Drinking Water ITC Students PC

04/12/2017
Drinking water
Water
Treatment
Processes
Beat DELANGHE Institute of Technology of Cambodia
-December 2017-
Dr.Beat DELANGHE
PhD thesis on Water Treatment, Universit de Pau et des Pays de lAdour (France)
Electrochemical removal of metal ions
Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)

Pre-oxidation of surface waters (organo-chlorine & THM production)
CIRSEE Lyonnaise des Eaux Suez, Paris (France)

Nitrate removal from brines of regeneration of ion exchange resins
Yamanashi University (Japan)

Nitrate removal in drinking water through UF Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
Ecole des Mines dAls (France)

Combination of 2 processes : UF Membrane & Activated Carbon Felts
Universit de Pau et des Pays de lAdour, Anglet (France)

Development of formations (license or masters degree) in the field of water treatment
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Drinking Water Treatment Processes

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Institute of Technology of Cambodia
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The Context of the Water in Cambodia

Drinking water / Quality of the resource in water/ wastewater treatment
. In Cambodia : rather large water resources but very different qualities
in the time (regime of monsoon, flood leads to epidemics)
in the space : rural and urban areas
. Main problems linked with
- Hydric diseases propagated
by insects (mosquitoes), parasite
by bacteria and viruses
- Chronic physico-chemical pollutions: As in the Mekong River .
- wastewater discharge in the environment
. 80 % of waste water rejected without any treatment;
. discharge in rice fields, banana plantations, puddles, stream
and other natural resources which can be used for the
production of drinking water
. Decades of conflict marked deeply the infrastructures of the country
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The drinking water problem is a big deal in Cambodia

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In spite of the difficult context, Cambodia had to react

In general
. Insufficient wastewater collection and treatment
. Poor water quality of the resource used for drinking water purposes
. Insufficient access to safe drinking water for the population
Public Health problems
Cambodia is concerned
- Mortality of the children of less than 1 year : 10 %
- 1 child out of 5 does not reach the age of 5
Major challenges for Cambodia

for the next decades :
- Decrease Hydric deseases
- Give access to
a safe drinking water

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Drinking Water in Cambodia

Cambodia reacted early, since the 90s with an ambitious politics(policy) of
the water, in the field
. Wastewater collection and treatment
. Production of drinking water
. Distribution (network) of drinking water
Huge investments have been carried out in order to
decrease the occurrence of hydric and waterborne deseases

decrease the costs of Public Health
The situation is now much better Cambodia is on the right way

. Increase in the access to safe drinking water for the families
. Decrease the cost of drinking water
. Building sewers and sewage treatment plants
. Building drinking water treatment plants and networks
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Drinking Water in Cambodia

Access to the drinking water
The politics of the water of Cambodia are shown to be exemplary
. 35 to 40 % of Cambodians receive their water of improved sources:

new rural wells, upgraded water supply networks
. However the situation is very contrasted between rural and urban areas
. 15 million inhabitants in Cambodia, rural population in 80 %
Many was made, many remain to make.

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Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Cambodia

Access to the drinking water in rural areas
. 70 to 80 % of families still drink the water of puddles or rivers having boiled it, or
still the rainwater according to the season.
Associations such as Espoir en Soie (Silk Hope) or 1001 Fountains (Teuk Saat)
promote the access of drinking water in rural areas.
Espoir en Soie . initially promoted the drilling of wells

and the building of reservoirs or tanks for drinking water
. give the chance to about 66 000 families
(district of Banteay Chhmar)
to filter their raw water through ceramic filters
to remove protozoa, bacteria,
suspended solids and colloids
microfiltration process to be explained later in the course.

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1001 fountains Teuk Saat small drinking water plants to treat pond waters
The water is fully conform with the WHO guidelines for drinking water
The association trains an entrepreneur to run the water treatment plant
The entrepreneur produce drinking water packaged in
carboys of 20L reusable 2 to 3 days of consumption for an average family
The goal is double :

to favor the self-sufficiency
in drinking water at a very low price
to favor the local entrepreneurship :
the contractor sell water
The contractor can manage the plant just like a business.
About sixty production sites - forty employees

. 1st platform Teuk Saat: Battambang
(NO. of the Cambodia)
. 2nd platform Teuk Saat: Phnom Penh
(rural areas SE of the Cambodia)
- 100 000 customers
- Water offered to approximately 55 000 children in schools
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Units of treatment:
Intake of Surface water / Coagulation / Settler / Sand filter / Activated Carbon

/ Microfiltration / UV disinfection fed by photovoltac panels
processes to be explained later in the course.

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Drinking Water in Urban Areas of Cambodia

. About 50 % of the urban population has access to the drinking water
The case of Phnom Penh
. 1.6 million inhabitants

. 80 to 86 % of the population of PP has access to the drinking water
. the water supply is managed by the Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority
(PPWSA) --> huge works and investments since the 90s.
. Drinking water networks in PP represent an exemplary structure in Asia

(rate of leak as low as 6 to 8 % - 70 % in the early 90s)
. Efforts on the networks of collection of wastewater :

Huge investments for sewer and sewage treatment, too.

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1993: 20 to 25 % of the inhabitants

had access in drinkable tap water
70 % of loss of water
Today: 86 % of the inhabitants have

access to drinkable water
price decreased thanks to the

development of the network of
6 % of loss of water
. The population grows of 2.8 % a year

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. Water Treatment Plants

- Phum Prek (150 000 m3 / day)
- Niroth 1 ( 130 000 m3 / day ) and Niroth 2 ( 560 000 m3 / day )
- Chroy Changva (130 000 m3 / day)
- Chamkar Mon (20 000 m3 / day)

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Niroth 2 Drinking Water Treatment Plant
560 000 m3/day for 331 000 inhabitants

50 % of the drinking water demand of Phnom Penh

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Niroth 2 Drinking Water Treatment Plant

. Intake of water in the Mekong Pumping
. 4 rooms of coagulation + 12 rooms of floculation
. 12 lamelar decanters
. 12 sand filters
. Chlorination
. Storage (23 000 m3)
+ WTP with completely automated piloting
+ pump at variable speed

to adapt itself to the request
Optimized energy consumption

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Access to the drinking water in Phnom Penh

But
. only half of the inhabitants of Large Phnom Penh drinks directly tap water .
The others drink water from tanks stored above buildings (nests with
germs)
. The distribution networks do not always reach suburbs
. Costs of transport increase the price of the water : a good business for private
transport companies of water... not for the population !
Many was made, many remain to make.
2005-2020 Master Plan of PPWSA
. Spread the drinkable water distribution system to the suburb of Phnom Penh
. Projects of WTP : Takhmao (30 000 m3/day in 2030)- 11 km from Phnom Penh
. About 600 000 m3/ day today to more than the double by 2025

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Whether it is in rural or urban area,
many was made, many remain to make.
that is your role to undertake this work :
you are the engineers of tomorrow and you will be in charge of
. leading the water projects ,

. developing the sewage collection & treatment,
. improving the drinking water access for the
. Build the next Drinking Water Treatment Plants
in your country.
And it is the purpose of my course, to explain you how work the processes
used in drinking water treatment plants

