ROAD MATERIALS

CE 113 | HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 3

A. AGGREGATES

AGGREGATES
broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction including sand, gravel, crushed stone,
slag, recycled concrete and geo-synthetic aggregates
used as a stable foundation or road/rail base with predictable, uniform properties, or as low-cost
extender that binds with more expensive cement or asphalt to form concrete
combination of sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag or other materials of mineral composition, used in
combination with a binding medium to form such materials used in construction

TYPES OF AGGREGATES
1. Coarse Aggregates
consist of naturally occurring materials such as gravel, or resulting from the crushing of parent rock, to
include natural rock, slags, expanded clays and shales and other approved inert materials with similar
characteristics, having hard, strong and during particles
aggregates that are retained on the US Standard No. 4 (4.76 mm) sieve

2. Fine Aggregate
consist of natural sand or other inert materials with similar characteristics, or combinations having hard,
strong and durable particles
aggregates that pass the US Standard No. 4 (4.76 mm) sieve and retained on the No. 200 (0.075 mm)
sieve
serves the purpose of filling all the open spaces in between the coarse particles. Thus, it reduces the
porosity of the final mass and considerably increases its strength

TESTS NEEDED TO BE CLASSIFIED AS GOOD AGGREGATES

1. Test for strength
the criterion for aggregate strength test is the Los Angeles Rattler Test
for dense graded mix, 50 or less coefficient or wear is recommended and for open graded mixture, the
requirement is 40 or less

2. Test for soundness

soundness refers to the resistance of the materials to deterioration from the effects of action like
freezing and thawing
common test for soundness is the application with sodium or magnesium sulfate
after the liquid solution is applied, it will cause splitting, crumbling, cracking or flaking of the particle
surface.

3. Test for affinity and swell

strong and durable pavement must have binder which adhere or stick firmly to the aggregates but if
the binder separates or strips off from the aggregate, the pavement will disintegrate under traffic
in the event of mixture swells, the interlock and friction between the particles are destroyed resulting
to the collapse of the pavement stability

4. Test for shape and texture

rounded smooth aggregate particles are recommended for Portland cement concrete pavement
angular or cubical shape and rough shape texture are excellent for asphalt pavement
thin or elongated piece of dirt is undesirable material

5. Test for resistance to polishing

good road design have high coefficient of friction between the tire and the road surface
limestone coarse aggregate containing larger amount of sand are found to be resistant to polishing

6. Degradation test
Aggregates degrade in the presence of water
B. AGGREGATES FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT

AGGREGATES FOR BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT

composed of compacted aggregate and bitumen
the aggregate transmits the load from the surface to the base and the bitumen (bituminous binder)
holds the aggregate together
for bituminous construction, aggregate is classified according to particle size

The AASHTO Standard Specifications states that:

The aggregate shall consist of hard, durable particles of fragments of stone or gravel and sand or
other fine mineral particles free from vegetable matter and lumps or balls of clay and of such nature it can
be compacted readily to form a firm, stable layers. It shall conform to the grading requirements of the
AASHTO T-11 and 27.

Item 300 of the DPWH Standard Specifications classifies the following materials:
1. The coarse aggregate material retained on the 2.00 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have a mass per cent of
wear by the Los Angeles Abrasion Test (AASHTO T-96) of not more than 45.
2. When crushed aggregate is specified, not less than 50 mass per cent of the particles retained on the
4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve shall not have at least one fractured face
3. The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve should not be greater than two thirds of the fraction
passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve
4. The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a liquid limit of not greater than 35 and a
plasticity index range of 4 to 9 when tested by AASHTO T-89 and T-90 respectively

C. AGGREGATES FOR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MIXTURE

1. Gradiation
2. Absorption
3. Particle Shape and Surface Texture
4. Abrasion Resistance
5. Durability
6. Deleterious Materials
7. Particle Strength

D. MINERAL FILLERS

MINERAL FILLER
a finely pulverized inert mineral or rock that is included in a manufactured product to impart certain
useful properties such as hardness, smoothness or strength
common mineral fillers include asbestos, kaolin and talc

PURPOSE OF MINERAL FILLERS IN ASPHALT MIXES

The portion of the mineral filler that is finer than the thickness of the asphalt film and the asphalt cement
binder form a mortar or mastic that contributes to improved stiffening of the mix
The particles larger than the thickness of the asphalt film behave as mineral aggregate and hence
contribute to the contact points between individual aggregate particles
The gradiation, shape and texture of the mineral filler significantly influence the performance of hot mix
asphalt

IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF MINERAL FILLER USED IN ASPHALT CONCRETE APPLICATIONS

Gradiation mineral fillers should have 100 percent of the particles passing 0.60 mm (No. 30 sieve), 95
to 100 percent passing 0.30 mm (No. 40 sieve), and 70 percent passing 0.075 (No. 200 sieve)
Plasticity mineral fillers should be non-plastic so the particles do not bind together
Deleterious Materials the percentage of deleterious materials such as clay and shale in the mineral
filler must be minimized to prevent particle breakdown
E. BITUMINOUS MATERIALS AND BINDERS

TESTING METHODS
1. Penetration Graded Bitumen
Bitumen is classified by the depth to which a standard needle will penetrate under specified test
conditions.
This pen test classification is used to indicate the hardness of bitumen, lower penetration indicating a
harder bitumen.

