11/23/2015

Membrane Transport
Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
Impermeable membrane - membrane
though which nothing can pass
Membrane Transport
Freely permeable membrane - any
substance can pass through it
Daile Meek C. Salvador-Membreve
Biology Department, College of Science,
Bicol University
Selectively permeable membrane - permits
free passage of some materials and restricts
passage of others
Distinction may be based on size,
electrical charge, molecular shape, lipid
solubility
.

Few Molecules Cross Membranes

by Passive Diffusion In general, the smaller the molecule and
the more nonpolar it is, the more rapidly it
will diffuse across a lipid bilayer.
such as O2 and CO2

Small uncharged polar molecules, such as

water or urea, also diffuse across a bilayer,
albeit much more slowly

lipid bilayers are highly impermeable to

charged molecules (ions), no matter how
small.

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Passive transport Active Transport

Transport Processes in the Two main classes of two

Membrane membrane proteins
Carrier proteins

Channel proteins

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Carrier proteins
Carrier proteins bind
specific solutes and
transfer them across the
lipid bilayer

This involves
undergoing
conformational changes
that expose the solute-
binding site
sequentially on one
side of the membrane
and then on the other.

Any carrier type can

use either facilitated

Membrane Carriers Glucose transporter (Gluts)

Uniporter - membrane proteins that facilitate
carries only one solute at a time
Symport the transport of glucose over a plasma
carries 2 or more solutes simultaneously in membrane
same direction (cotransport)
Antiport
carries 2 or more solutes in opposite
directions (countertransport)
sodium-potassium pump brings in K+ and
removes Na+ from cell

GLUT1 Uniporter Transports Glucose

into Most Mammalian Cells

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Insulin causes a rapid stimulation of glucose uptake
in adipose tissue and muscle tissue by re-locating
GLUT4 glucose transporters from intracellular
storage vesicles into the membrane
Several Features Distinguish Uniport
Transport from Passive Diffusion
The rate of facilitated diffusion by
uniporters is far higher than
passive diffusion

Transport occurs via a limited

number of uniporter molecules,
rather than throughout the
phospholipid bilayer
http://www.jbc.org/content/277/46/4354
5/F1.expansion

Na-Linked Symporters Import Amino

Acids and Glucose into Animal
Cells Against High Concentration Gradients
Symport

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Sodium-Potassium Pump
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K+ is released and Na+
Extracellular
fluid
Binding1of cytoplasmic Na+ to the pump
protein stimulates phosphorylation by ATP.
Antiport: sodium-potassium pump
sites are ready to bind
Na+ again; the cycle
repeats.

Helps
Cytoplasm
maintain
resting
2
Phosphorylation causes the
protein to change its shape.
pote t a
potential
Concentration gradients
of K+ and Na+

Regulate cell
volume
3
5
The shape change expels Na+ to the
Loss of phosphate restores the outside, and extracellular K+ binds.
original conformation of the 4
pump protein.
K+ binding triggers release of the
phosphate group.
Figure 3.10

Na-Linked Antiporter Exports

Ca2 from Cardiac Muscle Cells
In muscle cells, a
rise in the
cytosolic Ca2
concentration in
muscle triggers
contraction.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v47
7/n7366/images/477546a-f1.2.jpg

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Three ways of driving active

transport

Lodish et al. Mol. Biology of the Cell, 5th

ed

ABC transporter: ATP binding ABC transporter: ATP binding

cassette transporter cassette transporter
Transmembrane
proteins that utilize
the energy of ATP
bindingg and
hydrolysis to
translocate various
substance

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multidrug resistance (MDR) P. falciparum resistance to

transport protein chloroquine

CYSTIC FIBROSIS Channel Proteins

a genetic Forms hydrophilic
disorder that pores throughout
affects the the membrane
respiratory
p y and
digestive concerned
systems. specifically with
inorganic ion
transport

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/di
sorders/whataregd/cf/ Passive transport

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Two important properties distinguish

Types of channel (based on
ion channels from simple aqueous
pores stimulus)
Ion selectivity Volgate-gated channels
Only ions of Mechanically gated channels
appropriate Ligand-gated channel
size and transmitter-gated channels
charge
h can ion-gated channels
pass
Are not
continuously
open, they are
gated
http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/animtn
s/voltgate.htm

