reference
R0 R0 signal structure
The downlink reference
R0
signal structure is
R0
important for channel
estimation.
R0 R0 The principle of the
downlink reference signal
structure for 1 antenna.
R0 R0
Ref Signal TX1 = 8 for
Specific pre-defined 15Khz spacing
resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-
frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific
reference signal sequence.
81 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Downlink reference
signal structure
R1 R0 R1 R0
The downlink reference
signal structure is
R0 R1 R0 R1 important for channel
estimation.
R1 R1
The principle of the
R0 R0
downlink reference signal
structure for 2 antenna.
R0 R1 R0 R1 Ref Signal TX2= 16 for
Specific pre-defined 15Khz spacing
resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-
frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific
reference signal sequence.
82 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Downlink reference
R1 R0 R1 R2 R0 signal structure
The downlink reference
R0 R1 R1
signal structure is
R2 R0
important for channel
R1 R1 R2 estimation.
R0 R0 The principle of the
downlink reference signal
structure for 2 antenna.
R0 R2 R1 R0 R1
Ref Signal TX3= 20 for
Specific pre-defined 15Khz spacing
resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-
frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific
reference signal sequence.
83 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Downlink reference
R1 R3 R0 R1 R2 R0 signal structure
The downlink reference
R0 R1 R1
signal structure is
R2 R0 R3
important for channel
R1 R3 R1 R2 estimation.
R0 R0 The principle of the
downlink reference signal
structure for 2 antenna.
R0 R2 R1 R0 R3 R1
Ref Signal TX3= 20 for
Specific pre-defined 15Khz spacing
resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-
frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific
reference signal sequence.
84 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
LTE_ACTIVE state
PDSCH
PUSCH PUCCH
CQI Report
86
55 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
PDSCH RB RB RB RB
PDSCH
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
PUSCH PUCCH
RB RB RB RB
CQI Report
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
The UE may not have
87
56
PUSCH resources Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
coding rate
CQI Modulation Efficiency Actual Required
coding rate SINR The coding rate indicates
1 QPSK 0.1523 0.07618 -4.46
2 QPSK 0.2344 0.11719 -3.75
how many real data bits
3 QPSK 0.3770 0.18848 -2.55 are present out of 1024
4 QPSK 0.6016 308/1024 -1.15 while the efficiency
5 QPSK 0.8770 449/1024 1.75
provides the number of
6 QPSK 1.1758 602/1024 3.65
7 16QAM 1.4766 378/1024 5.2
information bits per
8 16QAM 1.9141 490/1024 6.1 modulation symbol.
9 16QAM 2.4063 616/1024 7.55
10 64QAM 2.7305 466/1024 10.85
602/1024 = 0.5879
11 64QAM 3.3223 567/1024 11.55
12 64QAM 3.9023 666/1024 12.75
QPSK = 2bits
13 64QAM 4.5234 772/1024 14.55 Efficiency=
14 64QAM 5.1152 873/1024 18.15 2x0.5879=1.1758 data
15 64QAM 5.5547 948/1024 19.25
bits per symbol
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
PDSCH
Bandwidth Wideband CQI
Both
RB RB RB RB
wideband
RB RB RB RB
and
RB RB RB RB
sideband
RB RB RB RB
can be
RB RB RB RB
PUSCH PUCCH reported
RB RB RB RB
(periodic
reported
CQI Report
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
Sideband CQI
RB RB RB RB
The UE may not have
92 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
58
PUSCH resources Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Scheduler -
FSS
Frequency domain scheduling uses those resource blocks
that are not faded
Not possible in CDMA based system
Carrier bandwidth
Resource block
Frequency
Transmit on those resource
blocks that are not faded
94 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Both wideband
and sideband
R R R R
can be
B B B B
reported
(periodic R R R R
B B B B Assigns
reported
R R R R resources in
MAC Scheduler
B B B B a particular Frequency
R R R R Selective
B B B B
band
Bandwidth Wideband CQI
R R R R
B B B B
R R R R
B B B B
Resources
any where in
MAC Scheduler
the band NON Selective
R R R R
B B B B
Sideband CQI R R R R
B B B B
R R R R
95
59 B B B B Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
96
60 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Cell Search
Group Id 0,1,2 CELL ID 0-503
Primary
Synchronization
Group Id 0-167
Secondary
Synchronization
Rach Parameters
Operation BW
CP Length PBCH CELL ID 0-503
MIMO config
Cell ID etc
RB Assignment PDCCH
Transport Format etc
Synchronization Signal
There are 504 Physical Cell Identities (PCIs) values in the LTE system, compared with the 512
primary scrambling codes in WCDMA. The Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and the
Secondary Synchronization Signals (SSS) are transmitted, similar to PBCH, always with the 1.08
MHz bandwidth.
