P2-3 GEOLOGI STRUKTUR Tektonik Lempeng & Orogenesa PDF

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Geologi Struktur
(Tektonik Lempeng & Orogenesa)
Oleh :
Irvani
Referensi :
Van Der Pluijm, B. A. and Marshak, S. 2004. Earth Structure. 2nd Edition. W. W.
Norton & Company, Inc., USA.
Rowland, S.M., Duebendorfer, E.M. and Schiefelbein, I.M. 2007. Structural Analysis
and Synthesis : A Laboratory Course in Structural Geology. 3th Edition. Blacwell
Publishing Ltd. Voctoria, Australia.
Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., 1987. Glossary Geology. 3th Edition. American
Geological Institute Elexandria, Virginia.
Davis, G.H. 1984. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Ragan, D.M. 2009. Structural Geology : An Introduction to Geometrical Techniques.
4th Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Twiss R.J. And Moores, E.M. 2007. Structural Geology. 2nd Edition. W.H. Freeman
and Company, USA.
Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 1983. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology :
Strain Analysis. Vol. 1. Academic Press, Inc., London.
Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 1987. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology : Fold
and Fractures. Vol. 2. Academic Press, Inc., London.
Ramsey J. and Huber, M. 2000. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology :
Applications of Continuum Mechanics in Structural Geology. Vol. 3. Elsevier
Academic Press, Inc., California.
Cox, A. and Hart, R.B. 1986. Plate Tectonics : How It Works. Blacwell Scienific
Publications, Inc., California.
Trouw, R.A.J. and Passchier, C.W. 1996. Microtectonics. Springer Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg, Germany.
DLL.
1
Pokok Bahasan :
I Pendahuluan (P.1) V Identifikasi Struk. Geologi (P.10-11)
a. Pengukuran dan analisis
struktur geologi
II Tektonika & Orogenesa (P.2-3)
a. Tektonik lempeng b. Analisis geofisika struktur
b. Orogenesa geologi
III Gaya, Tegasan, Strain & VI Aplikasi Struk. Geologi (P.12-13)

Deformasi (P.4-5) a. Mineralisasi
a. Gaya & Tegasan b. Migas
b. Strain & Deformasi
c. Kebencanaan geologi
IV Struktur Geologi (P.6-9)
a. Unsur struktur VII Geologi Struk. Indonesia (P.14)
b. Lipatan a. Umum
c. Kekar b. Sumatra&Jawa
d. Sesar c. Bangka Belitung
Definisi
Tektonika ???
- TECTONICS: Involving force in formation of
structural geology
- SRUCTURAL GEOLOGY: the branch of geology
that deals with the form, arrangement, and internal
structure of the rocks, and especially with
description, representation, and analysis of
structures, chiefly on moderate to small scale. The
subject is similar to tectonics, but the latter is
generally used for the broader regional or historical
phases (Bates & Jackson, 1987).
2
Pembentukan Bumi & Semesta

Big Bang dan Teori Nebula (Geologi modern)
Scenario begins about 13.7 billion years ago with the Big Bang.
The debris from this explosion (almost hydrogen and helium),
began to cool and condense into the first stars and galaxies.
Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)
Chemical Subdivision of Earth
Crust
Mantle
Core
3
Struktur Bumi
Subsystems of Earth :
The atmosphere,
hydrosphere,
biosphere, lithosphere,
mantle, and core.
Monroe & Wicander (2009)
.....Struktur Bumi
Interactions Among Earths
Principal Subsystems
4
Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Earths interior is
divided into three
different layers based
on compositional
differencesthe crust,
mantle, and core.
....Struktur Tubuh Bumi
Schmince (2004)
5
.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi
Earths interior based on physical propertiesthe

lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outer core,
and inner core.
.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi
The rigid lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle; it