Membrane potential
Membrane
potential is the
difference in
electric potential
p
between the
interior and the
exterior of a
biological cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potent
l

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Membrane Potential Neurons

Resting membrane potential: The receive, conduct, and transmit
equilibrium condition, in which there is signals
no net flow of ions across the plasma
membrane
Action potential: travelling wave of
electrical excitation, or nerve impulses
is triggered by a depolarization of the
plasma membrane that is, by a shift in the
membrane potential to a less negative value

Voltage-gated Cation Channels Generate

Action Potentials
stimulus causes
voltage-gated Na +
channels to open,
allowing a small
amount of Na+ to
enter
t the
h cellll down
d i
its
electrochemical
gradient.
The influx of positive
charge depolarizes the
membrane further,
thereby opening more
Na+ channels, which
admit more Na+ ions,
causing still further
depolarization

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Voltage-gated Cation Channels Generate Action

Potentials Ion channel transport
Voltage-gated ion channels
Transmitter-gated ion channels
Ligand-mediated
G protein-coupled
i l d receptors

Voltage-gated ions Transmitter-gated ion channels

mutation in a voltage gated Na Synapses are the
channel that is expressed in the junctions where
neurons release a
heart causes ventricular fibrillation chemical
and heart attacks.
attacks neurotransmitter
i
that acts on a
postsynaptic target
Mutations in other Na channels, cell, which can be
expressed mainly in the brain, cause another neuron or a
epilepsy and febrile seizures muscle or gland
cell

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Transmitter-gated ion channels Neurotransmitters Are Transported

into Synaptic Vesicles by H-Linked
Neurotransmitters: Antiport Proteins
small signal molecules
which are stored in Vesicles are 4050 nm in diameter, and
membrane-enclosed their lumen has a low pH, generated by
synaptic vesicles and
released by exocytosis operation of a V
V-class
class proton pump in the
vesicle membrane
are synthesized in the
cytosol and imported
into membrane-bound
synaptic vesicles within
axon terminals, where
they are stored

Transmitter-gated Ion Channels Convert

The Acetylcholine Receptors at the Chemical Signals into Electrical Ones at
Neuromuscular Junction Are Chemical Synapses
Transmitter-gated Cation Channels

Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology

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Voltage-gated Ca2+
Excitatory neurotransmitters
open cation channels, causing an influx of Na+ that
depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane toward the
threshold potential for firing an action potential.
acetylcholine,
y , serotonin
Glutamate: mediates most of the excitatory
signalling in the vertebrate brain.
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
open either Cl- channels or K+ channels, and this
suppresses firing by making it harder for excitatory
influences to depolarize the postsynaptic
membrane
Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology, 5th ed -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

Transmitter-gated Ion Channels Are Major

Targets for Psychoactive Drugs
strychnine, for example, by binding to Curare
a drug from a plant that was originally used by
glycine receptors and blocking the South American Indians to poison arrows.
action of glycine, causes muscle spasms, Blocks acetylcholine receptors on muscles
convulsions and death.
convulsions, death
Valium and Librium
Bind to GABA receptors, potentiating the
inhibitory action of GABA by allowing lower
concentrations of this neurotransmitter to open
Cl- channels
Prozac
act by inhibiting the uptake of serotonin

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Summary

https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct
=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ca
d=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB0&url=http
Alberts et al, 2002 Molecular Biology of the cell
%3A%2F%2Fthemedicalbiochemistrypa
ge org%2Fmembranes php&ei=8jbHVKy

Lecture Schedule Lab Schedule

Feb 5 -protein transport and sorting Feb-March-Virtual laboratory
Feb 12, 2:30 pm-vesicular transport Feb 5-quiz on toxicity and buffers
Feb 19-Holiday Feb 12-lecture, DNA extraction
Feb 24-2nd Long exam Feb 24,26-AGE, PAGE
March 3,5-DNA sequence
March 12- Post lab
March 20-tentative schedule for lab
exam

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