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International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2015, 1(2),28-34
Research Article
Groundwater Quality Assessment of Different Wells in East Wollega Zone - Western
Ethiopia
Shayaq Ali1*, Muleta Ebissa1, Diriba A.Gurmu1, M. Vignesh Kumar2
1
Department of Earth Sciences, Wollega University, P. O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia
2
Department of Construction Technology and Management, Wollega University, P. O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia
*corresponding author, email: shayaqgeo@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: The geochemical compositions of the groundwater of different wells in east Wollega zone
bounded in 36o 30 to 36o 45 longitude and 9o 00 to 9o 15 latitude. This area was the exposure of volcanic
rocks that cover the dominant parts and the quaternary sediments. Rainfall and snow melt are source of
groundwater by percolating through the soil zone and unsaturated material chemically reacts with the gases,
minerals and organic compounds that occur naturally within subsurface. The chemical alteration of the
meteoric water depends on several factors such as interaction with solid phases, residence time of
groundwater, mixing of groundwater with pockets of saline water, and anthropogenic impacts. Broadly
speaking the intake of major and minor cations is related to solid water interaction. The physico- chemical
characteristic of groundwater water samples have been determined according to the standard methods of
APHA and identify the chemical composition of groundwater sample analysis and interpretation, like pH,
EC, Cl, HCO3, Hardness, F, NO3 TDS, SO4 Ca, Mg, Na, and K which are related to solid-water interaction.
This direct mixing between groundwater and outcrops are weathering and alterations of volcanic rocks and
quaternary sediments. A direct relationship between lithology and relative abundances of cations is easily
discernable in hard rock areas, in carbonate rock terrain Ca + Mg > Na + K, where as it is reserved in areas
with arenaceous and crystalline lithology. The chemical composition of groundwater varies in the study
areas, all analytical results are shown under the desirable and permissible limits of W.H.O. Standards in
drinking water standard. Over one third of the total deaths in the developing countries are caused by the
consumption of contaminated water.
Key Words: Unsaturated material, Groundwater Sample, Quality standard, Contamination and Nekemte.

1. Introduction plants and animals), anthropogenic influences and

Background Physico-chemical factors (temperature, pressure,
The research was conducted in East Wollega Zone chemical properties of elements, solubility of
which is bounded in 36o 30 to 36o 45 longitude and chemical compounds, pH, Eh, etc.). Based on the
9o 20 to 9o 15 latitude (Fig.1) for the major cations, the groundwater can be classified as
identifications of groundwater quality of different bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride types.
wells. To overcome the objective of this research Groundwater is precious resource for life and
the data of geology, hydrogeological formations, growth and development of country. Hence,
physico- chemical and bacteriological water reliance on the groundwater has increased greatly.
analysis, and characterize according to the given Accordingly, substantial increments in the
data and compared with the Ethiopian Standard and groundwater withdrawals have occurred in almost
W.H.O. [1], maximum allowable concentration every part of the country. One of most fundamental
values. The groundwater quality of Ethiopia is both condition for the growth and development of nation
anthropogenic-ally and naturally affected. In some is certainly to fulfill its urgent water needs hence;
cases, the chemistry of groundwater is controlled by along with this are demanded good scientific and
the quality of surface water due to hydraulic technical capabilities for the assessment and
connection [2]. This will be true in urban centers. substantial development of the country for water
The main quality controls are: Geomorphological resource potential and considering quality
and geographical conditions, Climate, Geology particularly the groundwater.
(geological structures, rock composition, 2. Physiographic and Vegetation
weathering, magmatic, geothermal activities, etc.), The weathering and fractured degree of the geology,
Biological factors (effects of micro-organisms, geomorphology, tectonics and climate of the

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 International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2015, 1(2), 28-34

regional setup have a great role on the groundwater
occurrence and quality. The variability of these
factors in the area strongly influences the quantity
and quality of the groundwater in different parts.
The geology of the area and the surrounding
provides usable groundwater and provides good
transmission of rainfall to recharge aquifers, which
produce springs and feed perennial rivers.
According [3] the study area comprises two major
physiographical landforms. These are highlands and
lowlands with different plateaus and basins. The
highest elevation ranges from 1500m to 3500m and
the lowland part with elevation ranges from 1000m
to 1500m. The total study area is highly vegetated
and the type and amount of vegetation cover
depends on the physiographic and climatic
condition. It is mainly covered by grass, bushes, and
large trees.