forms the plates. The ductile asthenosphere acts as a lubricating
layer beneath the lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere averages 70
kilometers thick; continental lithosphere varies from 125 to 250
kilometers thick.
Carlson et al. (2011)
6
..... Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Estimated (A) temperature and
(B) pressure with depth into Earth
Geofisika Struktur Bumi
The P-wave shadow zone, caused The S-wave shadow zone. Because
by refraction of P waves within the no S waves pass through the core, the
Earths core. core is apparently a liquid (or acts like
a liquid).
7
....... Geofisika Struktur Bumi
The velocity of seismic P and S waves generally increases with depth

except in the low-velocity zone. The plastic asthenosphere slows down
seismic waves. Velocity increases at 400 and 670 kilometers may be
caused by mineral collapse.
.....Geofisika Struktur Bumi

Characteristics of Oceanic Crust
and Continental Crust
8
Struktur Kulit Bumi

Earths Crust
ocean ocean
shelf Continental crust (SIAL)
slope
Oceanic crust (SIMA)
Durant (?) - Slide
........ Struktur Kulit Bumi

Idealized cross section of a continent
Platform: mostly flat
(undeformed)
Orogenic belt Phanerozoic rocks (0-540 ma)
(mountains): deformed,
folded and faulted, Shield: Oldest
rocks (Precambrian) Orogenic belt
rocks exposed
shield+ platform= craton
Durant (?) - Slide
9
.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Profiles of seafloor topography
The vertical scales differ from the horizontal scales, causing vertical
exaggeration, which makes slopes appear steeper than they really are.
.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Continental shelf and continental slope
The continental shelf lies upon

continental crust, and the
(A) Vertical exaggeration 25 times.
The continental slope has an actual continental rise lies upon oceanic
slope of only 4 or 5 degrees, but the crust.
great vertical exaggeration
of this drawing about 60.
10
Continental Drift Concept (Old Idea)

Alfred Wegener (German meteorologist, 1910 1930)
published his theory of continental drift.
- Observations were supported by geographic fit, fossil
evidence, and geologic patterns across the Atlantic.
- The continents were composed of lighter, less dense
materials (sial - silicon and aluminum). The continents
drifted across the denser material of the Earths mantle
and the ocean floor (sima - silicon and magnesium).
- The driving forces behind continental drift were derived
from known forces such as the rotation of the Earth,
precession (a small conical rotation) of the Earths axis, or
tidal friction.
Frisch et all. (2011)
...... Continental Drift

Reconstruction of the
supercontinent Pangaea (After
Wegener, 1915). The diverse
geological and climatological
data from different continents
fit like a jig-saw puzzle
on this reconstruction.
Panthalassa was the giant
ocean that stood opposite
to Pangaea.
11
Pangaea breakup and continental drift
Carlson et all. (2009)
Distribution of plant and animal fossils that are found on the

continents of South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, and
Australia give evidence for the southern supercontinent of
Gondwana. Carlson et all. (2009)
12
The Plate Tectonic Concept

Both continental and oceanic crust, move on
top of ductile mantle.
The lithosphere (Greek shell of rock) ranges in

thickness from 70 to 150 km or more, thicker below
the continents, thinner below the oceans.
The asthenosphere behaves in ductile fashion and

locally contains pockets of molten rock.
..... Plate Tectonic

- Plate tectonics remains the first and only global
geodynamic theory which orchestrates all known tectonic
phenomena including earthquake zones, mountain
building, structural patterns, nature of sedimentary basins,
magmatism, and metamorphism plate tectonics is an
elegant and comprehensive synthesis of Earths
geodynamics.
- The theory of plate tectonics is that it is based on the
tectonics of present Planet Earth (e. g., Hess, 1962; Vine
and Matthews, 1963; Wilson, 1965; Isacks et al., 1968;
LePichon, 1968; Morgan, 1968; McKenzie and Morgan,
1969; Dewey and Bird, 1970).
13
The major plates of the world.
Carlson et all. (2009)
Nearly all of the presently existing plates contain areas with

both continental and oceanic crust.
14
The present plate configurations and plate motions on Earth;
Three types of plate boundaries: convergent,

divergent, and transform.
15
Block diagrams
showing the three
types of plate
boundaries.
Block diagrams of the outer shells of the Earth