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Technically, all is possible : we are able to produce drinking water

from the most unbelievable soup the water in space shuttles is
completely recycled but at what price?
For Cambodia, just like in France, the price of drinking water is a big
deal and we have to choice the best technology at the best price !
Treatment strategy has to have one objective : produce a safe

drinking water and match the standards (WHO) at the best price
Obviously the strategy depends on the raw water quality and we

examine it in the first part of the course
Then we will examine all the processes, one by one, by following the
stream of the water in the plant.
to be able to understand how all of the processes used in WTP are

working

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Eaux Potables Procds de Traitement des Eaux

SUMMARY
1. Classical drinking water treatment processes

1.1. Introduction treatment strategy
1.2. Screening
1.3. Chemical pre-oxidation of raw water
1.4. Coagulation-Floculation
1.5. Sdimentation and Flotation
1.6. Sand Filtration
1.7. Adsorption on activated carbon filter
2. specific treatments
2.1. nitrate removal
2.2. Fe and Mn removal
2.3. As removal
3. Membrane technics
3.1. general presentation
3.2. Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nano Filtration (NF)
3.3. Ultra Filtration (UF) and Micro Filtration (MF)
3.4. Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR) & Cristal Process
4. Final disinfection
5. Corrosion and its remediation
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1. Classical drinking water treatment

processes
1.1. Introduction - treatment strategy
. What is a drinking water? What are the quality requirements?
- WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/en/
- microbiological parameters : viruses, enterobacteria ,

protozoa (clostridium, giardia...), parasites
- organoleptic parameters : color, smell (geosmin), taste, turbidity
- physico-chemical parameters : T, pH, , Hardness, Alcalinity,
dry extract, O2
- unwanted substances : NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, Reduced & Global N,
TOC, H2S, Fe2+& Mn2+ , Phosphates, Suspended Solids, surfactants, TOX
- toxic substances : As, Cd, CN-, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se,
pesticides, PCB, HAP
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. Quantity required
- 2 L.d-1.inhab-1 for drinking and cooking purposes

20 L carboys for a family of 5 persons, including child. = 2-3 days
- The total request includes the needs for the public services, the industry,
the hospitals, the public road network
very different according to:
. the area: about 150 L.d-1.inhab-1 in French urban areas ;

about 40 L.d-1.inhab-1 in French rural areas.
. the countries: about 150 L.d-1.inhab-1 in Paris;

about 500 L.d-1.inhab-1 in New York
- anticipate losses in the networks (loss rates)

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. Choice of a water to produce drinking water according to:
- the quality of the resource of water (mean values, variability);
Better is the quality of the raw water,

better is the price of the produced drinking water
- the availability of the resource of water (average, maximum and

minimum water and their frequency of occurence)
- economic parameters bound in

. costs of pumping;
. cost of transport up to the plant;
. In the treatment costs;
. the cost of storage of the produced water;
. the cost of transport and distribution of the drinking water.

. Choice Surface Water

/ Ground Water
Temperature as fresh as possible
Turbidity and Suspended Solids as low as possible
Dissolved Iron and Manganese : Unstable elements

Fe2+ and Mn2+ are transformed into precipitates in
surface waters
Agressive CO2 can cause corrosions of the networks
maximum dissolved oxygen : tasty water
SO42- versus H2S/HS- (bad smell of rotten egg)

NO3- in excess --> methaemoglobinemia (Blue Baby
Syndrome) haemoglobin unable to transport O2
Alive elements : viruses, bacteria, protozoa...

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Classical drinking water treatment processes
1. Clean water, without any pollution
Resource Disinfection Ntwk
. Disinfection to protect the network
. rate of residual oxidizer in the network up to the tap of the most distant consumer
. Persistent oxidizer necessary

Oxidizing reactants
used in disinfection ozone : O3
chlorine : Cl2
High Redox Potential

High oxidizing power
Important strength Chlorine dioxide
: ClO2
Bleach : ClO-
Hypochlorite ion

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Bactericidal effect
Persistence effect
. Bactericidal effect: destruction of germs (bacteria, viruses, protozoa) to

avoid microbial development in thenetwork, after treatment
- time of disinfection : t
- concentration of oxidizing reactant : C
. persistence effect:
persistence of a residual concentration sanitary protection
of oxidizing reactant in the network of the network

2. Water the only impurities of which are Suspended Solids
Suspended solids = support for bacteria biofilm
Resource
Sand Filtration
Suspended Solids are physically retained

Disinfection
Possible biological effect on sand filtration
biodegradation of organic matter possible Ntwk
through biofilm supported by sand grains

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3. Water containing a small quantity of colloids or slightly colored
Resource
Coagulation
Coagulation on Filter
Sand Filtration
Colloids = turbidity, color
Disinfection
Coagulation reactants : Al2(SO4)3
FeCl3 Ntwk
Floculant reactants : polymers
4. Water with higher content in colloid
Early sealing of the sand filter which must be protected

Resource
Suspended Solids & colloids are removed step by step :
Coagulation- . mainly through Coagulation-Floculation

Floculation and sedimentation or Flotation;
Sedimentation or . refining of the removal on sand filter

Flotation
Sand Filtration
Disinfection
Ntwk

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5. Water with strong content in dissolved organic matter

TOC = electron donor for bacteria metabolism ; toxic micropollutants
Oxydation chimique
Ressource Pre-oxydation
Powdered Activated
Origin : Coagulation- Carbon (PAC)
. vegetation Floculation
. humic substances
. animals Sedimentation or
. farming Flotation
. agriculture
. wasterwater Sand Filtration
. industry
Filtration on Adsorption
. micropollutants
Granular Activated
. pesticides Carbon (GAC)
. surfactants Disinfection
. urea
Possible biological effect on GAC filtration
. aminoacids Ntwk
biodegradation of organic matter possible
. Proteins ... through biofilm supported by GAC grains
5.1. Pre-oxidation
Chemical Oxidation : Cl2 or Bleach; O3; ClO2 ; KMnO4
Cl2 or Bleach+
Precursor
Haloform
Compounds
O O
Oxidation byproducts : 3 ClO- + R-C-CH3 CHCl3 + R-C-O- + 2 OH-

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5.2. Adsorption on Activated Carbon
. Powdered Activated Carbon : PAC

. Granular Activated Carbon : GAC

Classical Processes used in Drinking Water Treatment Plants

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Specific Treatment
. Removal of Unstable elements : Fe2+ and Mn2+

. Removal of Nitrate : NO3- biological denitrification / ion exchange
. Removal of As
Membrane Techniques
. MF
. UF
(. NF)
(. RO)

1.2. Screening
1st screening with a grid / 2nd screening with a mesh sheeting
Elimination of big animal or plant fragments (leaves, branches, rats)
Seen from aside // Seen from above

Seen from aside // Seen in front of
. Mesh sheeting of 0.15 2 mm . Mesh sheeting of 30-40 to 150 m

. Adapted to rivers at variable level . Risks of sealing by sands and silt
. Washes by pulverizing

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1.3. Chemical pre-oxidation of the raw water

. disinfection
. oxidize et prcipitate the unstable elements :Fe, Mn, As
. oxidize and transform organic molecules into simpler compounds,
more biodegradable and which adsorb better on the activated carbon
(a small part of TOC is oxidized into carbon dioxide and water)
(Cl2) : because of possible chlorinated byproducts

O3 is the best oxidant for - pre-oxidation (high oxidation power);
- intermediate oxidation (before activated carbon adsorption);
- disinfection (high efficiency against bacteria & viruses).

