Linear Wire Antennas

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Infinitesimal Dipole(l</50)
The Vector potential
 HA can be find with

& EA can be find with

Or with J=0
 Convert from rectangular to spherical
components by

Here
 Since no variation,

Curl of Vector in spherical coordinates

 H-Plane (Azimuth)

E-Plane (Elevation)
 Electric fields (Er, E)
Power Density and Radiation
Resistance
For Antenna input impedance
ZA=RA+JXA
RA=Antenna Resistance=Rr+RL
Rr=Radiation resistance(dominant)
RL= Load Resistance
To find Average Power by Poynting Vector
 Power density in radial & elevation

Total Radiated Power

 After simplification

Here W is imaginary reactive power not

included for real radiated power

W is most dominant in kr<1, here k

=phase constant = 2/
 Total Power = Real Radiated power +
Reactive power

Here factor 2
inward & outward
standing waves
 From

When kr>>1 or
Prad>>>2(Wm-We)
 Prad in terms of Radiation resistance

Rr doesnt
depends on W
Radiation resistance is at real radiated
power

Here Wave impedance

Zin of infinitesimal dipole(reactive) = -ve

(Capactive)
Radian Distance and Radian
Sphere
E & H Field in various distance
At radian distance, r = /2 (or kr = 1),

Magnitude
of 1 & 2nd
term are
same

Only term
contribute
 Near-Field (kr <<1) Region, r<</2

Er, E are in
phase(j) but
quadrature with
H

Similar to static electric dipole static current

Equation
 Since E field & H field orthogonal average
power density =0
Intermediate-Field (kr > 1)
Region
Er , E are out phase, E & H forms
time inphase(outward radiation)
Magnitude of 1 st ans 2nd term not equal
forms eclipse (cross field)
 Total Electric field

Magnitude
Far-Field (kr>>1) Region
Er<<E, since Er r2

Field Equations
 E & H field are perpendicular each other
This relationship is applicable in the far-field
region of all antennas of finite dimensions.
Directivity

Average Power Density

Radiation intensity

Max intensity At
Radiation Pattern
 Directivity

Maximum Effective Aperture

Summary(infinitesimal dipole)
Problems
2.
If dipole Antenna placed on y axis
Revisited: current distribution
Current(Io) linear dipole

Io
D
ire
cti
on

If l < , the phase of the

current standing wave
pattern in each arm is the
same throughout its
length
 significant
interference
and cancelling
Since effects when
sin(kl/2)~=k l>
l/2 for small
kl
 Current distribution /2 Antenna at
diff Times T

Fig (a)* Cost