(Plate boundaries : passive continental margins)
16
......Passive Continental Margin
A contour current flowing along the continental margin shapes

the continental rise by depositing fine sediment. Coarse layers
within the continental rise were deposited by turbidity currents
flowing down the continental slope.
Block diagrams of the outer shells of the Earth

(Plate boundaries : active continental margins)
17
......Active continental margin
mid-oceanic ridge (MOR)
(A) Hydrothermal circulation of seawater

at ridge crest creates hot springs and
metallic deposits in rift valley.
(B) Black smoker or submarine hot

spring on the crest of the mid-oceanic
ridge in the Pacific Ocean
18
....... mid-oceanic ridge

fast-spreading: magma enters a large magma chamber in
crust;broad bulge exists at ridge
slow-spreading: magma chamber freezes between pulses of
spreading; axial rift valley occurs
from: http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270
Seamounts
(A) Seamounts are conical mountains on the sea floor,

(B) The flat summit of a guyot was probably eroded by
waves when the top of a seamount was above sea level.
(C) The present depth of a guyot is due to subsidence.
19
Mekanisme Pergerakan Lempeng
Goldfinger, Koppers, Winter (2010) : Plate Tectonics-Slide
..... Mekanisme Pergerakan Lempeng
20
21
22
Tectonics (Materi Tambahan)
Reichard (2011) : Environmental Geology
...... Tectonics
Thermal Convection
23
Convergent Plate Margins
Convergent plate margins of the Earth characterized by ensimatic

island arcs (underlain by oceanic crust), ensialic island arcs
(underlain by continental crust), and active continental margins.
...... Convergent Plate Margins
Examples of different types of plate margins with subduction zones.

24
Examples of different types of plate margins with subduction zones.

Structure of a plate margin system with subduction zone and

ensialic island arc.
25

The accretionary wedge of the Sunda Arc
Transform Faults
26
.... Transform Faults

Geometry of transform faults
at a mid-ocean ridge
.... Transform Faults
Map showing major fracture zones and transform

faults in the East Pacifi c and Central Atlantic.
27
Hot Spots
..... Hot Spots
Model for the evolution of a mantle plume based on

experiments with glucose syrup (Griffi ths and Campbell, 1990).
28
Mid-ocean ridges
...... Mid-ocean ridges
Mid-ocean ridges with moderate to fast (left; harzburgite or Oman type) and slow (right; lherzolite or Trinity type) spreading rates
(Boudier and Nicolas, 1985). The diagnostic features of slow spreading are presence of the central graben, the thin layer of
gabbro as a result of the small magma chamber, and the mostly lherzolitic mantle below the Moho due to the low amount of
basaltic melt extraction.
29
...... Mid-ocean ridges
Map showing distribution of ages of oceanic crust. The oldest oceanic crust is of Jurassic age and is located in
the NW Pacifi c (ca. 185 Ma) and near the edges of the Central Atlantic (ca. 175 Ma). Small fragments of older
oceanic crust are captured between continental blocks in the Mediterranean Sea..
Triple Junction
RRR triple junction
Map of RRR triple junction between African (Af), Indo-Australian (In), and
Antarctic (An) plates in the Indian Ocean. The vectorial diagram describes
the different spreading rates and directions.
30
...... Triple Junction

RTF triple junctions
Map of plate tectonic setting along the western coast of North America
showing two RTF triple junctions. Both triple junction situations are in
accordance with that of Fig. 2.9c. Motion velocities in cm/yr.
Continental Graben Structures
31
...... Continental Graben Structures
Main characteristics of active and passive graben systems (Condie, 1997)
.... Continental
Graben
Structures
Map of the European graben system showing the relations between the
Rhone Graben, Bresse Graben, Upper Rhine Graben, and Lower Rhine
Embayment.
32
..... Continental Graben Structures
Map of the principle elements of the East African graben system.

