ROCK DESCRIPTION

Outline

I. Igneous Rock
Rock Description : Granite Biotite & Andesite

II. Sedimentary Rock

Rock Description : Algal Floatstone & Convolute
Lamination-Sandstone

III. Metamorphic Rock

Rock Description : Slate & Schist
 I. Igneous Rock

1. Color of The Rock :

Light color indicate the rock is felsic igneous rock.
Dark color indicate the rock is mafic igneous rock.

2. Structure
Massive : No fracture or no void/pore of gases
Jointing : There is fracture on the rock
Vesicullar : There is gases void/pore, divided into 3 structures :
Scoriaan : Gas void/pore are not interconnected
Pumice : Gas void/pore are interconnected
: There is appearance of the
Flow
crystals or hole gas flow
Amigdaloidal : Gas void/pore filled by secondary minerals
3. Texture
a) Degree of crystalization :
Holocrystalline; the rock is composed by crystal.
Hypocrystalline/Hypohyaline; the rock is composed
by crystal & glass.
Holohyaline; the rock is composed by glass.
b) Crystal grain size (based on Cox, Prize & Harfe) :
Fine : < 1 mm; Medium : 1 5 mm & Coarse : > 5 mm.
c) Granulity/the uniformity of crystal grain size :
Equigranular (crystal size is uniform); devided into :
Phaneritic & Aphanitic.
Inequigranular (crystal size is not uniform); devided
into : Phaneroporphiritic & Porphiroafanitic.
Glassy : the rock is composed by glass.

4. Mineral Composition
 Rock Description

1) Rock Name : Granite Biotite

2) Rock Type : Igneous Rock
3) Rock Description :
Color : Light gray
Grain Size : 2 6 mm (medium coarse)
Structure : Massive
Texture : Holocrystalline,
equigranular phaneritic
Mineral composition : Orthoclase (50%);
Quartz (40%); & Biotite (10%).

4) Petrogenesa :
Based on rock color, light gray; the rock is form by felsic magma. Based on rock
texture, the rock is intrusive-plutonik igneous rock. Its showed a slow crystal-
lization process & form coarse size of crystals.
 Index Properties Mechanical Properties
Specific
Porosity Permeability Density Water Cohesion Strength Strain
Gravity
(%) (cm/s) (kN/m3) content (lb/in2.103) (Psi) (MPa)
(g/ms2)

10,000
3.98 510-11 2.67
26.0 --- 1.4 5.8 R 25,000 ---
1.11 210-10 L 2.60
3.6 A
0.44 2.53 33,200

Explanation :
From J. H. Griffith, 1937, Physical Properties of Typical American Rocks, Iowa Eng.
Expt. Sta. Bull (see Krynine, D. P. & Judd, W. R., 1957).
General value of compressive strengths. From A. von Moos & F. De Quervain, 1948,
Technische Gesteinkunde, Birkhaeuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland (see Krynine, D. P.
& Judd, W. R., 1957).
Detailed values of compressive strengths. From S. L. Windes, 1949 Physical
Properties of Mine Rocks, Part I, USBM Rept. Invest. & Physical Properties of Some
Typical Foundation Rocks, Part I, USBR Concrete Lab. Rept. Invest. 1954 (see
Krynine, D. P. & Judd, W. R., 1957).
R : Range & A : Average of cohesion; & L : Lab. determination. From K. G. Stagg & O. C.
Zeinkiewicz, 1968, Rock Mechanic in Engineering Practice.
From Clark, 1966; Davis & De Weist, 1966 (see R. E. Goodman, 1989).
 1) Rock Name : Andesite
2) Rock Type : Igneous Rock
3) Rock Description :
Color : Dark gray
Grain Size : < 1 mm (fine crystal grain)
Structure : Massive
Texture : Holocrystalline,
equigranular aphanitic
Mineral composition : Plagioclase (40%);
Hornblende (20%); Quartz (10%); Mafic
minerals (30%)

4) Petrogenesa :
Based on rock color, dark gray; the rock is form by mafic magma. Based on rock
texture, the rock is intrusive-volcanic igneous rock. Its showed fast crystal-
lization process because of contact to the surface.
 Index Properties Mechanical Properties
Specific
Porosity Permeability Density Water Cohesion Strength Strain
Gravity
(%) (cm/s) (gr/cm3) content (lb/in2.103) (Psi) (MPa)
(g/ms2)