The pre-oxidation reactants

. disinfection
. oxidize et prcipitate the unstable elements :Fe, Mn, As
. oxidize and transform organic molecules into simpler compounds,
more biodegradable and which adsorb better on the activated carbon
Air : iron; taste and smell (O2, Geosmin) :

waterfall; pulverizing
Cl2 : the only one capable of oxidizing NH4+

(-) for the biodegradation of chlorinated byproducts
(++) for oxidation & disinfection
(+ or -) for smell & taste of chlorinated water
(organic chloramines)
stored as cylinder of liquid Cl2(g) or Bleach
ClO2 : equivalent to Cl2 with the exception of

taste & odor
NH4+
unstable : to be prepared on site
O3 : iron; taste and smell (O2, Geosmin) :

unstable : to be prepared on site
1.3.1. Chlorine and bleach
MnO4- : used for the elimination of Mn2+ (autocatalytic reaction) 1.3.2. Chlorine dioxide
1.3.3. Ozone
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1.3.1. Chlorine and Bleach

Chemistry of Chlorine Dichlore : Cl2(g) Cl2(aq) (HClO + Cl- ) (ClO- + Cl- )
according to the pH
Bleach : (ClO- + Cl- ) (HClO + Cl- ) according to the pH
Remark : ClO- in the bleach is metastable in water

(H2O slowly reduce ClO- in the bleach)
Do not store the bleach too long !!!
Dichlore or Bleach : (HClO or ClO-) according to the pH
Concentration units :
degr chloromtric degree (1Chloro = 3,17 g Cl2 .L-1)
mass units - % of active chlorine
Impureties : Cd, Cr, Pb, Se, BrO3- up to 600 mg.L-1 in the past

Action of Chlorine inorganic compounds

a. iron an manganese ions : Fe2+ et Mn2+
b. ammoniacal Nitrogen: NH4+
c. halogenides : Cl -, I -, Br -
a. action of Chlorine on iron and manganese unstable ions : Fe2+ et Mn2+
2 Fe2+ + HClO + 5 H2O 2 Fe(OH)3(s) + H+(aq) + Cl -
Mn2+ + HClO + H2O MnO2(s) + 3 H+(aq) + Cl -

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b. action of Chlorine on ammoniacal Nitrogen : NH4+
2 NH4+ + 3 HClO N2(g) + 3 H2O + 8 H+(aq) + 3 Cl
free NH4+ + HClO NH2Cl + H3O+ k1 = 5.8 . 106 (mol.L-1)-1.s-1

chlorine NH2Cl + HClO NHCl2 + H3O+ k2 = 3.31 . 102 (mol.L-1)-1.s-1
NHCl2 + HClO NCl3 + H3O+ k3 = 1.69 . 101 (mol.L-1)-1.s-1
mineral
chloramines
----
combined
chlorine

Chlorination of an aqueous solution with NH4+ at 1 mg.L-1
Break Point : rate of Chlorine necessary for the total oxidation of NH4+
Break Point is obtained for n(Cl2) / n(NH4+) = 3/2 = 1.5 mol.mol -1
or m(Cl2) / m(NH4+) = 7.6 mg Cl2 . mg -1 NH4+

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Chlorination of a natural water with NH4+ at 1 mg.L-1
Break Point is moved and obtained for : m(Cl2) / m(NH4+) > 7.6 mg Cl2 . mg -1 NH4+

c. action of chlorine on halogenides : Cl -, I -, Br -
. No action on Cl - (combined reducer of chlorine )

. HClO / ClO are capable to oxidize I - et Br -
I generally in very weak concentrations in the environment

Br could be in the water and could come from Geologic, industrial or marine origin
(68 mg Br - .L-1 dans lAtlantique)
Chemistry of Bromine comparable to that of Chlorine
. HBrO has an oxidizing power lower than HClO/ClO-, but HBrO reacts faster than HClO/ClO-
possible competition between HClO/ClO- and HBrO if Br - present in the raw water

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Br - + HClO HBrO + Cl -

Action of Chlorine on organic compounds
Selective reactivity of all the oxidizers : Ox + n e- Red conjugated.
Oxidizers are looking for electrons and try to extract electrons everywhere : electrophilic
reactants
. oxidation reaction on reducing functions (-CH3 ; -NH2)
More oxygenated compounds: carboxylic acids (-COOH), aldhydes (-CHO)
I I
. Reaction of addition on the unsaturated chemical bonds (ethylenic bonds) :( C=C )
I I
I I
more halogenated compounds with chlorine: Cl - C - C - Cl
I I
I I
more halogenated compounds with ozone: HO - C - C - OH
I I
. Raction de substitution lectrophile ( - R )
more halogenated compounds with chlorine: Cl

more oxygenated compounds with ozone: OH
Chlorination organochlorinated compounds, more oxygenated compounds, with a weak decrease of TOC

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Example of carbonyl function (C=O) and methylketones : trihalomethanes (THM) Precursors P
. Acetone: H carried by the methyl groups -CH3 has a very marked acid character because O is a very
electronegative element (attractor of electrons) Departure of H + and fixation of Cl
acetone mono chlorinated acetone dichloro trichloroacetone
P : Trihalomethane Precursor
Acetone = P
THM
acetate ion chloroform
. -diketone : one - CH2 - group between 2 carbonyl groups (C=O)
dichloroacetone
-diketone = P
the 2 carbonyl groups (C=O) attract the e- trichloroacetone
and the H of - CH2 - group have an
acid character: the H go away as H+
The H are easily substituted by Cl which is
electrophilic chloroform

Chlorination of monocyclic aromatic compounds

. The electrophilic substitution reaction depends on the nature of one or several substitutants of the aromatic
cycle
- Group G donor of e- : increase of the electronic density in ortho and in para

activation of the cycle ortho and in para
strong reactivity
ortho
para
monosubstituted
aromatic compound
- Group G attractor of e- : decrease of the electronic density in ortho and in para
deactivation of the cycle
weak reactivity

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. Chlorination of trichloro-2,4,6 phnol : phenol group OH activates the cycle in ortho & para
para
ortho
Chlorination Byproducts : chlorinated aromatic compounds

weak decrease in TOC (organic molecules still prsent)
weak decreasein UV absorbance (little or no opening of the cycles)
increase in TOX (production of organochlorinated compounds)

Chlorination of -dihydroxylated monocyclic aromatic compounds : trihalomethanes (THM) Prcursors P
. -dihydroxylated compounds : 2 OH groups (activating) in position 1 et 3 on the same cycle (resorcinol)
the C located between the 2 C carrying OH functions has a strong electronic density
very strong reactivity
dichloromethane
-dihydroxylated dichloro acetic acid (DCAA)

aromatic compond
P : Trihalomethane Precursor
chloroform
-dihydroxylated compounds = P
trichloro acetic acid (TCAA)

