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Abstract The solar powered self-balancing vehicle is a two wheeled vehicle which uses solar energy stored in
battery to run its motor and attain acceleration. It is convenient form of transport without consuming fuels. Self -
balancing vehicle is a two wheeled vehicle which balances itself in air vertically with reference to the ground. This
vehicle is designed to mirror the process of walking and can be used for inspection purpose in the malls and
offices. With solar energy as source of energy self-balancing vehicle technology and related uses of non-motorized
transportations, a long term solution is to establish dedicated on-motorized lanes in urban environment, which
will promote more energy efficient and environment friendly travel means. In this research solar energy is used as
a source of fuel. A D.C motor is driven by solar energy. Solar energy is a natural resource available free of cost and
in adequate quantity. The balancing of vehicle is achieved by the weight balance on the platform plate at the static
condition and the action of inertia forces in the dynamic state. This vehicle is capable of moving with the speed of
30 Km/hr.
Keywords Self-balancing; solar panel; solar energy; motor controller; throttle;
I. INTRODUCTION
In this research, the solar energy is used to run self-balancing vehicle by help of various electric components. Self-
balancing vehicle is the vehicle which balances itself in air with reference to the ground. Self-balancing is achieved
by using mechanical components. In Solapur region the intensity of sunlight is 1013*100 lux. The main objective
of Solar powered self-balancing vehicle is to reduce the cost and make it high efficient for the use of human
being with help of solar energy. To prepare a self-balancing vehicle without using complex and electronics parts
such as microcontroller, gyro sensors, etc. For the better performance of the vehicle we need batteries which are
charge by solar panels and solar station. Also the vehicle is designed for the inspection and security purpose. The
indoor applications o f the vehicle is rarely visible to us. Nowadays the individual shopping markets are closing
drastically and the concept of big shopping malls is increasing in metro as well as in small cities. So its crating the
problem of walking from small children to the senior citizens. Hence to reduce the human effort and to making the
mirror of walking process the idea of self-balancing vehicle with help of solar energy came into the picture.
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IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page 43
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 11, Volume 4 (November 2017) www.ijirae.com
To avoid the consumption of fuels such as petrol, diesel etc. to drive the vehicle the decision to use solar energy is
generated. The increase in the prices of the non-renewable energy sources is making the high impact on the
vehicle usage so it is more reliable to use the renewable energy sources. With the commercialization of solar
powered self-balancing vehicle, it is possible to make the better use of solar energy. The self-balancing vehicle is
present in the market and has high cost because of various sensors to balance it but in our vehicle the self-
balancing is completely achieved mechanically. The use of five pin throttle enhances the better acceleration of the
vehicle whereas the use of solar energy eliminates the cost of fuel. So, to reduce the human effort of walking the
large distances and as it is cost effective, this product is affordable in less price to the society. The speed of self-
balancing vehicle achieved is 30 kmph.
II. DESIGN OF SYSTEM
The design of the each component of the proposed system is explained in detail here. While designing of each
component namely motor, battery, solar panels, sprocket, fabrication is also taken into care and also specification
of each component is also explained after the design of each component. In given CATIA model shown below
actual mounting of components assembly and positioning of manikin with certain reference in vehicle. Several
design considerations are to be made while designing of any system. The maximum speed of these kinds of
vehicles is 20 to 40 kmph. So we have considered a top speed of 30kmph for the design of this vehicle. To develop
this system main components are used Motor, Motor controller, Battery, Shaft, Chain sprocket , Wheel, Handle bar,
Ball bearing & pedestal bearing. To obtain the total weight of vehicle we have done summation of weight of
individual components.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page 44
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 11, Volume 4 (November 2017) www.ijirae.com
N = 441.9 rpm.
This is the total force required to run the vehicle against the road resistance, gradient resistance and force of
acceleration.
This can be given as,
Total tractive effort (TTE) = RR + FA. ....................................................... ..(2)
a. Road Resistance
RR = W * Crr .............................................(3)
Crr = coefficient of road resistance.
RR = 33.04 N.
b. Force of Acceleration.
FA = W * Vmax / (32.2 * ta) .........................................................................( 4)
Vmax = maximum velocity of the vehicle
ta = time required by the vehicle to achieve the maximum speed.
FA = 6.35 N.
TTE = RR + FA
TTE = 39.39N 40 N
c. Wheel Torque (Tw)
Tw= TTE * Rw ......................................................(5)
Tw = 7.2 Nm.
Fig. 2 Analysis of platform under stress Fig. 3 Analysis of platform under deformation
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page 45
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 11, Volume 4 (November 2017) www.ijirae.com
The main purpose of platform is to sustain the load which is applied through system and human load hence we
selected different material and analyzed different material of various thicknesses hence finalized mild steel
material of 4mm thickness. Above Fig. 2 shows analysis of platform under stress, done in R15 workbench which
shows that selected material is safe. Where load applied over material is 120 kg which is converted in newton &
load applied over platform is at center. Fig. 2 also shows equivalent stress developed in material which is below
the maximum stress developed over plate. In Fig. 3 is analysis of platform under deformation. Total deformation
of material is observed where load is applied centrally over platform which is under safe condition and maximum
deformation is within limit.
Flow diagram
In given fig. 4 shows flow diagram of electrical connections used in this system. The solar radiations from the sun
are used by solar panels to charge the batteries. There are two sets of batteries and each set is having two
batteries connected in series. Each set of battery is used to run the individual motor. A motor controller is used to
provide variable acceleration to the motors and also helps in turning of the vehicle. The turning is achieved by
using turning switches.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page 47
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 11, Volume 4 (November 2017) www.ijirae.com
TABLE III - EXPERIMENTAL READING OF 40 WATT SOLAR PANELS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL (DAY 2)
Time (t) Solar intensity (lux) Voltage (v) Current (a) Watt (v*a)
10:15 300*100 14.81 0.66 9.77
10:45 503*100 15.86 0.66 10.46
11:15 885*100 16.77 0.75 12.57
11:45 845*100 18.33 0.82 15.13
12:15 990*100 18.82 0.93 17.50
12:45 991*100 19.10 1.1 21.01
1:15 1013*100 19.86 1.23 24.42
1:45 1015*100 20.23 1.16 23.46
2:15 1019*100 19.71 1.06 20.89
2:45 995*100 18.83 0.9 16.94
3:15 998*100 17.63 0.94 16.57
3:45 850*100 17.10 0.86 14.70
4:15 992*100 16.71 0.78 13.033
4:45 996*100 15.3 0.72 11.01
From above table III shows performance for 40W solar panels which are connected in parallel. Where maximum
power is obtained at 1:15 pm which is 24.42W at lux intensity of 1013*100.
MATLAB interface for graph generation for 40W solar panel
A graph has been plotted as power vs. time of 40W panels which are connected in parallel and performance is
tested for 2 days as shown in graph. The graph shows time interval of 30 min.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page 48
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 11, Volume 4 (November 2017) www.ijirae.com
V.CONCLUSIONS
By reducing many electronic components and due to addition of mechanical components cost of vehicle is
drastically reduced. In the course of this research, the design and fabrication of vehicle was done. The attempt to
change the existing design of self balancing vehicle was successfully completed. This research was implemented
with an idea to find an effective solution to transportation problem. The main objective is to achieve space
utilization and minimize the fuel consumption especially for commuting over shortest distance. Balancing is done
mechanically by eliminating accelerometer and gyro sensor. By eliminating tilt-sensor and addition of throttle grip
more sophisticated handling is obtained. Maximum speed achieved by the vehicle is 30 km/hr.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2015): 47.91
IJIRAE 2014- 17, All Rights Reserved Page 49