Journal o f Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 4 (1978) 8 9 - 9 8 89

Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, Amsterdam -- Printed in The Netherlands

T H E C A L i P U Y F O R M A T I O N O F N O R T H E R N P E R U , A N D ITS
R E L A T I O N TO VOLCANISM iN THE N O R T H E R N ANDES

V.F. HOLLISTER and E. SIRVAS B.

Dural Corporation, 355 Burrard Street, Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2G8 (Canada)
St. Joe America Corporation, 2002 N. Forbes, Tucson, Ariz. 85705 (U.S.A.)
(Received March 11, 1977 ; revised and accepted December 15, 1977)

ABSTRACT

Hollister, V.F. and Sirvas B., E., 1978. The Calipuy Formation of northern Peru, and its
relation to volcanism in the northern Andes. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 4: 89--98.

The Calipuy Formation is a primarily volcanic sequence deposited during the period
33 to 10 m.y. ago when basaltic and andesitic volcanoes developed concomitant with a
N60E horizontal foreshortening of the Peruvian Andes. The axis of compression is infer-
red from both fault tectonics in and near the Calipuy sequence and from N30W-striking
fold axes within it. Dacitic domes younger than 10 m.y. unconformably overlie the
Calipuy sequence.
Basaltic and andesitic effusive rocks concurrently filled a basin which developed during
volcanism. During subsidence 80% of the fill was provided by primary extrusive igneous
material, whereas sedimentary rocks associated with the igneous assemblage account for
only 20%.
Limited chemical data indicate that Calipuy andesitic rocks are slightly richer in alka-
lies than the average Cenozoic andesite, but petrographic data show that they are similar
to other andesites of this age found in similar environments in the Andes. However, the
analyses are too few to make any real generalization concerning petrogenesis.

INTRODUCTION

Miocene volcanic strata o f the n o r t h e r n Peruvian A n d e s c o n s t i t u t e an im-

p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h a t o r o g e n i c belt. These were s t u d i e d b y the writers in
1 9 5 4 - 5 5 a n d again in 1 9 6 1 - 6 3 as p a r t o f an investigation o f mineral deposits
o f t h a t region. Subse~luently the Middle a n d U p p e r T e r t i a r y volcanic t e r r a n e
was n a m e d the Calipuy F o r m a t i o n b y Cossio ( 1 9 6 4 ) and Cossio a n d Jaen
(1967).
The f o r m a t i o n e x t e n d s f r o m the S a n t a River drainage in t h e Cordillera
Negra n o r t h t o the C h i c a m a drainage. O n l y the n o r t h e r n t w o - t h i r d s o f this
area is i n c l u d e d in this s t u d y (Fig. 1), f r o m t h e Caiipuy p u e b l o n o r t h t o t h e
f o r m a t i o n ' s overlap o n u n d e r l y i n g f o l d e d Mesozoic sediments.
90

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Benavides (195~) proposed a Middle Tertiary orogenic pulse for the Andes
,Jf northern Pen~. F~rr~ and Noble (1976), Nobel et al. (1975) and Stewart
et al. (1974) provide radiometric data which suggest that an Upper Tertiary
orogenic pulse occurred as well. Cossio (1964), Bodenlos and Straczek (1957)
m~d Cossio and Jaen. (1967) cite field evidence in separate parts of northern
Peru showing the interval between the mid-Tertiary and the latest Tertiary
pulses t,.~ be one of primarily andesitic volcanic activity. Andesitic volcanic
rocks penecontemporaneous with the Calipuy Formation have also been
noted elsewhere in northern Peril by Simons (1955), Noble et al. (I 974),
Reyes (1970), Hollister and Sirvas (1974) and Farrar and Noble (1976). None
of these formations ha,~e been described in the literature in detail. All are
close enough to the Calipuy in age and lithology to be part of that formation.

r. - -:-

u MAC.U

,% " i ~

T~,I \ 3 J
,2, --, ~/ ~
L
i ~ >%",' ,,,
A
/i ~~
/)
0
,/

~B.is. LEG ~ N D

(-/
.~ T,

)
qAtrPUY O /

? (
/

. . . . 7 '~ ~
i J
K~

Fig.l. Geologic m a p of the northern two-thirds of the Calipuy Formation. O n the west
the formation overlaps Mesozoic sedimentary rocks which may cover a cratonic basement.
 91