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Chlorination of humic substances : trihalomthanes (THM) Prcursors P
. Polyaromatic macromolecules with diverse functions hydroxyls, carboxylic

. Concentrations in natural waters often > 1 mg.L-1
Very fast kinetics over the first hours

(for very reactive sites)
Influence of the rate of treatment Kinetic very slow then with
Formation of THM on several days
(in the network)

Influence of the presence of ions bromide Br -
. If Br - increases : - CHCl3 decreases

- CHBr3 increases
- Total THM increases (yield in CHBr3 > yield in CHCl3 )
Total THM = CHCl3 + CHCl2Br + CHClBr2 + CHBr3

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Influence of the presence of bromide ions Br and ammonium ions NH4 +
Before chlorination of a natural water,

it is strongly recommended to verify
the potential of formation of THM :
THMFP

Chlorination of a surface water
No way to eliminate THM at a reasonable price :
. Stripping by spraying : high cost, atmosphere pollution

. Adosrption on activated carbon : weak adsorption capacities
However
chlorination is very efficient at a low price for final disinfection
Removal of the precursors
. Coagulation Floculation;
. Use of another oxidizing reactant for preoxidation (O3);
. Membrane Techniques :
Microfiltration : MF;
Ultrafiltration: UF.

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Implementation of the chlorination
Whatever the intial form (Cl2(g) or Bleach),
the reactivity is exactly the same : those of HClO or ClO- according to the pH
Chlorination at a rate greater than the Break Point rate to minimize bad smell & chlorine taste
for sanitary protection with free chlorine (HClO / ClO- )

1.3.2. Chlorine dioxide : ClO2
Chemistry of the chlorine dioxyde : ClO2
. ClO2(g) is a gas . unstable (radical structure) to be prepared on-site

. toxique Hygiene & Safety
. Explosive at > 10% in the air Safety
. ClO2(g) must be prepared on-site and dissolved in water as ClO2(aq)
. Combined reducer: ClO2(aq) + e- ClO2- : chlorite ion (relative toxicity)
. Chlorite ion ClO2- could oxidized into chlorate ions ClO3- by chlorine (final disinfection ):
HClO + ClO2- H+(aq) + Cl- + ClO3- : chlorate ion (non toxic)
. ClO2(aq) is an oxidizing reactant such as HClO or ClO- (active compounds in chlorination)
ClO2(aq) has rather selective reactivity and acts on sites

comparable to those concerned by the chlorination ( HClO / ClO-)
interest of ClO2(aq) to reduce the THMFP of a water before final chlorination

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action of chlorine dioxide on inorganic compounds
a. action of chlorine dioxide on iron and manganese unstable ions : Fe2+ et Mn2+
Fe2+ + ClO2(aq) + 3 OH - Fe(OH)3(s) + ClO2 -
Mn2+ + ClO2(aq) + 2 H2O MnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 ClO2 -
b. action of chlorine dioxide on ammoniacal Nitrogen: NH4+

Cintique trs lente : pas deffet lchelle de temps de lusine de traitement deau
potable
c. action of chlorine dioxide on halogenides : Cl -, Br -

ClO2(aq) cannot thermodynamically oxidize Cl - et Br -

action of chlorine dioxide on organic compounds
Selective reactivity of all of the oxidizers : Ox + n e- conjugated Red.
. Reaction of oxidation on reducing functions
. Action on the sites of strong electronic density ( double connections ) with a

reactivity and kinetics which can be however very different.
Reduction of the THMFP of the water
Interest of the sequence : Pre-oxidation with ClO2(aq) / Final disinfection with chlorine
Resource Pre-oxidation ClO2 (aq)
Treatment HClO/ClO-
Processes
Final Disinfection
Ntwk

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Effect of the sequence - Preoxidation with ClO2(aq) / final chlorination - on the oxidation of organic matter (TOC)
. Low direct of THM by
. ClO2(aq) allows to reduce th THMFP

Effect of the sequence - Preoxidation with ClO2(aq) / final chlorination - on the THMFP & on the TOX of a natural water

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Implementation of chlorine dioxide
dilution
ractor dilution
ractor
storage
chloro
mter NaClO2
dilution
for the WTP without any Cl2(g) if Cl2(g) is available
5 (Na+ + ClO2-)+ 4 (H+(aq)+ Cl-) 5 (Na+ + Cl-)+ 6 H2O + 4 ClO2(aq) 2 (Na+ + ClO2-)+ Cl2(g) 2 (Na++ Cl-)+ 2 ClO2(aq)
immediate distribution & dilution of the solution of ClO2(aq) (not stable)

1.3.2. ozone
Chemistry of the ozone : O3
. O3(g) is a gas . toxique Hygiene & Safety

. pollutant has to be destroyed before rejection
. 1.5 times as dense as the air risk of accumulation
. unstable to be prepared on-site
. O3(g) must be prepared on-site and dissolved in water as O3(aq)
. Combined reducer: O3(aq) + 2 e- + 2 H+(aq) O2(aq) )+ H2O Clean Oxidant
. O3(aq) is an oxidizing reactant such as HClO or ClO- (active compounds in chlorination)
de manire gnrale O3(aq) has a rather selective direct reactivity and acts on sites
comparable to those concerned by the chlorination ( HClO / ClO-)
interest of O3(aq) to reduce the THMFP of a water before final chlorination

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Reactivity of the ozone
The ozone acts simultaneously of two manners, according to two types of reactivity:
. Direct reactivity of the molecule of ozone: O3(aq) + 2 e- + 2 H+(aq) O2(aq) )+ H2O
Selective reactivity of O3(aq) Interest of O3(aq) to reduce the THMFP of a water before
chlorination
.
. Indirect reactivity of the ozone after decomposition and formation of radicals (OH ) very reactive:
Not selective reactivity of OH
. Interest of O3(aq) for its big reactivity
Si = Scavenger = Traps to radicals OH

.
Alcalinity (HCO3- ) is a radical Scavenger
A high Alcalinity disadvantages the indirect reaction for the benefit of the direct reaction of molecular O3(aq)
Beneficial effect on the reduction of the THMFP of the water

Factors of decomposition of the ozone with the formation of OH radicals

.
The decomposition of the ozone est favored : . to high pH (OH- abundant)
. in the prsence of hydrogene peroxyde (H2O2)
. by photolysis (UV irradiation)
A high pH favors the indirect reaction to the detriment of the direct reaction of molecular O3(aq)
Lesser effect on the reduction of the THMFP of the water but higher global reactivity.
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) : radical reaction favored
The addition of H2O2 in the pond of ozonation or the UV irradiation favor the indirect reaction
to the detriment of the direct reaction of molecular O3(aq)
Lesser effect on the reduction of the THMFP of the water but higher global reactivity.
Possibility of degrading refractory molecules (atrazine) thanks to the high reactivity of OH
.