Figure:-1 Location map of Study Area

3. Climate and Drainage pattern
The main rainy seasons in this region are from June
to August during summer season and dry season
during October to January. The weather is cold
during the rainy season in the highland. According
to the annual rainfall mapping of the study area gets
annual rainfall ranging from 1500mm to 2200mm.
Study area is characterized by subtropical (Weina-
Dega) climatic zone and 15-200c mean annual
temperature. There are so many tributaries flowing
from upland to low lands. They are following a
dendritic pattern. Most of the streams were drained
from the center of the area to the surrounding
lowlands (Fig.2).

Figure -2: Drainage Pattern Map of the Study Area

4. Geology of the area
The area is composed of alluvium deposit (mainly
composed of the clay soil) at the most top part and
volcanic rocks particularly massive basalt, and
weathered and fractured basalt. The clay seems
developed from the insitu weathering of the
underlying basalt. At many sites it has reddish to
black color and variable thickness. The most
abundant and dominant volcanic rock unit which
composed of mostly basalt is fine grained, black to
grayish in color and strongly subjected to
weathering and varies degree of fracturing. The
occurrence of groundwater was directly related with
geological formations, geological structures,

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 International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2015, 1(2), 28-34
topographic variations, vegetations and climatic
conditions in this report. So in this section the details
of rock units and geological structures are
discussed. These exposures were discussed based
on their degree of weathering and fractures, colors,
Figure -: 3: Geological Map of the Study Area
4.1. Quaternary Sediments
These units were exposed throughout the area as
alluvial sediments and lacustrine deposits. At the
west and central part of the area was dominated by
weathered and fractured basalt as bedrock, the
sediments from this unit is fine grained and very
important for large size vegetations and multi
agricultural products. In this part the sediments are
dark gray color and slightly reddish at some
plateaus, as they exposed from mafic weathered and
fractured basalt. From the quarry site, road cut and
river cut the quaternary deposits ranges from 1m
50m in thickness.
4.2. Weathered and Fractured Basalt
This unit was covered the dominant part of the area
with different degree of weathered and fractured
density and distributions as discussed from drilled
wells. The central, western and some other parts of
the area were exposed by this unit. It is dark in color
when fresh sampled and with pink yellowish
weathered color. Compositionally, it is pyroxene,
olivine, quartz and some fragments with different
color. It is fine to medium grained and slightly
distributed and interconnected vesicular textures.
As it is observed and described from river cut,
quarry site, hillside and drilled wells it comprises
thick exposures ranging from 20m to 1000m. This
unit exposed with different landforms and it causes
for the existence of springs through fractures and
contacts between different rock units and
landforms. In this annually high rainfall causes the
development of weathering and alterations which
the main reasons for the existence of secondary
porosity and permeability, and great influence on
groundwater quality. In addition to serving as
Shayaq Ali et al.,
compositions, textures and grain size, related
landforms and their typical locations, including
related primary and secondary geological structures
(columnar joints, faults, and fractures) with their
alignments,[4] in fig.3.
aquifer this out crop is very important as raw
material for road constructions [4]. The study area
was deformed and characterized by different
landforms which are exposed with different trends
and elevations. Following the general trend of the
deformation which is northwest direction locally
there are various structures with different
orientations and other volcanic landforms. The
dominant geological structures exposed in the area
are joints, fault and fractures and other volcanic
structures such as; volcanic dome, columnar joints,
volcanic ridge, and etc, that increases the potential
of groundwater serving as conduit.
5. Hydrogeology
The main features important for groundwater
occurrence in crystalline rocks are weathered zones
(regolith) and fractured zones. The weathered layer,
also called regolith, developed on intact volcanic
and sedimentary rocks is an important source of
groundwater, for the rural and urban water supply in
studied area. Normally, the alluvium as well as the
volcanic rock units in the study area lacks primary
porosity which limit the capacity to preserve
groundwater. As a result, both rock units have low
permeability which inhabits movement of
groundwater, were insignificant units in the
research site. In volcanic rocks fractures, vesicles
and interflow sediments are main features for
groundwater occurrence. From these structures
fractures are dominant one in volcanic terrain for
groundwater in studied area. From the geological
data recorded during the many of the drilled
boreholes, the basalt which lacks primary porosity
has high secondary porosity due to intense
weathering and fracturing through which the
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 International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2015, 1(2), 28-34