The purpose of this paper is to describe the t y p e locality of these Miocene

volcanic rocks (the Calipuy Formation of Cossio, 1964) so that these may be
compared with chronologically equivalent rocks elsewhere in Peru. Such a
comparison permits the inference that volcanic rocks of Calipuy t y p e and
age are widespread in northern Peru east of the Coastal Patholith, between
the ages of mid-Tertiary and latest Tertiary orogenies.
No prior comprehensive stratigraphic study has been published on the
Calipuy assemblages or on any of the similar penecontemporaneous volcanic
rocks known to occur elsewhere in northern Peru. Because the formation is
dominated by volcanic rocks in a continental setting, the stratigraphy is
characterized b y lenticularity and rapid change. For this reason individual
stratigraphic sections axe not representative. Rather, this study suggests a
general stratigraphic evolution and discusses the tectonic setting in which
these rocks formed.

GEOLOGIC SETTING

Basement rocks

Geophysical data bearing on the type and depth of basement are not
available. Sporadic occurrences of pre-Mesozoic rocks to the east and north
and their absence to the south and west of Calipuy outcrops suggest the
western limit of cratonic basement may lie below this formation.
The Calipuy Formation unconformably overlaps Jurassic Chicama shale,
and shales and quartzites of Cretaceous age on the north and east. Benavides
(1956) states it is unlikely that a significant part of the sandy clastics belong
to the pre-lower Cretaceous, and for that reason the entire sandy section is
grouped here with the Lower Cretaceous. Coastal batholith quartz diorite
and granodiorite unconformably underlie the Calipuy Formation on its west
side. Cliff exposures of the overlap east of Trujillo convincingly show an
unconformable separation of the batholithic plutons from younger flows.
There it can be seen that Calipuy volcanic debris flooded a rugged topog-
raphy.
Metamorphism of pre-batholothic Mesozoic rocks appears to be a regional
pre-Calipuy low-grade phenomena. Coal measures in the Lower Cretaceous
are converted to anthracite grade, and sandstones have been converted to
quartzites. A Mesozoic marine volcanic sequence found west of the Coastal
Batholith has been changed to a greenschist facies greenstone belt, whereas
Calipuy rocks are unmetamorphosed.
Noble et al. (1975) described andesite-latite volcanic rocks in central Peru,
500 km southwest of Calipuy, which are penecontemporaneous with the
Calipuy and which include a sequence of rocks with relatively low silica
contents.
Van Houten (1976) described volcanic rocks of the Honda and Mesa
Groups of Columbia. This Columbian period of volcanism evidently com-
92

mences less than 30 m.y. ago but reached a peak of activity in the interval
20 to 10 m.y. ago. Important differences, however, separate the Calipuy
Formation from the Honda Group. The Honda represents a foredeep accu-
mulation, whereas the Calipuy was deposited in a continental basin. Horn-
blende appears to have been a c o m m o n mineral in the Honda Group accu-
mulations, but amphibole is subordinate to pyroxene in Calipuy extrusive
members. In detail the two areas of volcanism, although chronologically
overlapping, have differences in detail that make them distinct.

Age relationships

No radiometric dates have been published on Calipuy extrusive rocks.

However, several pluto:as apparently related to volcanism have been dated.
Stewart et al. (1974) provide a 26-m.y. K-Ar date for a granodioritic stock
intrusive into Calipuy rocks near Milluachaqui. Breccias east of the stock
have gentle dips to the east, but younger pyroclastic rocks to the south are
nearly flat-lying. This relationship suggests the stock was a source of ex-
trusive material.
K-Ar dating of intrusive rocks involved in the faulting at Quiruvilca pro-
rides a 20 m.y. age. Flow breccias and flows dip away from this stock in
underground exposures of the Quiruvilca mine. Horizontal lacustrine beds
and peat measures are c o m m o n in the upper part of this sequence, however,
and suggest that the stock was a volcanic vent during Calipuy time. Because
both the 26 and 20 m.y. dates are believed to be from feeder intrusions for
Calipuy rocks, it would appear that significant volcanic activity in the Calipuy
occurred at that time. The present advanced stage of denudation of the
shield volcanoes indicates that andesitic volcanism ended no later than 10
m.y. ago.
Stewart et al. (1974) state that the Calipuy Formation is not older than
33 m.y., because it does not cover a diorite-monzonite complex dated at
31 m.y. On the basis of their K-At data the Calipuy is therefore believed to
have developed between 33 and 10 m.y. ago. Unconformable overlap of
Calipuy rocks on the Coastal Batholith is observable and expectable, because
Stewart et al. ( 1 9 , 4 ) provide ages for the Coastal Batholith from 53 to 43
m.y. Myers (1975) provides older dates on batholiths further to the south.
The observed overlap onto folded and deeply eroded Mesozoic sediments is
"also compatible w i t h K-At dating.
The proposed 23 m.y. minimum duration of andesitic volcanism for the
Calipuy episode is longer than is proposed for most Andean Miocene ande-
sitic cycles. Hamilton (1969) notes only 10--15 m.y. of magmatism elsewhere
in the Andes for episodes of this type.

Tectonic setting

The N30W-trending outline of the Calipuy Formation coincides with a

 93

basin that began developing slightly prior to the outflow of extrusive material.
Sedimentary rock derived from the Coastal Batholith and the Lower Creta-
ceous quartzite found locally at the contact suggest the possibility that
Tertiary sediments underlie the volcanic rocks over a substantial part of the
basin.
Contacts between the Calipuy Formation and older rocks usually dip to-
ward the center of the formation, away from the pre-Calipuy formations.
The steepest dips are found closest to the western contact. Because the for-
mation strikes parallel to the contact, and dips decrease inwards toward the
interior, simultaneous basin development and filling is inferred. Gentle folding
of Calipuy rocks in the central part of the formation suggests that the thick-
ness of the formation in this area was adequate to yield plastically to lateral
pressure (e.g., Cochavara arch in Fig.l).
Strike-slip faults at Milluachaqui and Quiruvilca trend nearly east-west,
with the north block displaced west. Tensional fractures associated with
these faults strike N60E. An axis of compression trending N60E is there-
fore inferred by the faults. Inasmuch as faulting both pre-dates and post-
dates intra-Calipuy intrusive activity, it seems likely that movement on these
faults was contemporaneous with deposition of the Calipuy. The axis of
the Calipuy Basin as well as folding in the basin itself trend about N30W.
The basin developed simultaneously with a N60E axis of compression inter-
preted from fault tectonics. This analysis implies that Calipuy effusive rocks
formed during a mild period of N60E compression.

CALIPUY FORMATION

Any volcanic-dominant continental sequence such as the Calipuy may be

expected to have a stratigraphy characterized by lenticular members and
rapid lithologic changes along strike. Although no single stratigraphic section
is characteristic of the entire Calipuy Formation, volcanic rocks, volcanogenic
sediments and associated intrusions do have general features which may be
correlated on a regional basis. The base of the formation is not exposed in
the vicinity of'the Cochavara arch. Stratigraphic projections, however, provide
an inferred thickness of the formation in this area of at least 3000 m.

Sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are found interbedded with extrusive

fragmental material, tufts and flows throughout the Calipuy Formation.
These commonly are lacustrine beds and are estimated to constitute 20% of
the Calipuy Formation. In the lower part of the section, they contain a
significant amount of rounded pre-Calipuy granodioritic and quartzitic clasts.
Younger sedimentary rocks are largely of volcanogenic derivation. Whereas
the basal sedimentary rocks commonly are thin, lenticular beds representing
local accumulations in a rugged basement flooded by volcanic debris, younger
sediments represent deposition in an evolving volcanic province. Vegetative
debris becomes more common above the basal section, and it is apparent
94

that lignite beds such as are exposed near Quiruvilca and north of the Millua-
chaqui fault accumulated in small but persistent basins. Fossil wood found
near Santiago de Chucho, Santa Rosa and Otuzco imply a warm, moist
climate for much of Calipuy time.
The abundance of plant debris in an area that is now close to 4000 m and
treeless suggests deposition prior to the elevation of the Andes. Such an
interpretation is compatible with the concept that the Calipuy volcanic
rocks filled a tectonic basin that developed as volcanic activity proceeded,
with epeirogenic elevation of the Andes taking place after the close of an-
desitic volcanism.

Extrusive rocks. Exposures north and west of the Calipuy pueblo show that
80% of the Calipuy Formation consists of volcanic debris. Approximately
90% of outcropping extrusive rock is andesitic, with basaltic flows and daci-
tic tuffs accounting for the balance. Dacitic domes near Quiruvilca are con-
sidered as post~Calipuy and hence are excluded. An estimated 80% of the
andesite is present in fragmental units: t u f f breccias, lahars or flow breccias.
The remaining andesitic rocks occur as tuffs or flows. The sequence of ex-
trusive activity is generally andesitic in the middle to mature stages with
dacite tuffs developing as a terminal or late stage. Basaltic and basaltic an-
desite flows, although rare, more c o m m o n l y occur in the lower part of the
formation. Because folding as shown in Fig. 2 has not been severe enough
to provide widespread exposures of the lower part of the formation, the
basal composition of the Calipuy remains largely unknown. The occurrences
of basaltic rocks in the oldest exposures suggest, however, that the lower
part could be basaltic and the upper, outcropping section, andesitic. Such an
interpretation would have andesitic shield volcanoes develop on a basaltic
terrane, and would therefore subdivide the Calipuy into older basaltic and
younger andesitic phases.
Volcanic centers are n o t easily identified within the predominantly frag-
mental members; however, the absence of exposed sedimentary rock units
near the Cochavara arch and the presence there of numerous small intrusions
0 ~ ,,o ,,~ 2p __3~
W~ST Km EA~,T
A B