2. Viscosity Graded Bitumen

Bitumen is also graded and specified by their viscosity at a standard temperature (typically 60C).
Specifications for viscosity graded bitumen normally give the nominal viscosity prefixed by a V, e.g.
V1500.

3. Oxidised Bitumen Grades

The degree of oxidation can range from very small, often referred to as air-rectification, or semi-
blowing, which only slightly modifies of the bitumen properties, through to full blowing, whereby the
properties of the bitumen are significantly different to penetration grade bitumens.
Nonemclature and grading for the oxidized bitumen products are based on a combination of the
temperature at which the bitumen reaches a certain softness when being heated up as expressed by
the ring and ball softening point test, and the penetration value.

BITUMEN PREPARATIONS
1. Cut-Back Bitumen
Cut-backs are bitumen preparations in which the viscosity of the binder has been reduced by the
addition of a volatile solvent, normally derived from petroleum. Typically the solvents used are white
spirit and kerosene. Cut-back products are typically used for spraying and some mixing applications.

2. Fluxed Bitumen
Fluxed bitumens are bitumen preparation where the viscosity of the binder has been reduced by the
addition of relatively non-volatile oils. Typical fluxants include gas oil and vegetable based oils.

3. Modified Bitumen
Modified bitumens are bituminous binders whose performance properties, such as elasticity, adhesive
or cohesive strength, have been modified by the use of one or more chemical agents.
These agents may be polymers, crumb rubber, Sulphur and polyphosphoric acid, among other
materials. Modified bitumens are widely used in the production of roofing felt and in paving
applications.

BITUMEN EMULSION
Bitumen emulsions are products in which tiny droplets (the dispersed phase) of bitumen or bituminous
binder are dispersed in an aqueous medium (the continuous phase).
Bitumen emulsions are used largely in road surfacing applications, such as surface dressing, cold
mixtures and slurry seals.

ASPHALT
Asphalt is a mixture of bituminous binder with mineral aggregate (stone), sand and filler, typically
containing approximately 4-7 %m bitumen.

F. BITUMINOUS CONRETE PAVEMENT

BITUMINOUS CONCRETE
a type of construction material used for paving roads, driveways and parking lots
made from a blend of stone and other forms of aggregate materials joined together by a binding agent
called bitumen
has a thick, sticky texture like tar when heated, then forms a dense solid surface once it dries
widely known as asphalt in many parts of the world
quite different from standard concrete and contains no cement
 known for its distinctive black appearance
asphalt paving is also fully recyclable
some manufactures add recycled tires or glass aggregate to recycled asphalt to increase its strength
and resilience
is strong enough to handle years of vehicle traffic, and is relatively easy to repair or refinish
it also provides a smoother and quieter ride than cement surfaces, which helps to reduce noise pollution
around highways and other busy roads

G. ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT

mixture of a petroleum byproduct, asphalt bitumen and aggregate materials
composite material used in the construction of roadways and parking lots, also used for playgrounds,
basketball courts, and pedestrian walkways
asphalt pavement for roadways and parking lots are designed to sustain the heavy loads of cars and
trucks, but those used in recreational and pedestrian areas do not require as much structural strength

METHODS OF MIXING ASPHALT

1. Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMA)
produced by heating the asphalt binder to decrease its viscosity, and drying the aggregate to remove
moisture from its prior to mixing
mixing is generally performed with the aggregate at about 300 F (roughly 150 C ) for virgin asphalt and
330 F (166 C
) for polymer modifies asphalt, and the asphalt cement at 200 F (95 C )

2. Warm Mix Asphalt Concrete (WMA)

produced by adding either zeolites, waxes, asphalt emulsions, or sometimes even water to the asphalt
binder prior to mixing
allows significant lower mixing and laying temperature and results in lower consumption of fossil fuels,
thus releasing less carbon dioxide, aerosols and vapors

3. Cold Mix Asphalt Concrete

produced by emulsifying the asphalt in water with (essentially) soap prior to mixing with aggregate
commonly used as a patch for road surface.