rainfall percolates and mixing with the composition composition occurs before the analysis are made
of rock outcrops. So, it is a good aquifer in the area and due to probable seasonal variation in the water
and influences groundwater quality. The vesicular quality, in all, water samples from the 4 wells were
basalt has high primary and secondary porosity and collected for physicochemical analysis. The water
hence high permeability for groundwater movement samples were collected and stored in capacity clean
and reserve. It has high groundwater potential. plastic bottles [9] and before collection the bottles
Springs are an important source of hydrologic was carefully washed. In order to avoid any
information. They occur because hydraulic head in impurity, the wells were duly pumped so that the
the aquifer system intersects the land surface. By stagnant water is completely removed from site
paying attention to their distribution, flow within well assembly. The water samples have been
characteristics, and water qualities, much valuable determined for the major constituents as per the
information can be derived without drilling a single methods prescribed (table-1) analysis of water
well. Impervious Rock Springs (fracture springs) samples for their major and few trace elements
are recorded in the area from gentle slope of determined its quality for drinking purposes.
Nekemte highland. They are found in massive 7. Water quality analysis
basalt which is highly fractured and jointed, the The physico- chemical characteristic of water
water movement through fractures and springs from samples have been determined according to the
where these fractures intersect the land surface at standard methods of [5].The concentration of
low elevations. Due to the differences in calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, chloride and
mineralogy, texture and structure of volcanic rocks total hardness determined by titri-metric method.
water bearing quality and potential also varies. Calcium and magnesium determined by EDTA
Groundwater quality in the volcanic rocks depends titration, for HCO3, Hcl titration to a methyl orange
on the variety of rock formations as discussed in the point. Chloride also determined by titration with
next section. AgNo3 solution. Flame emission photometry used
6. Materials and Methods for the determination of sodium and potassium. In
The aim of the sampling is to collect a portion of this method water sample of the light emitted by a
material small enough in volume to be transported particular spectral line measured with the help of
conveniently and handled in the laboratory while photoelectric cell and a galvanometer. Sulphate
still accurately representing the material to be analyzed by gravimetric method. The concentration
sampled, [4]. The samples, however, have to be of nitrate and fluoride determine with the help of
handled in such a way that no significant change in double beam U.V. spectrophotometer.
Table: 1 Selected Physico chemical and bacteriological water analysis results.
Source sample Well Well Well Well Ethiopian
WHO maximum
Location Gidami Gulfa Shabo 2nd Kejo Standard
allowable
(mg/l)concentration
(mg/l)
T.D.S. (mg/l) 260.00 200.00 310.00 160.00 1000.00 1000.00
(E.C) us/cm 442.00 332.00 501.00 252.00 - -
pH 6.95 7.11 6.20 6.00 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5
Sodium(mg/l Na) 12.00 47.00 20.50 7.10 200.00 200.00
Potassium (mg/l K) 3.80 6.00 4.30 2.40 15 12
Total hardness (mg/l caco3) 216.00 89.30 230.00 126.00 300.00 500.00
Calcium (mg/l Ca) 41.60 15.20 56.00 29.60 75.00 200.00
Magnesium (mg/l Mg) 26.88 12.31 21.60 12.48 50.00 150.00
Iron (mg/l Fe) 0.09 0.11 0.75 0.25 0.3 0.3
Manganese (mg/l Mn) 0.14 0.08 0.44 Trace 0.5 0.1
Fluoride (mg/l F) 0.54 0.54 0.53 0.50 - 1.5
Chloride (mg/l Cl) 8.19 1.82 4.55 2.73 250.00 250.00
Nitrate (mg/l NO3) 0.35 0.39 0.60 0.52 - 45.00
Carbonate (mg/l CO3) Nil Nil Nil Nil - -
Bicarbonate (mg/l HCO3) 287.92 224.48 305.00 163.48 - -
Sulphate (mg/l SO4) 9.42 1.55 36.01 17.51 250.00 400.00
Source: Water Mineral Energy Department, East Wollega zone, Nekemte Ethiopia [8, 9]
8. Results and Discussion reciprocals of their weight measured in milligrams
8.1. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) per liter of water. When electrolyzed, the water is
The pH value of water indicates that the hydrogen dissociated into two types of ions, i.e. positively
ion concentration in water and is logarithm of charged hydrogen ion (H+) and negatively charged