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action of ozone on inorganic compounds
a. action of ozone on iron and manganese unstable ions : Fe2+ et Mn2+
2 Fe2+ + O3(aq) + 5 H2O 2 Fe(OH)3(s) + O2(aq) + 4 H+(aq)
Mn2+ + O3(aq) + H2O MnO2(s) + O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq)
b. action of ozone on ammoniacal Nitrogen: NH4+
Very slow kinetics: no effect on the scale of time of the drinkable water treatment plant

c. action of ozone on halogenides : Cl -, Br
Fast kinetics for the oxidation of I - ( not much interest)

Very slow kinetics for the oxidation of Cl -
Very slow kinetics for the oxidation of Br
Br - + 3 O3(aq) 3 O2(aq) + BrO3 - : toxic bromate ion
bromoform
bromamine

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action of ozone on organic compounds
Selective Direct Reactivity of the molcular ozone : O3(aq) + 2 e- + 2 H+(aq) O2(aq) )+ H2O
. Oxidation reaction on rductrices functions (-CH3; -NH2)

More oxygenated compounds: carboxylic acids (-COOH), aldehydes (-CHO)
I I
. Cycloaddition raction on the ethylenically unsaturated double bond, ( C = C )
I I
More oxygenated compounds :

carboxylic acids,
aldehydes, ketones (-C=O)
. lectrophilic substitution reaction of ( - R )
Hydroxylation: OH in ortho & para if G is e- donor

and hydroxylated compounds R-OH
+ Opening of the aromatic cycles


.
Not Selective Indirect Reactivity of the radicals hydroxyle OH after decomposition of the ozone
. Reactions of OH
. about 106 faster than the oxidation reactions of O3(aq)
O3(aq) OH
.
Scale from 10-1 to 104 (mol.L-1)-1.s-1 Scale from 107 to 1010 (mol.L-1)-1.s-1

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Action of ozone on oxygenated organic compounds (alcools, aldehydes, carboxylic acids )
. Very slow reactions to almost no reaction

The ozonation byproducts are oxygenated organic compounds short-chains compounds
thanol
aldehyde thanoic acid
Action of ozone on aromatic compounds
phnol
O3(aq) OH
.
Scale up to 104 (mol.L-1)-1.s-1 Scale up to 1010 (mol.L-1)-1.s-1
According to e- donor group (activating)

or e- attractor group

Action of ozone on aromatic compounds
. The case of Phenol

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. The case of trichloro-2,4,5 phnoxyactic acid (2,4,5 T)
. General Pattern
polyhydroxylated Compounds polycarbonylated saturated
Compounds
carbonyle
electrophylic
reaction aldehyde
carboxylic acid
electrophylic aliphatic diacid

reaction
mineral carbone
carbonylated compounds

. Phenomena of polymerization:
polymers act as a floculation reactant
The ozonation improves the clarification

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. Ozonation Byproducts:
oxygenated organic molecules in C2 ou C3 : aldehydes or carboxylic acids
low direct decrease in TOC (organic molecules still present)
high UV decrease (opening of the aromatic cycles)
TOX does not increase (no production of organochlorinated molecules)
possible increase of the BOD5 (easily biodegradable molecules)
possible biological effect on sand filer & GAC filter
decrease of the TOC through enhanced biodegradation
decrease of the color and the smells (geosmin and other molecules oxydized)
improved clarification (phenomena of polymerization)
improved adsorption on Activated Carbon
intermediary ozonation just before GAC filter
decrease of the TOC through enhanced adsorption

Effect of the ozonation on the oxidation of the organic matter (TOC) in the presence of bromides ions : Br -
Everything depends on kinetics of reaction:
. if (3) faster than (1) et (2) the precursor P is ozonated before it is oxidized by HBrO
Not much training(formation) of bromoforme
O3(aq) allows to reduce effectively the THMFP
. ifi (3) less fast than (1) et (2) the precursor P can be oxidized by HBrO
possible formation of bromoform
O3(aq) reduces less effectively the THMFP
. Possibility of formation of bromate ions BrO3- by ozonation of bromide ions Br
. The ozonation can lead to the formation of THM

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Interest of the sequence : Pre-ozonation / Final chlorination to limit the production of THM
Selective reactivity of all of the oxidizers : Ox + n e- conjugated Red.
. Reaction of oxidation on reducing functions
. Action on the sites of strong electronic density ( double connections )

with a reactivity and kinetics which can be however very different.
Reduction of the THMFP of the water
Interest of the sequence : Pre-ozonation / Final disinfection with chlorine
Resource Pre-oxydation O3 (aq)
Treatement HClO/ClO-
Processes
Final Disinfection
Ntwk

Effect of the sequence Pre-ozonation / Final chlorination to limit on the THMFP & the TOX of a natural water
Pre-ozonation then chlorination

of the resorcinol
Pre-ozonation then chlorination

of humic acids
Decrease of THM Formation Potential of the water

Interest of the sequence Pre-ozonation / Final chlorination

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Influence of the Alcalinty (HCO3-) and the pH on the orientation of the reactions
Weak Alcalinity (HCO3-) // high pH

.
indirect reaction of OH radical ,
fast and not selective reaction favored,
THMFP less decreased but higher reactivity
High Alcalinity (HCO3-) // low pH direct reaction of molcular O3(aq) ,

selective reaction favored
THMFP more decreased but slower reactivity
General case
.
both direct (O3(aq)) & indirect (OH )reactions
AOP (addition of H2O2 in the ozonation reactor)

.
indirect reaction of OH radical ,
fast and not selective reaction favored,
higher reactivity
decrease of oxidation-resistant compounds
(pesticides, atrazine)

Implementation of the ozonation
Resource
Destruction of
Residual O3(g)
Atmosphere
O2(g)
Ozonation
Reactor
Air Ozonizer
Treatment 3 O2(g) 2 O3(g)
Treatment
Processes
Final
DIsinfection
Ntwk

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Treatment of the air before ozonation
Dust filters Avoid the accumulation of dirt of the installations
Compressors A high pressure of O3(g) allows to solubilize more O3(aq) et

thus to obtain higher concentrations of O3(aq)
Cooling better yield on production of O3(g)
Dessication problmes de corrosion : N2(g) N2O5 (g)

N2O5 (g) + H2O (g) 2 HNO3
105 30
140C 40C
3
5 C

Ozonation o the air
Principle 3 O2(g) 2 O3(g)
. stainless steel tubes cooled

by circulation of water (O3 yield)
. Alternating voltage (6 000 18 000 V )
Applied by means of stainless steel "brushes
. Dielectric borosilicated glass
To avoid the regime of electric-arc
. Formation of O3(g) in the annular space

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Dissolution of ozone gas in water : O3(g) O3(aq)
Principle : O3(g) O3(aq) Henrys Law Constant :
/
H = Partial Pression partielle of O3(g) in the ozonated air Concentration of O3(aq) in water
Highest Partial Pressure of O3(g) in the ozonated air

to obtain highest concentrations of O3(aq) in the water
O2
Air
Equation of transfer
. Potentiel of exchange = f(concentration of O3(g) in the gas)

= f(reactivity of O3(aq) with Organic Matter )

