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Aim: To introduce you to the automatic level and leveling head on the instrument. The three screw
leveling head is found on most modern survey instruments including levels, theodolites, and EDM
systems.
Top of Level
Aim: to level the tribrach so that the telescope rotates in a horizontal plane.
When the
bubble has
settled in
the exact center of the tube the instrument is level on
this axis.
When the
bubble has
settled opposite the centered mark the instrument is level
on this axis.
Principle of leveling.
Not shown in the diagram is a damping mechanism to stop the pendulum from continuing to swing
when the instrument moves. The quality of the damping mechanism is very important; too little
damping will give an unsteady image which may blur in windy conditions, but too much damping
may lead to errors if the pendulum does not respond to slight movements of the instrument.
The reticule is a glass plate with fine cross hairs engraved to provide the height reference. The eye
piece should be adjusted to bring the reticule into sharp focus. The internal focusing lens is then
controlled by the focusing screw on the side of the instrument to bring the staff image in to focus on
the reticule.
Staff and its graduation
Aim: To demonstrate how to read a leveling staff that conforms to British Standard 4484.
Leveling staff
Two "E" pattern staffs are shown on the right, note slight differences in the
marking and numbers. The "E" pattern is designed to make it easy to read a
small section of the scale when seen through a telescope.
Major graduations occur at 100 mm intervals and are denoted by figures. Minor
graduations are at 10 mm intervals and form colored squares or intervening
spaces. The lower 50 mm of any 100 mm block are joined by a band to form the
distinctive E pattern which is designed to make reading a small section of the
staff in the telescope easier.
Aim: To demonstrate how to read a leveling staff that conforms to British Standard 4484.
The reticule (or diaphragm) is a glass plate with fine lines etched on
it to provide the horizontal reference and stadia marks for estimating
distance. When first looking through the telescope rotate the eye
piece to bring the reticule in to sharp focus.
Each observer will need to focus the reticule to allow for their own
eye.
With the eye piece focused you will see a vertical and a
horizontal line dividing the field of view. The middle
horizontal line marks the horizontal plane through the
telescope (height of collimation) and is the reference for all
height readings.
There may also be two short stadia lines. Stadia are used for
measuring the distance to the staff by multiplying the
difference between the two stadia readings by a constant
(usually 100).
Align the telescope on the staff using the gun sight on the top of the
instrument and gently rotating the telescope by hand.
Using the side focusing screw bring the staff in to sharp focus.
Check that the spirit level bubble is within the central portion of the
scale before reading the staff.
The staff person then slowly tilts the top of the staff
towards and away from the instrument so that it will
pass through the vertical. The staff will appear to move
up and down in the telescope field. The lowest reading
is recorded as this is the point at which the staff is
vertical.
Staff vertical
lowest reading
It is good practice to establish a number of TBMs around the perimeter of a building site as a
precaution against the only site height reference being disturbed or dug up part way through the
contract.