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 International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2015, 1(2), 28-34
hydroxyl ions (OH) causing acidity and alkalinity,
respectively. It is claimed that at high pH levels,
drinking water acquires a bitter taste and color
intensity in a given water sample is increased by
raising the pH. The pH value of acidic water varies
from 0 to 7 and that of alkaline water between 7 and
14, while natural water has a pH value of 7.0. The
fresh water has a pH dependent, occurring over the
range 5.5 8.2, with an optimum pH of about 6.5.In
all regions of the study area pH values are neutral
conditions.
8.2. Electrical Conductance (EC)
EC is a function of ionic concentrations and can be
used for a quick assessment of dissolved substances
in water. The importance of EC is its measure of
salinity, which greatly affects the taste and thus has
a significant importance on the users acceptance of
water as potable. It varies between 252 to 501 us/cm
at 25oC in the study area. Electrical conductance of
the water indicates that the groundwater is not
highly mineralized and has a low content of
dissolved salts in the study area.
8.3. Chloride (Cl)
Cl is one of the major inorganic anion in water, and
it is present in all potable water supplies and in
sewage. High Cl in water give an undesirable taste
to water and beverages and large amount may act
corrosively and metal pipes and may be harmful to
plant life. Chlorides in drinking water generally not
harmful to human being until a high concentration
is reached, although the chlorides may be injurious
some people suffering from disease of heart and
kidney. The chloride concentration in the study area
is less than W.H.O. [1], permissible limits and is
varies between 1.82 to 8.19 mg/l.(table1). The
concentration of chloride corresponds with the E.C.
value of groundwater is low with low EC value in
the study area. A low concentration of chloride
gives not salty taste to water.
8.4. Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Bicarbonates and carbonates are the most common
causes of alkalinity in natural water. The
bicarbonate content in groundwater depends upon
the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the soils
and represents the major form since they are formed
in considerable amount for the action of carbonates
upon basic materials in soils.
CO2 +H2O H + HCO3
CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O Ca++ + 2HCO3
The main source of bicarbonate in groundwater
include carbon dioxide in the soil, leaching from
carbonaceous rock, carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere and carbon dioxide released due to
bacterial oxidation of organic matter. Carbonates
Shayaq Ali et al.,
are generally absent in shallow groundwater
whereas bicarbonates range between 163.48 to
305.00 mg/l. in parts of the study area.
8.5. Hardness
Water hardness is the traditional measure of a
capacity of water to react with soap, hard water
requiring a considerable amount of soap to water
hardness is caused by dissolved solvent metallic
ions. The fresh water, the principal hardness causing
ions is calcium and magnesium, the ions strontium,
iron, barium, and manganese also contribute. The
value of total hardness in the ranges from 89.30 to
230 mg/l. hence groundwater in part of study area is
slightly hard to moderately hard. The value of total
hardness is marked under the desirable limit of
W.H.O. [1] in the study area.
8.6. Fluoride (F)
The nation environment pollution due to fluoride
(F) in groundwater is a matter of a great concern. As
it possess serious consequences on human health.
There is no wide variation of fluoride content in the
study area, ranges between 0.50 to 0.54 mg/l. The
whole study area is showing under the permissible
limits of W.H.O. [1], drinking water standard.
8.7. Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrates are widely present in substantial quantities
in soil, in most waters, and in plants, including
vegetables. Nitrates are products of oxidation of
organic nitrogen by the bacteria present in soils and
in water where sufficient oxygen is present. Nitrate
contamination, often associated with agricultural
activities, is a major problem in some shallow
