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Arne R. Gravdahl
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010
Chennai, India
Content
• WindSim AS
• Conclusions
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Company Overview
• Established in 1993
• Business areas
• Software solutions, consulting services and training
• Wind farm simulation and wind energy assessment
• Onshore and offshore
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai WindSim office in Tønsberg, Norway.
WindSim – Your global partner
WindSim office
Reseller Partner
office
Our vision:
Make CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) the new industry
standard for the design and optimization of wind farms.
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
WindSim AS – Market position
180
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Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA 28 universities
23 August 2010, Chennai
WindSim – Wind Farm Design Tool
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
Download a free evaluation copy at www.windsim.com
23 August 2010, Chennai
Micro-siting in the past – 10 years back
Advances in micro-siting All flow parameters like speed, shear, inflow angle and turbulence
WindSim AS
should be determined over the swept turbine area, as they all affect
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai lifetime and production
What is the challenge? – a non-linear problem
• Terrain
• Inclinations
• Roughness
• Vegetation, forest
• Local wind climate
• Dominant directions, turbulence, stability
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
What is the challenge? – an example
• Cliff
• Forest
• Large scale, inlet condition simulation measurement
• Large scale, stratification
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
Which of these sources are responsible for the discrepancies?
23 August 2010, Chennai
One step further – CFD
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Is this a simple site?
3
Cosine hill, height 200 meters, maximum inclination angle 40°
The position at hill top 1 normally gives the highest AEP, but not
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS always. Let’s examine some cases where the non-linear relation
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
between terrain, roughness and local climate gives other results
Position 1 – Hill top
Elevation Climate Wind resources
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS Gravdahl A.R., Rorgemoen S., Thogersen M., “Power prediction and siting - When the terrain gets
IWTMA
rough”, The World Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition, Berlin, 2002.
23 August 2010, Chennai
The shape of the wind profiles
3
Cosine hill, height 200 meters, maximum inclination angle 40°
Negative shear profile over hill top, logarithmic profile over flat area
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Ridge – Negative shear
Wind field from sector 6 (150 degrees), isosurface showing the highest
wind speeds below hub height
The highest mean wind speed is found along the ridge but near
the ground. No reasons for high steel towers. Except maybe for
the loading as the shear, inflow angle and turbulence intensity
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS will be reduced with height. Positioning on the hill top needs
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai careful considerations.
Stratification – Around or above?
Heavy air moves around the hill while lighter air passes above
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Stratification of the atmosphere
Stable
Neutral
Unstable
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Simulation for a cosine hill
Neutral Stable
V
y y
z x z x
U
x x
In situations with thermal driven wind fields, again the
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS positioning on the hill top might not be the optimum.
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Remote Sensing Correction Tool
Elevation
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai Vertical Wind Speed
Improved wake modeling - Actuator disc
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Horns Rev – Validation
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Bolund validation
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
Horizontal grid used for the Bolund simulations
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23 August 2010, Chennai
Bolund validation – Results
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23 August 2010, Chennai
Bolund validation – Top ten
Top 10 ListID Turb.model Error [%] Error 5m [%]
Best results are obtained with RANS k-epsilon models. The errors at 5
meters height is in the order of 5-6% for the best models.
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Bolund validation – WindSim results
Normalized wind speed at 5 meters height with wind direction from 239
degrees for the Bolund experiment. Measurements are given by black boxes,
solid pink line is the WindSim results, while the other lines are results from
Advances in micro-siting
other methods.
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Conclusions
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai
Thank you
Advances in micro-siting
WindSim AS
IWTMA
23 August 2010, Chennai