The LTE network supports broadcasting of System Information in the form of MIBs and SIBs;
above outlines the system information broadcast procedure. Once the UE is synchronized with
the network at the frame and slot level, it reads the broadcast information and selects it (PLMN
and cell selection).
synchronization signals
Handover Measurements
The cell broadcasts an identifying signature, a fingerprint (Physical Cell Identity, PCI),
which the mobiles use to identify cells, and as time and frequency reference. These
identifying signatures are not unique (there are 504 different PCIs in LTE
The UE moving towards a new cell and identifies the Physical Cell
Identity (PCI) based on the Synchronization signals
Physical Cell Identity (PCI) = 504
P-SCH S-SCH
99
63 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Physical Contains
Downlink
in slots 1,2 & 3
Control
an Up link assignment
Channel A downlink assignment
Questions
What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 10Mhz to a sector
and a UE is allocated all RB?
1. One Tx
2. Two Tx
3. Four Tx
Questions
What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 20Mhz to a sector and a UE
is allocated all RB?
1. One Tx
2. Two Tx
3. Four Tx
1.What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 10Mhz to a sector and a UE is allocated all RB?
Questions
What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 5Mhz to a sector and a UE is
allocated all RB?
1. One Tx
2. Two Tx
3. Four Tx
Questions
Questions
PCFICH
PDCCH
MIB
Questions
Complete table below?
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
Subcarriers
# of RBs
Subframe duration
3.1 Introduction
IDLE
LTE Always on
In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly
be restricted to city and hot spot areas.
MORE HOs than Rel99
GSM
Handover Handover Connected
Cell DCH LTE
Connected Connected
GPRS
Packet
Connection Cell FACH Transfer
Establishment/ Connection
Release Establishment/Release
Connection
Cell URA Establishment/Release
Cell PCH
Reselection
IDLE GSM/GPRS
LTE _IDLE
IDLE
In order to provide seamless service continuity, ensuring mobility between LTE and legacy
technologies is therefore very important. These technologies include GSM/GPRS and
WCDMA/HSPA
.
UE Power up UE Power up
Acquire another
LTE Cell Find MIB System BW
MCC +MNC
SIBs supported
PLMN ID
matches
PCFICH Processing-
Knows the set up of PDCCH
Retrieval of SIBs
Cell Selection Parameters
After Attach Defaulf
Cell Barred Bearer/IP adress
Cell Selection
Yes
Pre-amble / Attach
Successful
cell selection
After a UE has selected a PLMN, it performs cell selection in other words, it
searches for a suitable cell on which to camp
While camping on the chosen cell, the UE acquires the system information that
is broadcast
Subsequently, the UE registers its presence in the tracking area, after which it
can receive paging information which is used to notify UEs of incoming calls.
MME S7
X2
Evolved
Node B S1-MME PCRF
(eNB)
LTE-UE S11
S1-U S5
Internet
EMM-REGISTERED:
In this state the MME holds location
information for the UE at least to the
accuracy of a tracking area MME
In this state the UE performs TAU
procedures, responds to paging messages
and performs the service request procedure
if there is uplink data to be sent
MME HSS
NAS: Tracking Area
update
TAI1
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2 NAS: Tracking Area MME
TAI2 update
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI3
TAI3
TAI3
TAI3
S1-MME
(Control Plane)
Tracking Area Update Complete NAS Protocols
S1-AP
SCTP
IP
eNB L1/L2
S1-U
(User Plane)
GSM
Cell DCH Handover LTE Handover Connected
Connected Connected
GPRS
Packet
Connection Cell FACH Transfer
Establishment/ Connection
Release Establishment/Release
Connection
Establishment/Release
Cell URA
Cell PCH
In order to provide seamless service continuity, ensuring mobility between LTE and legacy
technologies is therefore very important. These technologies include GSM/GPRS and
WCDMA/HSPA
.
eNB
BCH DL-SCH
MIB
RRC IDLE
Logical channels
BCCH
Physical channels
PBCH PDSCH
20Mhz BW
MIB
BW = 1.08Mhz
The UE moving towards a new cell and identifies the Physical Cell
Identity (PCI) based on the Synchronization signals
Physical Cell Identity (PCI) = 504
P-SCH S-SCH
Measurement criteria
Measured
neighbours
S criteria
Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Suitable
Qrelevmin offset) neighbours
R criteria
Q rxlevmeas
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
reference signals
Are transmitted in
ALL radio blocks
REF
BW = 1.08Mhz
Q qrxlevmin =-80dBm
Q rxlevmeas=-100dBm
Will not do cell selection
Q rxlevmeas
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
21 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Measurement criteria
Measured
neighbours
S criteria
Suitable
neighbours
R criteria
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts cell)
Best ranked cell
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
for candidate neighbouring cells for cell
reselection
Qmeas,n
Rn
RSRP (dBM)
Qmeas,s
Qhysts
Rs
Qoffsets,n
Treselection
the time interval value Treselection,
whose value ranges between 0 and
31 seconds
23 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Is the cell re-selection initiated immediately after the UE ranks a neighbouring cell to be the
best?
