FormulaSheet:Firstmidterm2203,Fall2012

1) Relativity:spaceandtime
TransformsfromStoS:: =1/(1vo2/c2)1/2voinalongthexaxis.
x=(xvot) vx=(vxvo)/(1vxvo/c2)
y=y vy= vy/(1vxvo/c2)
z=z vz= vz/(1vxvo/c2)
z=z
t=(t(vo/c2)x)
ChangesigntogofromStoS:
Timedilationt=t0:t0Propermeasurementoftime.
Lengthcontraction=L0/ :L0propermeasurementoflength.

2) RelativisticMechanics
E = [E(vo/c)(pc)] p=[p(vo/c2)/E]
p=mvpc=mc2(v/c) EK(kineticenergy)=mc2(1)
F=dp/dt E(totalenergy)=mc2
2
E2=p2c2+(mc2)2: E 2 ( mc 2 ) E=pcformasslessparticle
v=pc2/E E=EK+mc2

RelativisticDopplershiftf/f=[1(v/c)cos] orf/f=[(1v/c)/(1+v/c)]1/2(for=0o)

3) Atoms
Notation ZA Z N WhereA=Z+NwithZbeingthenumberofprotonsandNthenumberof
neutrons.AnexampleisCarbonwith6neutronsand6protons 126 C6
KinetictheorypV=nRTorpV=NkBT,withkBtheBoltzmannsconstantandRtheuniversal
gasconstant.

kB=R/NANAisAvogadrosnumber
1 3
averagekineticenergy m v 2 = kB T
2 2
4) Quantizationoflight:
Photonhasenergyhf
E=hf, E = ,with
= 2f E=hc/ =1240/eVnm
E=pc

Photoelecticeffect ComptonScattering
Kmax=hfe =c(1cos)
eisworkfunction c=h/mec=0.00246nm

d c2
Groupvelocity v g = ,Phasevelocity v p = and v = vg
dk v

1
 BraggScattering2dsin=n
5) QuantizationofAtomicEnergylevels:BohrAtom
1 1 1
Rydbergseriesseries = R[ 2 2 ] ,iistheinitialstateandfthefinalstate:Ris
n f n i
Rydbergconstant.

BohrModel:Theangularmomentumisquantized L = mvr = n or 2rn = n yieldingthe
followingequations:
n 2 2 2
rn = 2 wheretheBohrorbitradiusisdefined a0 = 2 = 0.05292nm
ke m ke m
m ke 2 2 13.6eV
E n = 2 ( ) giving E n =
2n n2
ke2
velocity: v n =
n
mM M
Forarealsystemmshouldbethecenterofmassmwhere m' = =
m+M 1+ M / m
n 2 2
m m' ke 2 2
m' E1
Then r' n = = n 2 e a0 and E' n = 2 ( ) =
2
ke m' m' 2n me n 2
ke2 mZ 2 ke2 2
Hydrogenlikeions:oneelectronboundtoZenucleus: v n = , En = 2 ( ) ,
n 2n
n22
rn =
kZe2 m

6) Particlesaswaves

p=h/ or=h/p ke2 = 1.44nm(eV )

hc 1240eV inm
= = deBrogliewavelength=h/p
2mc 2 K 2mc 2 K

Uncertaintyprinciple
kx 1/2 and t 1/2 whichcanalsobewrittenas
px /2 and Et /2

7) SchrdingerEquationinoneDimension
GeneralpropertiesofSchrdingersEquation:QuantumMechanics
SchrdingerEquation(timedependent) + U = i
2 2

2m x 2 t
Standingwave (x,t) = (x)e
it

2 2
SchrdingerEquation(timeindependent) +U = E
2m x 2

2
 +
Normalization(onedimensional) * (x,t)(x,t)dx = 1

2m(E U)
ForaconstantpotentialE>U (x) = Aeikx + Be +ikx with k =
2
2m(U E)
E<U (x) = Aex + Be +x with =
2
2 2 2 2
Operators: p = i , E = i , K = 2 , H = 2 +U
x t 2m x 2m x
EigenfunctionsandEigenvalues:
p = p thenpistheeigenvalueand
isan
eigenfunction.

71)OneDimensionalQuantumSystems

a)Particleinaonedimensionalbox,withU=0for0<x<L;
2
Wavefunctions (x) = sin(nx /L) withn=1,2,3,
L
n 2 2 2
Energies E n =
2mL2


b) SimpleHarmonicOscillator:U=kx2/2
k
AllowedEnergies
E n = ( n + 1/2) c with c =
m
x2

0 (x) = A0e 2b

2
x
x 2b
Firstfewwavefunctions 1 (x) = A 1 e
with b =
b m c
2
2x 2 x
2 (x) = A 2 1 2 e 2b

b
c) Tunneling:BarrierofheightU0withKineticEnergyE,wherewithinthebarrierE<U
0
Withintheclassicallyforbiddenregionthewavefunctionis (x) = Ae + Be
+x x

2m(U 0 E)
where =
2
TheTunnelingprobability T eL

d) Generalpropertiesofwavefunctions

Thewavefunctionanditsderivativemustbecontinuous.

Intheclassicallyforbiddenregion(E<U)thewavefunctioncurvesawayfromtheaxis,
" # 0 exponentiallyaswavepenetratestheclassicallyforbiddenregion.
Intheclassicallyallowedregion(E<U)thewavefunctioncurvestowardaxisand
oscillates

!

3
Constants
c=2.998x10+8m/s h=6.626x1034J.sec=4.136x1015eV.sec
1
= 1.055x1034 J.s = 6.582x1016 eV .s k= = 8.988x109 N .m 2 /C 2
4 0
me=9.109xx10 kg
31 mec =0.511MeV
2

mp=1.673x1027kg mpc2=938.28MeV
mn=1.675x10 kg
27 mnc2=939.57MeV
mp= 1836me mn=1839me
1u=931.5MeV/c 2 nm=109m
e=1.6x1019coul kB=8.617x105eV/K
eV=1.6x10 J
19 NA=6.022x1023objects/mole
binomialexpansion:(1+x)n=1+nx+n(n1)x2/2!+n(n1)(n2)x3/3!

m=106m,nm=109m,pm=1012m,fm=1015m
K=103,M=106,G=109

Usefulrelationships:
2 2
hc = 1240eV inm R=
( )
m kee
=
( )
mc 2 kee
3
c = 197eV inm 4 c 3 4 ( c )
ke2 = 1.44eV inm R = 0.011nm
1

2
ke 1
=
c 137