The Ozonation Reactors
Choice according to the kinetics of 2 reaction :
(1) O3(g) O3(aq) : O3 transfer managed by the equation of transfer depending on:
. the type of reactor
. The spcific surface area (m2.m-3) generated by the bubbles
then
(2) O3(aq) + reducing compounds byproducts :

Kinetics function of reducers to be oxidized (Fe2+, Mn2+, organic matter)
2 cases :
. The kinetics of the chemical reactions (2) are slow :

Useless to have a very effective reactor with transfer (1) rapids
The water saturates in O3(aq) which reacts only slowly
The transfer is limited by the reaction (2)
A reactor with transfer too fast (1) leads to destroy O3(g) degased
It's better to have residence time longer (bigger reactors)
. The kinetics of chemical reactions (2) are fast :

The transferred ozone O3(aq) reacts immediately and its concentration in the water remains
low
The slowest stage is the transfer (1) of the ozone in the water
Residence time can be shorter ( smaller reactors)
A reactor with effective transfer (1) allows to reduce the sizing. The kinetics of reaction (2)

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Reactors with rapid ozone transfer: O3(g) O3(aq)
The quantity of O3(g) transferred increases with :
. The potential of exchange, linked to the difference of the ozone concentrations between the 2 phases
high concentrations of O3(g) in the gas (high partial pressures of O3(g))
Maximal transfer rate at the birth of the bubble in the water
. the specific surface of exchange G/L: surface of the bubbles/Volume of water

(in m2.m-3 ou m-1)
smallest possible bubbles : emulsion of gas in the water
. The residence time of the ozonated gas bubbles

Important heights of water necessary
What for? : fast chemical reactions of O3(aq) with very reactive reducers
Reduce the dimension of reactors

Reactors with lower ozone transfer : O3(g) O3(aq)
The quantity of O3(g) transferred by unit of time is lower with:
. Lower specific surface of exchange Gas / liquids:

Bigger bubbles
. Shorter Residence time of the bubbles of ozonated gas

Less important heights of water
What for? : slow chemical reaction kinetics of O3(aq) with the organic matter.
Longer residence time of the water required to lead the forward oxidation

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Destruction of the residual ozone O3(g) before discharge in the atmosphere
O3(g) : air pollutant
Ozone Demande of a water

1.4. Coagulation-Floculation

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Colloids carry a negative electrical charge 2 layers:
. Fixed layer, almost adhered, of positive ions (layer of Stern) which move with the particle
. Diffuse, mobile layer of mainly positive ions and negative ions which follow more or less the particle
. elsewhere : electroneutrality

Method of elimination of colloids
1.Destabilize the colloidal suspension by reducing the electrostatic repulsion forces (Couolomb forces)
Addition of cations (Al3+, Fe3+, Fe2+ ) : coagulants which precipitate

The neutralized particles gather together in dcantables flakes
2. If needed, weigh down and gather

the aggregates of colloids together
Addition of polymers with high molar masses :

floculants

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Method of elimination of colloids
1.Destabilize the colloidal suspension by reducing the electrostatic repulsion forces (Couolomb forces)
Addition of cations (Al3+, Fe3+, Fe2+ ) : coagulants

The neutralized particles gather together in dcantables flakes
2. If needed, weigh down and gather the aggregates of colloids together
Addition of polymers with high molar masses : floculants

1.5. Sdimentation ou Flotation
. a particle is retained if Vo > Q/SH or SH > Q/ Vo avec :
Vo : speed of vertical fall

Q : flow rate
SH : horizontal surface area of the pond
The horizontal surface area of the pond is the criterion of sizing of a clarifier or a flotator

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Lamelar Dcanter avec with wavy parallel plates, for instance,

or round tubes, square tubes , or hexagonal modules ... :
high projected surface at the horizontal du bassin importante
more compact; higher efficiency
Pulsator Decanter with bed of mud

(The most wide-spread in the world)
. Discontinuous operation
filling of the vacuum bell : 20 40 s
flush : 5 20 s
Vertical alternative movement of the bed :

expansion, then collapse
Intermittent purge of muds in excess

Pulsator Lamelar Decanter :
. Lamelar modules
above the bed of mud
Super Pulsator Decanter :

. Lamelar modules
within the bed of mud
twice as concentrated mud

real filter to retain Suspended Solids

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Flotation:
. System with 3 phases : assembly particle-gas (S/G) in the aqueous phase (L)

1.6. Sand Filtration
Sensitive to the fouling
regular washing with air and water
. Phase of filtration (water production). Phase of Wash with air and water

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1.7. Adsorption on Activated Carbon

Adsorption Capacity at equilibrium
1/(K.qm) 1/n
1/qm log a
. Langmuir Model . Freundlich Model
qe= K.Ce.qm / ( 1 + K.Ce) qe= a.Ce1/n
1/ qe = (1/K.qm) x (1/Ce) + 1/qm log qe = log a + (1/n) log Ce

Implementation of the Powdered Activated Carbon : PAC
. seasonal or accidental pollutions

. preparation of concentrated suspensions
& PAC injected with the coagulation floculation reactants
. Extraction with muds of settling or Flotation
. 2 - 3 times cheaper than the CAG
. no additional filter necessary
. fast kinetics of adsorption
. Improve the settling in decanters
Implementation of the filters of Granular Activated Carbon : GAC
Objectives . adsorption of organic molecules (chronic pollutions) :
Reduction of the TOC, of the bad tastes or smells (aromatic), of the toxicity (pesticides)
. Catalytic dechlorination action : 2Cl2 + 2H2O = 4 (H+ + Cl-) + O2
. (controled biodegradation of adsorbed molecules)

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Kinetics of adsorption in continuous operation Service Time of a filter of Granular Acitvated Carbon - GAC
BDST (Bed Depth - Service Time) Relation
tp = (Z - Zo) . No / CoU

Implementation of the filters of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
. chronic pollutions
. Possible regeneration
. Concrete filter necessary
. land investment necessary
Sensitive to the fouling

the water must be perfectly clarified before

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Implementation of the filters of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)
Filter with double flow : . adapted to the slow kinetics of adsorption;

. contact in countercurrent of the CAG and the polluted water
better efficiency
Regeneration of the Granular Activated Carbon - GAC -

Pyrolysis at 800C in oxidizing controlled atmosphere (HNO3, CO2) ; losses from 7 to 10 %

2. Spcific Treatments
2.1. Denitratation & biological denitrification
Denitratation by ion exchange resins
Resin in service:
(R+-Cl-) + NO3- (R+- NO3-) + Cl-
Resin in rgnration:
(R+- NO3-) + Cl- (R+-Cl-) + NO3-
Brines of regeneration : very salty solutions (Na+ + Cl- )

and concentrated in NO3-, SO42-
The produced water can become agressive (HCO3- retained by the rsine)

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Biological denitrification
The forms of the Nitrogen in water:
Reduced Compounds Oxidized Compounds
N2(g)
heterotrophic biological denitrification

+ Biodegradable Organic Matter
N- Organique - O2(aq)
NO2-
Kjeldahl Total N + O2(aq) ammonification
KTN nitric N
+ O2(aq)
NH4+ NO2- NO3-
nitrification
ammoniacal N
global N