4. Cut-Back Asphalt Concrete

o Some process as in cold mix, but instead of soap and water, kerosene or light petroleum products are
employed to emulsify the asphalt binder

5. Mastic Asphalt Concrete

produced by heating hard grade blown bitumen (oxidation) in a green cooker (mixer) until it has
become a viscous liquid after which the aggregate mix is then added, and then to be cooked again for
another 6-8 hours
used for footpaths, roofing, flooring, and other light-use paving projects

6. Natural Asphalt Concrete

occurs as the rest of upwelling bitumen
exist below the Earths surface, but can see the way up through porous sedimentary rocks and stones

H. BITOUMINOUS PAVEMENT FAILURE

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT FAILURE

caused by excessive loads
first signs of failures show up on pavement surface
heavy loads creates deflection on the road surface, with insufficient underlying strength
repetitious underlying of the excessive load with roughen and crack the road pavement will ultimately
result to complete failure of the roadway.
deflection on the road may be the effect of elastic, deformation from the consolidation of the base and
subsoil or from the combination of elastic and plastic deformation. Repeated heavy wheel load on
 highly resilient soil causes deflection leading to fatigue failure of the asphalt surface. Alligator of map
cracking of the surface will be substantially evident.

1. Bleeding or Flushing
2. Corrugations and Shoving
3. Alligator Cracks
a. Alligator Cracking without Surface Distortion
b. Alligator Cracking with Distortion of Intact Surfaces
c. Alligator Cracking with Broken Surfaces
d. Alligator Cracking with Surface Distortion and Pumping
4. Cracking Edge
a. Edge Cracks without Surface Distortion
b. Edge Cracks without Surface
c. Edge Cracks with Broken Surfaces
d. Edge Cracks with Surface Distortion and Pumping
5. Cracking Joint
a. Joint Crack at Pavement Edge
b. Joint Crack at Lane Joints
6. Random Cracking
a. Narrow Cracks
b. Wide Cracks
c. Reflection Cracking
d. Shrinkage Cracking
e. Slippage Cracking
f. Transverse Cracking
7. Polished Aggregate
8. Potholes

Potholes in Surface Treatments Over Aggregate Base

To repair potholes in surface treatments, take the following actions:
clean out hole
remove any wet base
shape hole so that it has vertical sides
prime hole
fill hole with asphalt concrete

Potholes in Asphalt Concrete

To repair potholes in Asphalt Concrete, take the following actions:
clean out hole
remove any wet base
square up pothole so that it has neat lines both perpendicular and parallel to the center line and have
vertical sides
prime the pothole
fill the pothole with asphalt concrete

9. Raveling
10. Channels or Rutting
11. Intact Surface
12. Disintegrated Surface
13. Upheaval or Frost Boil

I. MACADAM ASPHALT

MACADAM ASPHALT
pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam (born 1756) in around 1820.
he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon were unnecessary, and asserted that native soil
alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would
protect the soil underneath from water to wear.
 Bituminous Macadam road has large amount of voids in the lower part of the aggregate layers, The
road strength originates from the interlocking aggregates that hold the individual stone together.
Under this condition, a strong well drain base that will not squeeze upward into the pavement voids is
required.
The Bituminous Macadam base or surface is composed of two or three layers of progressively smaller,
clean, sharp angular stones bonded by asphalt. Each layer is compacted by rolling then sprayed with
asphalt. Usually, the surface course is sealed by spraying a binder and botted with fine crushed stones.
The binder at the time of spraying is fluid enough to penetrate and coat the aggregate properties.

Size stones was central to the McAdam`s Road Building Theory

the lower 200-millimetre (7.9 in) road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than 75 millimeter
(3.0 in).
the upper 50-milllimetre (2.0 in) layer if stones was limited to 20 millimeters (0.79 in) size and stones
were checked by supervisors who carried scales.

TAR-BOUND MACADAM OR TARMAC

The area of low air pressure created under fast-moving vehicles sucks dust from the road surface,
creating dust clouds and a gradual unravelling of the road material. This problem was approached by
spraying tar on the surface to create tar-bound macadam.

J. SURFACE TREATMENT

SURFACE TREATMENT
a surface treatment is an application of asphalt materials to any type of road surface with or without a
cover of mineral aggregate
this application produces an increase in thickness usually less than 1 inch
have a variety of uses

PURPOSES
1. Waterproof the surface
2. Provide a wearing surface
3. Make the surface nonskid
4. Prevent hydroplaning
5. Rejuvenate an old road or runway
6. Make permanent improvements

TYPES OF SURFACE TREATMENT

Surface treatments may be applied to the base course of a new road or to the surface of an old road as
a method of repair. Surface treatments are grouped into these categories.
1. Sprayed Asphalt Surface Treatment.
2. Aggregate Surface Treatment.

1. Sprayed Asphalt Surface Treatment

Sprayed asphalt treatments contain no aggregates. They are simply applications of different types of
asphaltic materials to a prepared surface.

Three types of sprayed asphalt surface treatment:

a. Fog Seal
b. Dust Laying
c. Road Oiling

2. Aggregate Surface Treatment

The sprayed asphalt with aggregate cover surface treatments are applications of liquid asphalt, followed
by an application of aggregate. This can be done one or more layers of construction.

Two types of sprayed asphalt with covered aggregate surface treatments,

a. Single Surface Treatment
b. Multiple Surface Treatment
 a. Single Surface Treatment Sequence
of Operations
i. Applying prime coat
ii. Binder application
iii. Aggregate application
iv. Rolling