10.77 2.22
--- 2.04 6.5% --- 18,710 ---
0.72 2.70
19,150
0.10 2.79

Explanation :
From J. H. Griffith, 1937, Physical Properties of Typical American Rocks, Iowa Eng.
Expt. Sta. Bull (see Krynine, D. P. & Judd, W. R., 1957).
General value of compressive strengths, from A. von Moos & F. De Quervain, 1948,
Technische Gesteinkunde, Birkhaeuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland (see Krynine, D. P.
& Judd, W. R., 1957).
From Mulyono, A. T., - , Pengaruh Lama Penyimpanan Terhadap Karakteristik DGEM
Batu Andesit & DGEM Batu Kapur,Effect of Storage Duration to The Characteristics of
DGEM Andesite & DGEM Limestone.
 II. Sedimentary Rock
1. Color of the rock, influenced by :
Color of rock forming material,
Color of matrix/cement,
Color of coating material, &
Environment of deposition.
2. Texture
Non Clastic Clastic
Amorf : Clay size/coloidd, non crystalline Fragment : Grain size more than sand
Oolithic : Elipsoid crystal, size 0.25 2 mm : Grain size smaller than sand,
Matrix
Pisolthic : Elipsoid crystal, size >2 mm deposited along with fragment

Sacaraoidal : Very fine crystal grain : Fine materials as a binder,

Cement
Crystalline : Composed by crystal formed after fragment & matrix
Grain Size
Grain Size Grain Size Grain Size
Name Name Name
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Boulder > 256 Very coarse sand 12 Silt 1/256 1/16
Cobble 64 256 Coarse sand 1/2 1 Clay < 256
Gravel 4 64 Medium sand 1/4 1/2
Pebble 24 Fine sand 1/8 1/4
Very fine sand 1/16 1/8

Grain shape : refers to the degree of rounding of the grains. The more rounded
the grains, the further they have been transported from the source.
Well Sub Sub Very
Rounded Angular
rounded rounded angular angular
Grain sorting : the sorting of grain population expresses the degree to which the
grain approach a uniform size.
Poorly sorted Moderatly sorted Well sorted

Grain packing :
to express the distributional relationship between grains & matrix.

Matrix Grain
supported supported
3. Sediment Structure

4. Composition
Limestone
Classification,
after Embry &
Klovan; 1971
(picture courtesy :
http://sepmstrata.org/thins
ections/images/DunReef.gif)
 Rock Description

1) Rock Name : Convolute Lamination -Sandstone

2) Rock Type : Sedimentary Rock
3) Rock Description :
Color : Light gray
Grain Size : Very fine sand
Texture : Clastic, it shape rounded well rounded, it has well sorted &
grain supported.
Structure : Convolute-lamination
Mineral composition : Plagioclase, quartz, heavy & carbonates mineral
 Index Properties Mechanical Properties
Specific
Porosity Permeability Density Water Cohesion Strength Strain
Gravity
(%) (cm/s) (gr/cm3) content (lb/in2.103) (Psi) (MPa)
(g/ms2)

210-7 L 10,000
25,000

9.25 2.18 --- 2.35 0.6 6 R ---
3 x 10-3 1.6 4.1A
8 x 10-8 L 8,810
1 x 10-3 12,200
3 x 10-8 F
 1) Rock Name : Algal Floatstone
2) Rock Type : Sedimentary Rock
3) Rock Description :
Color : Reddish brown
Grain Size : 2 mm - 1.2 cm
Structure : ---
Texture : Non-clastic, matrix
supported
Mineral composition : Algal fragment,
quartz, carbonates minerals, & contain of
iron its showed from reddish color.

Index Properties Mechanical Properties

Specific
Porosity Permeability Density Water Cohesion Strength Strain
Gravity
(%) (cm/s) (kN/m3) content (lb/in2.103) (Psi) (MPa)
(g/ms2)

10,000
1.70 710-10 20.9 --- 2.67 0.5 5 R 25,000 ---
1.210-7 L 2.5 3.3A
10,900
Explanation :
From J. H. Griffith, 1937, Physical Properties of Typical American Rocks, Iowa Eng.
Expt. Sta. Bull (see Krynine, D. P. & Judd, W. R., 1957).
General value of compressive strengths. From A. von Moos & F. De Quervain, 1948,
Technische Gesteinkunde, Birkhaeuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland (see Krynine,
D. P. & Judd, W. R., 1957).
Detailed values of compressive strengths. From S. L. Windes, 1949 Physical
Properties of Mine Rocks, Part I, USBM Rept. Invest. & Physical Properties of Some
Typical Foundation Rocks, Part I, USBR Concrete Lab. Rept. Invest. 1954 (see
Krynine, D. P. & Judd, W. R., 1957).
R : Range & A : Average of cohesion; & L : Lab. determination. From K. G. Stagg &
O. C. Zeinkiewicz, 1968, Rock Mechanic in Engineering Practice.
From Clark, 1966; Davis & De Weist, 1966 (see R. E. Goodman, 1989).
From Mulyono, A. T., - , Pengaruh Lama Penyimpanan Terhadap Karak-teristik
DGEM Batu Andesit & DGEM Batu Kapur, Effect of Storage Duration to The
Characteristics of DGEM Andesite & DGEM Limestone.
From Rakhman, A. N., - , Mekanika Batuan Bagian 1,Rock Mechanics Part 1.
 III. Metamorphic Rock
1. Color of the rock
2. Texture
a) Based on form/shape of mineral :
Lepidoblastic : composed by tabular mineral
Nematoblastic : composed by prismatic mineral
Granuloblastic : composed by granular mineral, equidi-
mensional, minerals bounder are clear/unsuture & form
by euhedral minerals
Granoblastic : composed by granular mineral, equidi-
mensional, minerals bounder are not clear/suture & form
by anhedral minerals
b) Based on grain size : Phaneritic; crystal grains can be
seen by eye & Aphanitic; crystal grains can not be see by eye.
3. Structure
Foliation Non Foliation
Slatycleavage Hornfelsic/granulose
Phylitic Cataclastic
Schistosic Mylonitic
Gneissic Phyllonitic