aquifer and is increasingly becoming a threat to
groundwater supply. The nitrate content in
groundwater in the study area varies from 0.35 to 60
mg/l. It is observed that all wells are having under
the permissible limits of W.H.O. [1], drinking water
standard, indicating no groundwater pollution. The
higher nitrate concentration may be attributed due
to combined effects of contamination from
domestic sewage and runoff from fertilized fields.
High level of nitrate has been responsible for cases
of infantile methaemoglobinaemia and death.
8.8. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
The TDS content of the groundwater are controlled
by the chemical characters of groundwater and its
ionic saturation status. The principal ions
contributions to TDS are carbonate, bicarbonate,
chloride, sulphate, nitrate, sodium, potassium,
calcium and magnesium. The dissolution of solids
in groundwater depends on their distribution and
solubility, porosity and permeability of the rock, sub
soil water and its flow path. The TDS content of the
groundwater may increase at places where the
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 International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2015, 1(2), 28-34
chemical equilibrium has not attained between
water and deposited salts. [8] have rated the
palatability of drinking water according to the TDS
level thus, excellent less than 300mg/l, good
between 300 mg/l and 600mg/l, fair between
600mg/l to 900mg/l, poor between 900mg/l to
1200mg/l and unacceptable greater than 1200mg/l.
The value of TDS in the study area ranges from
160mg/l to 310mg/l. The permissible limit of TDS
is 1000mg/l, as per W.H.O. [1]. the value of TDS has
been observed under the permissible limit,
according to [6], the TDS level in excellent to good
manner in all wells. Water with high concentration
of TDS has laxative effect on people in the study
area.
8.9. Sulphate (SO4)
Sulphate appears in natural water in a wide range of
concentrations and has no characteristic action on
the soil other than increasing its salinity. The chief
sources of sulphate in groundwater are sulphate
minerals in sedimentary rocks, oxidation of
sulphides from igneous rocks, addition of soil
amendments such as gypsum, pyrites, fertilizers and
rain water. In groundwater, sulphate generally
occurs as soluble salts of calcium, magnesium and
sodium. The analytical results of sulphate show
concentration between 1.55mg/l to 36.05mg/l. in the
study area. The concentration limit of sulphate in
W.H.O [1], has prescribed highest desirable limits of
200mg/l and maximum permissible limit of
400mg/l in drinking water. High concentration of
sulphates in association with sodium or magnesium
in the drinking water may give gastrointestinal
irritation.
8.10. Calcium (Ca)
The calcium is one of the most important cations
present in the groundwater. The main source of the
calcium in groundwater are rainwater, leaching
from fertilizers, soil, weathering of calcium, silicate
minerals and use of surface water for irrigation, the
dissolved CO2 control the calcium ions. The
analytical results of sulphate show concentration
between 15.20mg/l to 56.00mg/l in the study area.
The highest desirable limit of calcium in drinking
water is 75mg/l and a maximum permissible limit is
200mg/l W.H.O. [1], in drinking water. The value of
the calcium ranges under the desirable limit of
W.H.O [1], in the study area. High content is also
harmful for kidney and bladder stones.
8.11. Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium is a common and moderately toxic
element and Mg is one of the most important
contributors to the hardness of water, the
concentration of magnesium in groundwater is less
Shayaq Ali et al.,
than Ca. The analytical results of magnesium show
concentration between 12.31mg/l to 26.88mg/l. in
the study area. The value of W.H.O [1], has
prescribed highest desirable limits of 50mg/l and
maximum permissible limit of 150mg/l in drinking
water. The main sources of mg are rainwater,
weathering of mg, silicate mineral. Magnesium
deficiency is associated with structural functional
changes which may cause severe diarrhea, chronic
renal failure and caloric malnutrition.
8.12- Sodium (Na)
Sodium chloride is also used in the production of