If so, we could face a ping-pong effect a UE often performing cell reselection
between two neighbouring cells.
To avoid this, the operator uses the time interval value Treselection, whose value
ranges between 0 and 31 seconds.
Only when a cell was ranked Treselection seconds better then the serving cell, a
cell reselection to this cell takes place.
In addition to this, a UE must camp at least 1 second on a serving cell, before the
next cell re-selection may take place.
Measurement Rules
Measurement rules
Which frequencies/ RATs to measure:
high priority
high priority + intra-frequency
In case equal priorities are assigned to multiple cells, the cells are ranked
based on radio link quality.
In LTE the UE always connects to a single cell only in other words, the
switching of a UEs connection from a source cell to a target cell is a hard
handover.
RLC
RLC RLC
X2
Connection
RLC RLC
RLC
Handover timings
1 = UE identifies the target cell
Source cell 1 4
2 = Reporting range fulfilled
3
2
3 = After UE has averaged the
measurement, it sends measurement
report to source eNodeB
target cell
Source Target
eNodeB eNodeB
DCCH: RRC
Measurement
Control
Hand Over
Source Target
eNode eNode
B B
HO
Command
Forward
Packets to
target X2: Handover
Request
Buffer
Packets
MME SAE
Source Target
eNode eNode
B
HO CommandB
Forward
Packets to
target Buffer
Packets
Switch path
Request
User Plane
UpdateRequest
Switch DL
path
User Plane ACK
Switch path Ack
Handover
Connected Mode Mobility User Plane Control
In LTE_ACTIVE, when a UE moves between two TCP/UDP
IP NAS
LTE cells PDCP RRC
RLC RLC
DATA
MAC MAC
PHY PHY
Serving Gateway
MME GTP -U
NAS Control
L2 L2 L2
Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
L1-SDH L1-SDH
NAS L1-SDH
S1AP
SCTP
IP DIRECTION
L2 S1-
(Ethernet)
Cont
rol
MME
The UE moving towards a new cell and identifies the Physical Cell
Identity (PCI) based on the Synchronization signals
Physical Cell Identity (PCI) = 504
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
Seving eNodeB
38 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
The mobiles continuously measure the RSRP from the serving cell and candidate cells (cells in
the vicinity of the mobile that might be considered as handover candidates). A measurement
report is typically triggered when the RSRP from a candidate cell is within a threshold D dB
from the serving cell RSRP.
The measurement report contains information about the PCI and the corresponding RSRP of
the candidate cell. The serving cell may order the mobile to read the GID (transmitted on the
broadcast channel from each cell) of a cell with a certain PCI and report that back to the
serving cell.
This could be done for example if the PCI is associated with a cell with handover failures in the
past or if a central node such as the OSS has requested it. In any case, the GID of a
neighbouring cell can be obtained with help from a mobile station upon request from the
serving cell. In case the serving cell decides to set up a relation to the neighbouring cell it
contacts the central configuration server in the network and obtains the IP address.
Seving eNodeB
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
Is the PCI of the candidate cell already known in the serving cell (i.e. is the neighbour
relation already established)?
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
GID
NEW CELL
ADDED IP address
VLAN
Operation Support
Systems (OSS)
41 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
neighbor cell
relation (NCR) neighbor cell
10,6 relation (NCR)
6,5,10
PCI= Serving
5 Cell Operation Support
PCI=10 Systems (OSS)
PCI=
6
neighbor cell neighbor cell
PCI=10
relation (NCR) relation (NCR)
5,10 6,5
42 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
if the PCI is associated with a cell with handover failures in the past
or
if a central node such as the OSS has requested it.
Or
PCI conflicts
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
PCI=50
PCI=40
44 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Example
Is the PCI of the candidate cell already known in the
serving cell (i.e. is the neighbour relation already established)?
No: Consider the candidate cell as a NCR list candidate.
Order the UE to report GID. Obtain connectivity information for the
candidate cell and signal to the candidate cell, directly or through the
core network, about a mutual addition to the NCR lists of the two cells.
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
PCI=50
candidate
Request for Global cell ID
PCI=40
45 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Questions
Define the following:
E-UTRA RSSI
When installing a new cell, the principle is that the cell could select the PCI
randomly and once the first measurement report has been obtained from any
UE, it learns the PCIs that are in use near by.
Once the X2 connections provide information about the PCI values used in
nearby cells, the cell can confirm whether the selected PCI needs to be
adjusted or not. Alternatively, the PCI could be obtained directly from O&M,
thus avoiding initial conflicts for PCIs between nearby cells.
Questions
What is the difference between PCI and global cell ID