4. Mineral Composition
.
Metamorphic Rock Structure
(picture courtesy : http://localexpert.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/)
Rock Description

1) Rock Name : Slate

2) Rock Type : Metamorphic Rock
3) Rock Description :
Color : Dark gray
Grain Size : Fine grain
Texture : Lepidoblastic, tabular
mineral
Structure : Foliation-slatycleavage
Mineral composition : Clay minerals
 Index Properties Mechanical Properties
Specific
Porosity Permeability Density Water Cohesion Strength Strain
Gravity
(%) (cm/s) (kN/m3) content (lb/in2.103) (Psi) (MPa)
(g/ms2)

1.06 710-11 --- --- 2.74 --- 30,400 ---
1.610-10 L

Explanation :
From J. H. Griffith, 1937, Physical Properties of Typical American Rocks, Iowa Eng.
Expt. Sta. Bull (see Krynine, D. P. & Judd, W. R., 1957).
General value of compressive strengths, from A. von Moos & F. De Quervain, 1948,
Technische Gesteinkunde, Birkhaeuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland (see Krynine, D. P.
& Judd, W. R., 1957).
L : Lab. Determination. From K. G. Stagg & O. C. Zeinkiewicz, 1968, Rock Mechanic in
Engineering Practice. John Wiley & Sons, London.
1) Rock Name : Schist
2) Rock Type : Metamorphic Rock
3) Rock Description :
Color : Light gray
Grain Size : 1 4 mm (phaneritic)
Texture : Lepidoblastic, tabular mineral
Structure : Foliation-schistosic
Mineral composition : Muscovite, Biotite & Quartz
 Index Properties Mechanical Properties
Specific
Porosity Permeability Density Water Cohesion Strength Strain
Gravity
(%) (cm/s) (kN/m3) content (lb/in2.103) (Mpa) (MPa)
(g/ms2)

10-4
310-4 L
28 25.78 D --- --- --- 24.7 ---
26.05 S 65.6
10-8 L
210-7 F

Explanation :
L : Lab. Determination. From K. G. Stagg & O. C. Zeinkiewicz, 1968, Rock Mechanic in
Engineering Practice. John Wiley & Sons, London.
From Mulyono, A. T., - , Pengaruh Lama Penyimpanan Terhadap Karak-teristik DGEM
Batu Andesit & DGEM Batu Kapur, Effect of Storage Duration to The
Characteristics of DGEM Andesite & DGEM Limestone.
D : Dry & S : Saturated density of Graphitic Schists. From Saroglou, H., Marinos, P., &
Tsiambaos, - , Applicability of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion and the effect of the
anisotropy on intact rock samples from Athens Schist.
 References
Krynine, D. P., & Judd, W. R., 1957, Principles of Engineering Geology and
Geotechnic. McGraw-Hill, New York, p: 49 53.
Mulyono, A. T., - , Pengaruh Lama Penyimpanan Terhadap Karak-teristik DGEM
Batu Andesit & DGEM Batu Kapur, Effect of Storage Duration to The
Characteristics of DGEM Andesite & DGEM Limestone.
Nockolds, S. R., Knox, R. W. OB., & Chinner, G. A., 1978, Petrology for Students,
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, London.
Rakhman, A. N., - , Mekanika Batuan Bagian 1,Rock Mechanics Part 1.
(http://www.scribd.com/doc/27667908/Mekanika-Batuan-Part-1).
Richard E. G., 1989, Introduction to Rock Mechanics, 2nd Edt., John Wiley &
Sons, New York, p: 29 35.
Saroglou, H., Marinos, P., & Tsiambaos, - , Applicability of the Hoek-Brown
failure criterion and the effect of the anisotropy on intact rock samples from
Athens Schist. (http://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v104n04p209.pdf)
Stagg, K. G., & Zienkiewicz, O. C., 1968, Rock Mechanics in Engineering
Practice, John Wiley & Sons, London, p: 58.