caustic soda, chlorine and many industrial
chemicals. Significant quantities are used in the
food processing, slaughtering and meat packing,
dairy, fishing, grain and brewing industries, [7]. The
concentration ranges between 7.10mg/l to
47.00mg/l. in the study area. The value of sodium
W.H.O [1], has prescribed highest permissible limit
of 200mg/l in drinking water. The concentration of
sodium is observed under the permissible limit of
W.H.O. in the study area in all the wells. Sodium is
an essential element for human body, its higher
content in drinking water may be harmful to a
person suffering from cardio and renal diseases
pertaining to circulatory system.
8.13. Potassium (K)
Potassium is less common cations in the
groundwater. Potassium salts are of the therapeutic
value in the treatment of familiar periodic paralysis
while no desirable or excessive limit for potassium
have been set, though 10 mg/l 12 mg/l based on
European Economic Community standard and
12mg/l of W.H.O. [1], the maximum permissible
limit of potassium is 12 mg/l, the potassium ranges
from 2.40mg/l to 6.0 mg/l in the study area.
9. Conclusions
Groundwater is widely used for irrigation and
domestic water need of the study area.
Groundwater in the study area occurs in the
weathered, fractured, jointed, vesicles, rocks.
Groundwater mainly develops by dug wells.
Thus geological structures play a major role in
groundwater quality in the study area.
The trend in the quality of groundwater is
based on the chemical analysis data of water
samples collected from different wells of the
study area.
It reveals that the groundwater quality has to
improve all the study area because most of the
wells have under the desirable limits of W.H.O
[1]
and Ethiopian Drinking water standards.
There have not been many changes at all the
wells in the study area.
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 International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2015, 1(2), 28-34
It has generally been observed that in the all
sample under the permissible limit but also
under the desirable limits.
In all regions of the study area pH values are
neutral conditions.
The groundwater in part of study area is
slightly hard to moderately hard.
The concentration of chloride corresponds
with the E.C. value of groundwater is low with
low EC value in the study area.
Magnesium deficiency is associated with
structural functional changes in the study area,
which may cause severe diarrhea, chronic
renal failure and caloric malnutrition.
In general all the major elements is under the
desirable limits or below the required levels.
According to W.H.O. standards the
concentration in groundwater is not up to
drinking standards for the human life in study
area.
10. Recommendations:
o Some required minerals are under the desirable
limits but for human life the need of these
minerals are not meeting in the permissible
limits, hence the concentration of the minerals
should be added up to permissible limits as per
W.H.O standards for the human health.
o The essential minerals are should be added to
the desirable limits in the ground water to
improve the quality for the drinking purpose.
o The national and international agencies can help
the improvement the ground water quality of the
study area.
11. Acknowledgement
Authors wish to thanks to officers, Water, Mineral
and Energy Resources Department, East Wollega
zone Nekemte for their cooperation in providing
data to publish the research work. Thanks are also
extended to Academic vice president, Wollega
University for the administrative support and help
rendered during the research work.
Shayaq Ali et al.,
12. References
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first addendum to third edition, Vol. 1,
Recommendation, World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 78-83, 2003.
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3. Solomon and Mulugeta physiographic
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4. Mengesha Tefera, Tadiwos Chernet and
Workneh, Haro. Explanation to geological map
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6. Killin, A.F. Salt Canadian minerals year book,
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