Bottomhole Pressure Calculations

1 BHP
 Necessity of Bottomhole Pressure

Rigorous
Rigorous Treatment Evaluation
Remove uncertainty due to pipe friction and
fluid chemistry effects
Correct interpretation of near-
near-wellbore causes and
their severity
Permit for decision making during treatment (when
measured in real-
real-time)
Develop friction database for use in future treatments

2 BHP
 Necessity of Bottomhole Pressure

Rigorous
Rigorous Treatment Evaluation
Remove uncertainty due to pipe friction and
fluid chemistry effects
Correct interpretation of near-
near-wellbore causes and
their severity
Permit for decision making during treatment (when
measured in real-
real-time)
Develop friction database for use in future treatments

3 BHP
 Bottomhole Pressure Measurement

Direct

Surface Readout Gage

Real-
Real-time Wireless Telemetry Tool

Dead String measurements

Retrievable Bottomhole Gages

4 BHP
 Bottomhole Pressure Measurement
Surface Readout Gage

Wireline
Direct measurement of
Pressure Gage
bottomhole pressures
Packer
Care to be taken about increase
in wireline line tension due to
fluid frictional effects. Perforations

Bridge Plug

5 BHP
6 BHP
 Bottomhole Pressure Measurement
Real-
Real-Time Wireless Telemetry
Surface receiver

Direct measurement of
bottomhole pressures

Significant improvement over

traditional bottomhole pressure
measurement techniques

Packer BH Transmitter
Perforations
Bridge Plug

7 BHP
 Bottomhole Pressure Measurement
Dead String Measurement - Live Annulus
Surface Gage

Direct measurement of
bottomhole pressures
BHP = Surface Reading
+ Hydrostatic
May not be possible on older wells
due to weak casing
- Data available only post-
post-
treatment

Perforations
Bridge Plug

8 BHP
 Bottomhole Pressure Measurement
Retrievable Bottomhole Gage

Direct measurement of
bottomhole pressures

Data available only post-

post-treatment

Could be expensive Retrievable Gage

Packer
Perforations
Bridge Plug

9 BHP
 Bottomhole Pressure Measurement
Surface Gage

Indirect
Estimated from Surface
BHP = Surface Reading
Measurements using + Hydrostatic
FracCADE - Friction

Uncertainty and subjectivity.

Not preferred Packer
Common Perforations
Bridge Plug

10 BHP
11 BHP
 Fluid Friction Estimation

Measured using laboratory 1000

1.995" tubing
tests

Friction Pressure (psi/1,000 ft)

3.018" tubing
Databases available in High

FracCADE for all Dowell fluids 100

Significantly variability Low

Pivot
4.950" casing
expected because of changing
fluid chemistry 30# HPG borate cross-linked
10
1 10 100
Flow Rate (bpm)

12 BHP
 Proppant Friction Estimation

Measured using laboratory tests

Depends on proppant size,
Deviated well
concentration and well deviation

Friction multiplier
Reported as a multiplication
factor increase in the fluid
friction Vertical well

sf exp
CV
fc = 1
CV ,max

Proppant Concentration, PPA

13 BHP
14 BHP
 Importance of Direct BHP
Incorrect Treatment Evaluation
8000 25

Mis-interpretation of BHP (meas.)

Fracture Geometry
Treating Pres
20
BHP (calc)
6000
Rate
Pressure (psi)

15

Rate (bpm)
Pc
4000

Incorrect Efficiency and

10
Leakoff Coefficient

2000
5

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)

15 BHP
 Importance of Direct BHP
Fluid Chemistry Effects
4000 50
Treating Pres.
BHP (meas.)
Inj. Rate 40
3000 Prop. Conc.

Inj. Rate / Prop. Conc

Pressure (psi)

30
Effect of Changing
2000 Additive Rates

20

1000
10

0 0
20 45 70
Time (min)

16 BHP
 Importance of Direct BHP

Correct Real Time Decision Making

7500 100
Treat. Pres. Proppant at Perfs.
BHP (calculated) Instantaneous NWB screenout
Inj Rate
6000
Prop. Conc. 75

Inj. Rate / Prop. Conc

Step Down test
Pressure (psi)

4500 No NWB effects inferred

50

3000

25
1500
Complete WB lock-up

0 0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (min)
17 BHP
 Importance of Direct BHP

Fluid Friction Database

16000 60 10000

Pre Slug
Post Slug

Friction pressure (psi/1000 ft)

12000
Treating Pressure (psi)

Step-Down test Step-Down test

Rate / Prop. Conc.

Pivot
8000 30 100

4000
Proppant Slug

0 0 1
0 25 50 75 100 1 10 100
Rate (bpm)
Time (min)

18 BHP
 Importance of Direct BHP

Proppant Friction Database

3.0
1000 50

Best Fit
40
Measured
2.5
BHP (meas.)

Multiplication Factor
Pressure (scaled) (psi)

Treat. Pres.
BHP (calc.)

Rate /Prop conc

Rate 30
Prop. Conc
750 2.0

20

1.5
10

500 0 1.0
10 35 60 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (min)
Prop. Conc. (ppa)

19 BHP
 Importance of Direct BHP

There is no substitute for a direct measurement

of fracturing bottomhole pressure
pressure

20 BHP