Passive Continental
Margins and
Abyssal Plains
33
Passive Continental Margins and Abyssal Plains
A complete sedimentary cycle at a passive continental margin

(Einsele, 1992). A sequence is subdivided into several tracts
that are controlled by transgression and regression of the sea.
.... Passive Continental Margins and

Abyssal Plains
34
Terranes
Terranes (terrain), consists of a block of geology, usually bounded by fault
zones, that shows a geological evolution that contrasts with the geology of
neighboring crustal blocks (Jones et al., 1982; Schermer et al., 1984).
...... Terranes
Map and cross-section views illustrating terrane accretion
35
Orogenesa
Island-arc type
Schematic profiles illustrating the evolution of orogens as a

consequence of subduction and collision.
36
..... Island-arc type
..... Island-arc type
37
Andean type
Alpine style
38
..... Alpine style
Collision of two continents
39
Flysch sequence in the Eastern Alps (Rhenodanubian Flysch)

and molasse sequence in Tibet (Qiuwu Molasse.
Uplift, erosion, and elevation of mountains

Cross section showing eff ects of slab breakoff .
Breakoff of the subducted, dense oceanic lithosphere after collision is triggered by the
buoyancy of the lower-plate continental crust and the decelerating plate convergence (caused
by increasing frictional forces).
40
..... Uplift, erosion, and elevation of mountains
Effects of changes in thicknesses of continental crust and

lithospheric mantle with respect to surface elevation.

Tibetan Plateau with Himalayas
The Tibetan Plateau forms a fl at depression with limited relief, only

interrupted by individual mountain ranges (NW Tibet, photo taken on
ground at 5100 m). The Himalayas (below, aerial photgraph) achieved their
high relief due to the intense monsoonal precipitation (Cho Oyu, 8200 m, to
the right; Tibetan Plateau in the background).
41
Escape of crustal blocks in southeastern Asia

(Tapponnier et al., 1986). Frisch et all. (2011)
Terima Kasih
42

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Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

III Gaya, Tegasan, Strain & VI Aplikasi Struk. Geologi (P.12-13)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Pembentukan Bumi & Semesta

Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)

Chemical Subdivision of Earth

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Monroe & Wicander (2009)

Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa (2012)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

....Struktur Tubuh Bumi

.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Earths interior based on physical propertiesthe

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

.....Struktur Tubuh Bumi

The rigid lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle; it

..... Struktur Tubuh Bumi

Carlson et al. (2011)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Geofisika Struktur Bumi

Carlson et al. (2011)

....... Geofisika Struktur Bumi

The velocity of seismic P and S waves generally increases with depth

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

.....Geofisika Struktur Bumi

Carlson et al. (2011)

Struktur Kulit Bumi

Oceanic crust (SIMA)

Durant (?) - Slide

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

........ Struktur Kulit Bumi

shield+ platform= craton

Durant (?) - Slide

.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

Carlson et al. (2011)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

.......Struktur Kulit Bumi

The continental shelf lies upon

Continental Drift Concept (Old Idea)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

...... Continental Drift

Frisch et all. (2011)

Pangaea breakup and continental drift

Carlson et all. (2009)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Distribution of plant and animal fossils that are found on the

The Plate Tectonic Concept

The lithosphere (Greek shell of rock) ranges in

The asthenosphere behaves in ductile fashion and

Frisch et all. (2011)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

..... Plate Tectonic

The major plates of the world.

Carlson et all. (2009)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Nearly all of the presently existing plates contain areas with

The present plate configurations and plate motions on Earth;

Frisch et all. (2011)

Universitas Bangka Belitung Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan