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香港中文大學電子工程學系
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
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Design of Mobile Phone Antenna
April, 2007
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Abstract
In recent years, the demand for small and mobile communication devices,
especially the mobile phone, has grown rapidly. Devices having internal
antenna is a trend and is required for such applications Antenna size is a major
factor that limits device miniaturization. To decrease the size, antenna design
have been used for handheld wireless devices because these antennas have
Nowadays, mobile phones are not only for voice communication but they are
Dual-band and tri-band phones have been now become a standard because of
therefore important to also examine the effect on the size reduce and
antennas are mounted on a small ground plane. Ground plane size effects on
I
Acknowledgements
knowledge on it. Through the project, I learn how to use simulation tools to
design the antenna. All these meetings are a great help for this project.
I would to thank tutor Lam Fuk Ming who give many advice on the project.
Also, I have to thanks all the staffs in Microwave Laboratory for all the
supports.
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Content
Abstract .......................................................................................................................... I
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... II
Content.........................................................................................................................III
Chapter 1- Introduction..................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................1
2.1.1 Miniaturization..............................................................................................4
III
Chapter 4 – Antenna Simulation ..................................................................................20
4.2.3Radiation Pattern..................................................................................29
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................35
Reference .....................................................................................................................36
IV
Chapter 1- Introduction
1.1 Introduction
In the mobile communication, in the past decade, the industry has grown
significantly. In the past, the mobile unit has only for voice communication, it
has changed and more band and applications are need in a mobile phone
In the mean time, the most of the mobile phone has been in internal antenna
elements instead of external whip and helix antennas used previously.[1] Also,
the space is very limited for antennas inside the casing of a mobile unit,
antennas with as small size as possible are needed. One great challenge in
We have to male the trade of between the different properties of the antenna
such as the size, bandwidth, gain, etc.[2] Besides, universal antenna elements
size of the metal parts of the device and the location of the antenna on it.
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1.2 Thesis Outline
In this chapter, there is a brief introduction on mobile phone issue is stated on
discussed.
In chapter 3, design issues on the mobile phone antenna are investigated and
result is shown.
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Chapter 2 - Antenna of Mobile Unit
In recent years, the mobile cells market has been growing rapidly all over the
world. One of the trends in mobile phone in the past few years has been to
reduce the size and weight of the mobile phone. This remarkable reduction in
the unit’s size has sparked a rapid evolution of the antennas used for mobile
phone.
Hence, the design of antennas for small mobile terminals is becoming more
challenging. The antennas are required to be smaller and smaller and their
gain and bandwidth are observed when the antenna’s size is reduced.
as more applications are required today. As a result, the design of two or more
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2.1.1 Miniaturization
To decrease the size of an antenna, the resonant frequency remains the same
even though the antenna size is reduced. Some of the parameters that may
suffer are:
2 Shorter range
1 By loading the antenna in a way that the self-resonance is obtained when the
methods.[4]
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2.2 Bandwidth
For a small antenna, the term bandwidth typically refers to the impedance
requirements for operating frequency and bandwidth are different for each
defined as the return loss of Lretn > 6 dB for the whole operating frequency
range. [5]
communication), the typical mobile phone was nearly 600cc in volume and
approximately 850g in weight. The antenna used for the first phone was a half
wavelength monopole antenna. After many years of evolution, the volume for
the mobile phone had been reduced to less than 60cc and a weight of less
than 60g around 2000. it can see that the built-in antennas are more preferable
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2.4 Monopole
around the center of the monopole therefore current amplitude around the feed
point (between the monopole and the terminal case) is small. However, for a
the feed point and large current flows into the terminal case. Due to the
leakage currents, the length of the terminal case significantly changes the
employed for mobile terminals as they have the appropriate input impedance
for matching to the feeding line and yet the current flow on the terminal case is
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Fig 2.1 - 1/4-wavelength monopole antenna
In the normal mode, the dimensions of the helix are small compared with the
typically used for mobile communications where reduced size is a critical factor.
A Tesla coil secondary coil is also an example. Figure 2.2 show a structure of a
helix
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2.6 Meander Line Antenna
This antenna define as an antenna with the wire folded back and forth where
obtained.
A planar and compact meander line antenna has been studied [7]. Multi-band
in parallel with each being tuned to its own frequency as shown in Figure 2.4.
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Fig 2.4 Dual-band meander line antenna.
element placed on top that acts as a capacitive load. Figure 2.4 shows the
alternative because of its simple layout. The design is uncomplicated and can
The ILA has low input impedance as its input impedance is equal to that of the
short monopole plus the reactance of the horizontal element closely placed to
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Fig. 2.4 – Structure of Inverted-L antenna
Most of the new mobile terminals (e.g. GSM phones) have built-in antennas
which are not extruded from the terminal’s exterior. Generally, the very top of
the phone is not the best position to place the antenna because the antenna
element should be kept away from the user to avoid unnecessary losses. Also,
the antenna should not be placed too low on the back of the phone either as
such a position will increase the antenna’s losses due to the users’ hand.
Therefore, the surface on the upper back of the phone is a preferable position
to place the built-in antenna. The well known built-in antennas i.e. Inverted
F-antenna (IFA) and PIFA have been widely used in most of current mobile
terminals.
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element attached at the end of the monopole. The ILA is a low profile antenna
as the height of the vertical element is usually much less than a wavelength.
The planar version of the inverted-F antenna, the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA),
meets the specifications which are required in a reduced size environment as shown in
figure.2.5.
The common characteristics of the PIFA have been analyzed in [8] The
maximum reduction in the antenna’s size. The narrower the shorting plate
width, W, the lower the resonant frequency of the PIFA. The resonant
frequency (f) of the PIFA can be determined from the equation below
where L1 is the width of PIFA, L2 is the length of PIFA and c is the speed of light
in free space.
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2.9 The meander Planar Inverted-F Antenna
One other variation of the PIFA is introduced with the meander like structure, it
has a further reduction in size while still maintaining adequate bandwidth. The
bandwidth still maintained and the size is only an eighth of a wavelength long.
slightly reduced in size from the conventional PIFA. It uses several slits cut
laterally in the PIFA radiating element. These slits effectively act to increase
the electrical length of the antenna and allow for reduced overall antenna
volume.
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Chapter 3 – Design of Antenna
3.1 Overviews
Planar Inverted-F Antenna. The idea is to cut slot on the planar element of a
PIFA, sp that the antenna can work as a multi-band PIFA. As shown in figure
3.1, the basic principle is that the longer arm resonates at low band whilst
The Cellular PIFA was simulated using a commercial 2.5D Method of Moments
code (IE3D). The reason to use IE3D is that It use the moment method codes
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formulation makes it particularly suited to solving wire and surface geometries.
The dimensions of the phone may vary a lot depending on the handset design.
In current mono block mobile phone, the typical length is in the range of 80-
140 mm, the width in the range of 40-60 mm, and the thickness a few
millimeters. For the phones with a slider, the phone dimensions change in
Beside, antenna location and antenna height can affect the performance of the
antenna. The bandwidth and efficiency can be varied with changing the above
parameters.
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Figure 3.2 – Structure of the mobile phone antenna (dimension in mm)
The location of the antenna is studied to find the best position to locate the
antenna.
The antenna’s position is varied from top of the antenna to see its effect on the
as follow:
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Location of Antenna
5
BandWidth (%)
4
Frequency-
3 900MHz
2 Frequency-
1800MHz
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Location (mm)
It is studied that most of the antennas used in current mobile phones are small
unbalanced antennas for which the ground plane is an important factor. This
and their derivatives. When it is attached to a relative small finite ground plane,
some of the properties of these antennas can be very different from those of
There is a strong influence of the mobile size on the antenna parameters. The
effect of a small ground counterpart has also been noticed in [5] in a different
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context.
Figure. 3.4 shows the results for a length of the mobile phone antenna ground
plane ranging from 80 mm to 150 mm. It is noticed that a strong effect which.
the impedance bandwidth of the antennas rises until the mobile reaches a
certain length
9
8
rel. Bandwidth -10dB (%)
7
6 Frequency-900MHz
5
4 Frequency-
3 1800MHz
2
1
0
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
Ground Plane (mm)
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Beside, its effect on the resonant frequency of the antenna is showed in figure
3.5, it can see that the resonant frequency is not much affected by the size of
the ground.
Effect on Fr
2000
Frequenct(MHz)
1500
1800
1000
900
500
0
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
mm
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3.3.3 Antenna Height Effect
It is known that in PIFA, the antenna height has a effect on the performance of
the antenna. Figure 3.6 shows that the antenna height effect on the bandwidth
increase.
6
5
Bandwidth (%)
Frequency-
4
900MHz
3
2 Frequency-
1800MHz
1
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Height (mm)
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Chapter 4 – Antenna Simulation
4.1 Dual band Mobile Phone Antenna
After studied the factors that affect the antenna, a dual band mobile phone
110mm, the size of the antenna part is 40mm × 30mm, with a height of 7mm. Figure 4.1
show the top view of the mobile phone antenna and figure4.2 show the slide view of the
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4.1.1 Return loss
The return loss is plotted in figure4.3, it can show that the antenna work on the
Figure 4.3 Return loss of the dual band mobile phone antenna
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4.1.2 Current Distribution
The vector and average current distribution of the antenna at 900MHz and
1800MHz are showed in figure 4.4 and they are compared with that in 500MHz
and 2100MHZ
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Figure 4.4cCurrent distribution at 500MHz
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4.1.3 Radiation Pattern
The radiation patterns are shown is figure 4.5
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4.2 Triple band Antenna
The antenna is used the Dual inverted-F antenna geometry together with a
a 30 9
b 30 6
c 30 6.5
d 29 6.5
e 28.8 6
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4.2.1 Return Loss
The return loss is plotted in figure4.7, it can show that the antenna work on the
1800MHz, the bandwidth is 4.8%. For the third band, it has a 6dB bandwidth
which is 2.5%.
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4.2.2 Current Distribution
The vector and average current distribution of the antenna at 950MHz and
1800MHz and 2450MHz are showed in figure 4.4 and they are compared with
that in 500MHz
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Figure 4.8a Current distribution at 2450MHz
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4.2.3Radiation Pattern
The pattern views are compared in figure 4.9
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Figure 4.9b Pattern view of the antenna at 2450MHz
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Chapter 5 – Antenna Implementation
using fr4 as the material. It has 0.8mm thick with a dielectric constant 2.2.
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Figure 5.1c Triple band antenna
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5.1 Experimental Setup – Network Analyzer
R3767CG Network Analyzer is a microwave measurement system, which can
the form of a four scattering matrix and S11, S12, S21, S22 have both
For the test equipment, it may exist some errors and alters the measurement
Analyzer measure the standards (i.e. open circuit, short circuit and precision
This calibration can remove directivity, source match and reflection tracking
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5.2 S11
The return loss of the dual band antenna is shown in figure5.3 , it is noticed
that the resonant frequency has a shift to the desired frequency band.
The error can be due to the fabrication of the antenna is not perfect enough.
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Conclusion
factors that need to be considered. Today, mobile phone has many types, such
as mono block, slide, fold and swivel, So far it has been impossible to make
the universal antenna (module), because different form factors have different
The antennas suggested in this project can work on dual band or triple band
Also, the mobile phones are requiring more and more application beside the
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Reference
[2] Design Guide for Wireless Device Antenna Systems, Centurion Wireless
[3] Multi band, multi antenna system for modern mobile terminal, Zhinong
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