Biological denitrification (fixed cultures)
Chemical balance panel of the biological denitrification with the ethanol :
12 NO3- + 5 C2H5OH 6 N2(g) + 10 HCO3- + 9 H2O + 2 OH-
Chemical balance panel of the biological denitrification with the ethanoic acid :
8 NO3- + 5 CH3COOH 4 N2(g) + 8 HCO3- + 2 H2CO3 + 4 H2O

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Dnitrification
biologique

Dnitrification
biologique vs ion exchange denitratation

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2.2. Iron and Manganese unstable ions : Fe2+ et Mn2+

Aeration Sand filtration
Tour of oxidation with bed of porous lava

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Chlorine dioxide Sand Filtrationfiltration
Ozonation Sand filtration
Iron (II) removal Manganese (II) removal
Permanganate Ion Sand filtration for the Manganese (II) removal : auto catalized reaction
3 Mn2+ + 2 MnO4- + 2 H2O 5 Mn2O3(s) + 4 H+(aq)

Biological Processes : Aerobic bacteria capable of oxidizing Mn2+ or Fe2+ (ferro oxydant)
in the conditions where the aeration would not be enough
biological removal of Iron (II) biological removal of Manganese (II)
Simultaneous biological removal

of Iron (II) & Manganese (II)

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2.2. As removal
Arsenic Guidelines : 10 g As .L-1
2 compounds involved : As(III) : arsenite : HAsO2

As(V) : arsenate : HAsO42-
1 . Oxidation of As(III) in As(V) which has a very low solubity :

Chlorine, Ozone, Chlorine dioxide
2. Coagulation-Floculation with Iron(III) chloride : Fe3+ + 3 Cl
Fe3+ + HAsO42- FeAsO4 (s) + H+(aq)
3. Sand Filtration

3. The membrane techniques

3.1. Presentation of the membrane techniques
Transfer mechanisms:
Permeation
. Driving force =
volatility et partial void
extraction of
gazeous compounds
. Prohibitive costs for the drinking water

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Dialysis
Driving force = concentration gradient

molecule diffusion
Electrodialysis
. Driving force = potential gradient

ion migration
. Impossible to totaly dmineralize

(minimal conductivity required)
. Oxidant Sensitive
. Sensitive to the fouling

Filtration on semi-permeable membranes
. Driving Force = pressure gradient
. Applications in drinking water industry

in food processing industry :
fruit juice, milk products,
wine production
. Classification according to the structure
. Classification according to the material:
. Organic Membranes in cellulose actate, polysulfon, polyethersulfon,

difluoride of polyvinylden, acrilonitrile
. Mineral Membranes in ceramic material, alumina (Al2O3), carbon, silicium
carbide , zircon

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Filtration on semi-permeable membranes
. Classification according to the pore size:

. MF : Microfiltration : expressed in m
. UF : Ultrafiltration : expressed in Dalton
. NF : Nanofiltration : expressed in nm or Dalton
. RO : Reverse Osmosis: expressed in Salt Passage
. The permeate Flow rate through the membrane

depends on : - the membrane surface area
- the pressure .

3.2. Reverse Osmosis (RO) & NanoFiltration (NF)

3.3. UltraFiltration (UF) & MicroFiltration (MF)
Concentration Polarisation
= Cm / Cw
often > 100

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Solutions :
. tangential flow filtration
. tangential speed higher

to reduce the thickness of the boundary layer;
. Recirculation;
. Periodic backwashes
(i.e. 45 s of backwash every hour)

Fouling of the membrane :
. adsorption of compounds & colloids :

the backwashes and the high speed do not remove the adsorbed materials
. Possible salt precipitation onto the membrane interface
Solution : chemical cleaning of the membrane modules with : Bleach, surfactants,

EDTA aqueous solutions, citrique acid

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Operation Parameters
. Conversion Rate: Y (en %)= (Qp/Qe) x 100
. Concentration Factor: FC = Cr /Ce

Choice of a membrane for ultrafiltration (UF) or microfiltration (MF)
. Cut Off Diameter :
MF : particle size of the smallest molecule fully rejected (100% rejection)

by the membrane : 0,1 to 0,45 m
Qp > 0,5 m3.h-1.m-2.bar -1 for clean water
UF : molar mass (or particle size) of the smallest molecule (or particle) fully rejected
(100%)
by the membrane : 2 to 100 kDalton (or 1 to 100 nm)
mostly around 10 kDalton (10 to 30 nm)
Qp = 0,05 0,5 m3.h-1.m-2.bar -1 for clean water
. Zone of Cut Off: set of the sizes of

partially rejected particles
. Rejection Rate :
RR (en %) = (Ce Cp)/Ce x 100

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. Avantages of the UF or the MF :
. The ionic content of the water is not affected by UF or MF (not the case for NF and RO)
. calco-carbonic balance not modified
. rejection of Suspended Solids,

colloids,
humic acids (coulor) and other macromolecules
microalgae,
bactria
viruses (UF only),
. Decrease of the THMFP of the water which could be submit to final chlorination without any risks
. Decrease of the chlorine demand of the water : less chlorine required
. High Conversion rate (de 90 95%) with

tangential filtration and backwashes
. Very safe water , the quality of which

depends only on the quality of the membrane
(cut off diameter)
. quality of the permeate stable and

Indpendant from the quality of the raw water
(variable turbidity)

Different types of membrane modules
. Flat membranes:
. easy to disassemble (lab, trials)

. low membrane surface
. low compacity
. backwash impossible
. Spiral module:
. more compact
. sensitive to the fouling
. backwash impossible
. Tubular module
. high tangential flow speed

. easy to clean
. less compact
. expensiver
. good resistance to
agressive media

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. Hollow Fibers Membranes with internal skin:
. hollow fibres of 10 m to 10 mm
. self-supported fibers which could resist to
both internal & external pressure
. Good mechanical resistance which allows
backwashing by back pressure
. Thousand fibers grouped in modules
. Fibers sealed in their extremities by
polymer resin (potting resin)
. High Compacity (thousands of m2.m-3)
. Backwashing by back pressure

. Comparaison des diffrents types de module

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Arrangement of membrane modules
. Recirculation
. Membrane backwash
. Membrane cleaning
Principle pattern

3.4. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) & Cristal Process

Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)
. Biological denitrification of drinking waters

(suspended bacterial cultures)
- Hydraulic Residence Time (HRT) & Sludge Residence Time (SRT)

are independant (sludge extraction controled separately)
- high sludge age
- high biomass concentration, up to 10 15 g MLSS.L-1.
- very compact bioreactor
. Sewage treatment
. Hollow fibers with external skin

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3.4. Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) & Cristal Process

Cristal Process (Suez)
. Combination PAC / UF

4. Final disinfection
. Mechanism of the action of oxidants on microbiological material
. Bacterial disinfection :
- transfer through the cytoplasmic membrane by solubilization-diffusion

solubilization-diffusion depends on the polarity of the oxidants
solubilization-diffusion depends on pH for HClO/ClO- (pKa = 7.5)
solubilization-diffusion independant of oxidizing powers (potentials E)
of the disinfecting reactant
- oxidation of the vital organs of the bacteria (ADN, enzymes of de Krebs cycle
good correlation between oxidation & the oxidizing powers (potentials E)
15 45% of lipid
. Viruses Disinfection : diffusion through the viral capsid, then direct oxidation of the viral DNA
good correlation between oxidation & the oxidizing powers (potentials E)