4oooM _ ~ ; ~ ~t
2000 M--.-IJ~-'- " - ~ I T ~ ~__'v~2:- = : ~ - - ~ , I"mZ . . . . . . . . . . " ~' --'~',',;;i~',~'\'::'.",'~, .- "-T?~'-~-i~.

I Ti I Tertiary Intrusion ~ Tertiary -Cretaceous Inlrusion ~ Lower Cretaceous

Sedimentary Rocks ~ Jurassic Chicama Shales

Fig.2. Cross-section through Milluachaqui and Quiruvolca, the broadest part o f the Calipuy
basin. The overlap o f Calipuy volcanic rocks over the Coastal Batholith on the west and
Mesozoic sedimentary rocks o n the east suggests the basin developed as the Calipuy vol-
canic rocks were extruded. Tv denotes both sedimentary and volcanic aspects o f the
Calipuy.
 95

is suggestive of volcanic centers. Large intrusions at Milluachaqui, Santa Rosa

and Quiruvilca are also interpreted as volcanic centers (Lewis, 1956).

Intrusive rocks. Intrusive rocks range from diorite to granodiorite. Their out-
crop size extends fzom dikes a few meters thick to small stocks up to 4 km
long. As a ge,mral rule, the smaller the cross-section of the intrusion, the
closer to diorite in composition it is likely to be, whereas the larger the intru-
sion, the closer to granodiorite it is likely to be. Similarly, the larger intru-
sions are more likely to be composite diorite, quartz diorite and monzonite
plutons.
Dacite is not a c o m m o n intrusive rock, b u t dacitic tuffs and granodioritic
plutonic rocks at Quiruvilca and Milluachaqui suggest it should be found
more commonly.
Approximately one half of the intrusive rocks are in the compositional
range of gabbro and diorite, whereas one half are quartz diorite and grano-
diorite. Although fewer in number, the quartz-bearing plutons are sufficient-
ly larger than the quartz-deficient ones so that each t y p e constitutes half of
the areal extent of the total intrusive material.

POST-CALIPUY VOLCANISM

Dacitic domes near Quiruvilca represent a young, post-Calipuy period of

volcanic activity. Erosion has n o t destroyed the morphology of the domes,
and these may therefore be less than 5 m.y. old. They are separated from
the underlying Calipuy andesite by a slight unconformity. The domes are
made up of light- to medium-gray rocks with phenocrysts set in a dense,
pilotaxitic groundmass. The ratio of phenocrysts to groundmass is 1:1.5.
Quartz, plagioclase, biotite and hornblende phenocrysts are most common.
Sanidine was noted in a few sections. Quartz phenocrysts are invariably
euhedral, although corrosion is evident at the crystal contact. Plagioclase
occurs in t w o generations, with the early crystals 1.5 mm and the late 0.5
mm long. Plagioclase is zoned (An20 to An44) with an average composition
close to An27. Groundmass plagioclase microlites have a composition near
An~7. Not surprisingly, the larger show evidence of resorption and myrme-
kitic intergrowths of albite.
The groundmass plagioclase:orthoclase + sanidine ratio is a b o u t four, with
orthoclase, anorthoclase and sanidine occurring almost exclusively in the
groundmass.
Farrar and Noble "(1976) obtained ages of + 6 m.y. on other dacitic and
rhyolitic volcanic rocks in the Cordillera Negra (south of the Calipuy For-
mation}. Reyes (1970) includes these younger silicic rocks with the Calipuy
despite the unconformity separating them. Such silicic rocks are younger
than the folding that affected the Calipuy, and none are older than 9 m.y.
They are therefore younger than the 9--10 m.y. Cordillera Blanca Batholith
(Egler and De Booy, 1956). Igneous rocks in and near the Cordillera Blanca
Batholith with ages outside of the 9--10-m.y. range are not part of the
96

batholith and th e r ef or e do n o t appear to broaden the timing of t hat event

as established by Stewart et al. (1974). The e n v i r o n m e n t of deposition for the
younger acidic volcanic rocks is also distinct. Calipuy rocks f o r m e d in a
warm, moist climate in a region of gentle forested slopes and numerous
swamps. The younger, less than 9 m.y. old, dacite and rhyolite volcanic
rocks were laid down on a m or e rugged t o p o g r a p h y nearly barren of vegeta-
tion. The rocks less than 9 m.y. old, although unfolded, could have developed
c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s l y with the epeirogeny that brought the Andes to their
present elevation.