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Comparison of the efficiency of the oxidabts for the disinfection
First order reaction kinetics :
the plot of log( oxidant concentration) vs. log(t) is linear for a given microorganism reduction
Best disinfection performance for an oxidant minimum C.t values
HClO/ClO- ClO2 O3

Disinfection by chlorination (Cl2 or bleach) : HClO/ClO-
- Depreciation of the organoleptic quality

- Increase in Organochlorinated compounds & TOX
Persistance of the chlorine
( Total dechlorination on GAC then rechlorination)

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Disinfection by the chlorine dioxide : ClO2
- Does not oxidize ammoniacal Nitrogen

- ClO2- to be watched
Disinfection by the ozone : O3
+ Highest disinfectant power

- Low persistant life in water

Disinfection by the U.V.-C
+ No addition of oxidant
no oxidation byproduct
- No persistance
short and well maintained networks ;
food processing industry

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5. The corrosion Protection against corrosion

. Definition of the corrosion oxidation of the iron
Iron = main component of . Steel : Fe + C (0,02 to 2%)

. Cast-iron pipes : Fe + C (2 to 6,67%)
Iron is not stable in aqueous media & it can be oxidized:
. Directly by an oxidant : H2O; O2(aq); other oxidants Uniform Corrosion
. By electron tranfer through a conducer due to the heterogeneity of the media

which generates a potential difference
Electrochemical Corrosion / Differential Corrosion
. Both corrosions : Uniform Corrosion + Electrochemical Corrosion

Uniform Corrosion
O2
Iron is oxidized by H2O (deaerated waters)
Fe(S) + 2 H2O Fe2+ + H2 + 2 OH - Natural

Waters
Fe(OH)3(s)
Fe2+
Iron is oxidized by O2(aq) (aerated waters)
4 Fe(S) + 3 O2(aq) + 6 H2O 4 Fe(OH)3(s) Fe(s)
2 Fe(OH)3(s) = Fe2O3(s) + 3 H2O
Rust = Fe2O3(s) = Iron oxide = dehydrated Iron hydroxide

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Electrochemical Corrosion : different types of localized corrosion generated by a Potential Difference
- dissimilar material are joined : formation of a micro cell like a battery
. E (Cu) = 0.34 V ; E (Fe) = - 0.44 V
E (Cu) > E (Fe) Positive Pole : Cu reduction on Cu Cu = K
Negative Pole : Fe oxidation of Fe Fe = A
O2(aq) + 4 e- + 4 H+(aq) 2 H2 O
Copper Fe(S) Fe2+ + 2 e-
Iron
Cathode (+) Anode (-)
Each time Fe(S) is an Anode, there is a local corrosion of iron
- corrosion par aration diffrentielle
- corrosion caused by differential aeration
O2(aq) is the most powerful oxidant in the nature
. Area with high concentration in O2(aq) : higher Potential E(+)

Positive Pole : Fe reduction on the area Area (+) = Fe = K
. Area with low concentration in O2(aq) : lower Potential E(-)

Negative Pole : Fe oxidation of Fe Area (-) = Fe = A
Iron
E(+); K
E(+); K O2(aq) ; E(+) E(+); K

Iron
Iron
Sediments O2(aq) ; E(-)

Fe(S) Fe2+ + 2 e-
E(-); A
Iron

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. Protection against the corrosion
- Corrosion protection coatings :

the composite anti-corrosion lining is used in cast iron pipes.
- Cathodic protection : Iron is given the higher Potentiel
Iron becomes a cathode if it is connected to :
- the negative terminal of a generator

Galvanic anode cathodic protection
- another metal more reducing than the iron: Zn, Mg, Al
Sacrificial anode cathodic protection
Iron is a cathode reduction on the Iron
O2(aq) + 4 e- + 4 H+(aq) 2 H2 O
Or Zn(s) Zn2++ 2 e-
2 H2 O + 2 e- 2 OH - + H2
The Iron is not oxidized

. Protection against the corrosion
Sacrificial anode cathodic protection Galvanic anode cathodic protection
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6. Bibliography
. Production deau potable Filires et procds de traitement; Bernard LEGUBE; Ed. Dunod; 2015
Water Treatment Handbook 7th Edition; Suez Degremont; Ed.Lavoisier; 2007
Webography : https://www.suezwaterhandbook.com/
Synoptique Usine de la Nive
Eaux Potables Procds de Traitement des Eaux

68
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Thank you for your attention
CONTACT
Beat DELANGHE
Responsable de la Licence Professionnelle Amnagement et Gestion des Ressources en Eau
Directeur Dpartement Physique-Chimie
Facult des Sciences et Techniques de la Cte Basque
Universit de Pau et des Pays de lAdour
bernard.delanghe@univ-pau.fr
http://gestion-eau.univ-pau.fr/live/
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Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)

CIRSEE Lyonnaise des Eaux Suez, Paris (France)

Yamanashi University (Japan)

Ecole des Mines dAls (France)

Universit de Pau et des Pays de lAdour, Anglet (France)

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

The Context of the Water in Cambodia

The drinking water problem is a big deal in Cambodia

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

In spite of the difficult context, Cambodia had to react

Major challenges for Cambodia

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

Drinking Water in Cambodia

Huge investments have been carried out in order to

decrease the occurrence of hydric and waterborne deseases

The situation is now much better Cambodia is on the right way

Drinking Water in Cambodia

The politics of the water of Cambodia are shown to be exemplary

. 35 to 40 % of Cambodians receive their water of improved sources:

Many was made, many remain to make.

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

Drinking Water in Rural Areas of Cambodia

Espoir en Soie . initially promoted the drilling of wells

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

The goal is double :

About sixty production sites - forty employees

Intake of Surface water / Coagulation / Settler / Sand filter / Activated Carbon

processes to be explained later in the course.

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

Drinking Water in Urban Areas of Cambodia

The case of Phnom Penh

. 1.6 million inhabitants

. Drinking water networks in PP represent an exemplary structure in Asia

. Efforts on the networks of collection of wastewater :

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

1993: 20 to 25 % of the inhabitants

Today: 86 % of the inhabitants have

price decreased thanks to the

. The population grows of 2.8 % a year

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

. Water Treatment Plants

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

Niroth 2 Drinking Water Treatment Plant

560 000 m3/day for 331 000 inhabitants

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

Niroth 2 Drinking Water Treatment Plant

+ pump at variable speed

Optimized energy consumption

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

Access to the drinking water in Phnom Penh

Many was made, many remain to make.

2005-2020 Master Plan of PPWSA

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

Whether it is in rural or urban area,

many was made, many remain to make.

that is your role to undertake this work :

you are the engineers of tomorrow and you will be in charge of

. leading the water projects ,

Drinking Water Treatment Processes

Technically, all is possible : we are able to produce drinking water

Treatment strategy has to have one objective : produce a safe

Obviously the strategy depends on the raw water quality and we