CHEMICAL ANALYSES

Whole r o ck chemical analyses (Table I) of two typical samples were made

in 1957 by the Northern Peru Mining Corp. at its Shorey, Peru, laboratories,
u n d er the direction of Ing. Jorge Caceres. The andesite is from a sample of
drill core which pe ne t r at ed the Cochavara Arch. The r o c k is fresh and un-
weathered. The dacite is f r om a fresh o u t c r o p o f a dacitic d o m e west of Qui-
ruvilca. Petrographic examination revealed no evidence of alteration.

Andesite. If the analysis of the andesitic specimen shown in Table 1 is typical

of Calipuy andesite, then these rocks are richer in alkalies, alumina and silica
than the average Cenozoic andesite (Chayes, 1969). T hey are p o o r e r in pot-
ash than those Miocene andesites r e p o r t e d elsewhere in the Andes (Schwab,
1972), b u t t h e y resemble andesites f r o m the Oregon and Washington Cas-
cades.
TABLE 1

Comparison o f the whole rock chemical analyses o f two typical Calipuy samples, a Ceno-
zoic andesite and a Cerro Bayo dacite

Calipuy Cenozoic* Calipuy Cerro Bayo**

andesite andesite dacite dacite

SiO= 58.90 58.17 63.96 64.19

A1203 17.91 17.26 17.04 16.41
Fe203 3.00 3.07 3.65 5.50
FeO 3.46 4.17 1.25 0.23
MgO 2.85 3.23 1.45 1.24
CaO 6.29 6.93 4.24 4.10
Na20 3.56 3.21 3.91 3.12
K~O 1.85 1.61 2.95 3.22
TiO~ 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.84
P2 Os 0.24 0.24 0.14 0.07
H~ 1.14 1.24

Total 100.00 99.93 99.39 98.92

* Chayes (1969).
** Schwab (1972). Dacitic dome in the Andes of Argentina.
 97

Dacite. Should the analysis of the Quiruvilca dacite dome sample be typical
of Calipuy dacite, then these rocks are slightly enriched in alkalies and
poorer in silica than a Miocene dacite from a dome in the Argentine Andes
(Schwab, 1972) as shown in Table 1.

CONCLUSIONS

The Calipuy volcanic sequence developed during an interval of compres-

sion indicated by folding and faulting. It is similar to other coeval terrestrial
andesitic accumulations of the Andes of northern Peru in that t h e lavas are
rich in alkalies, b u t differs from them mineralogically because of a relatively
lower potash content. Sanidine, anorthoclase and orthoclase, although
identifiable, are n o t common. On the other hand, petrographic studies
demonstrate the dominance of continental andesitic volcanism with mineral-
ogic affinities to other Tertiary sequences in the Andes. Similarities in petrol-
ogy and age suggest a correlation o f the Calipuy Formation with other, un-
named, formations in northern Peru.
Taken in the c o n t e x t of incomplete dating of volcanism, plutonism and
orogeny in the northern Peruvian Andes, the Calipuy andesite and successor
dacite domes may be interpreted to coincide with a Tertiary tectonic evolu-
tion that proceeded:

53--43 m.y. batholithic intrusion (Coastal Batholith)

33--10 m.y. crustal shortening and basaltic and andesitic volcanism (Calipuy
Formation)
10--9 m.y. intrusion of Cordillera Blanca Batholith (Stewart et al., 1974)
0--10 m.y. epeirogeny and dacitic volcanism.

The nature of magmatic events seems to correspond to the tectonic style

in this area. Gentle folding preceded intrudion of the Cordillera Blanca Batho
lith and epeirogeny followed its positioning in the crust. The intrusion of
this batholith is therefore believed to represent the latest Tertiary orogenic
pulse of Farrar and Noble (1976).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Jack Souther, Richard Stoiber and Donald C. Noble presented many

i meaningful suggestions for the text. Their contributions are gratefully acknowl-
iedged. It is hoped that their comments are adequately incorporated in t h e
paper.

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98

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