VOCATIONAL

TRAINING
ON
DISTRIBUTION & MAINTANCE

OF SUBSTATION

Submitted To:

Mr. R.P SINGH

Asst. Professor,B.T.K.I.T,Dwarahat

Submitted By:

DIVYANSHU AGARWAL

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
B.T.K.I.T,Dwarahat

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

There are few moments in life when you really feel like expressing gratitude and
sincere thanks. I take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to persons who
have helped me. It is well-established fact that behind every achievement lays an
unfathomable sea of gratitude of those who have extended their support and without
whom it would ever come into existence. To them I lay the words of gratitude.

First of all, I would like to thank for the mercy of Almighty that I could successfully
complete this project. I bow my head before him.

I would also like to thanks Gopal Singh support and for providing me with the time
and inspiration needed to detail out this project.

DIVYANSHU AGARWAL

140180105016/EE

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 CONTENTS

CHAPTER-1
Introduction
Objective of the study
Period of the study
Scope of the study

CHAPTER-2
Company profile

CHAPTER-3
Study of power substation
Transformer
Oil circuit breaker
Isolator
Feeder

Earthing

Bibliography

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 INTRODUCTION

As a part of B.TECH program I had an opportunity to do summer training. I did

summer training in uttarakhand power corporation Ltd.

I was supposed to make a project report on Distribution & Maintaiance of

power supply in U.P.C.L,Rural haldwani.
Various data is being collected through questionnaire from the various staff member
and the worker. I also collected data from company website and company manuals.
In the completion of this project I have made our best efforts to summarize the same
in the report so that our report act as understanding practical and knowledge imparting
detail for all readers .

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

Objective of the study is to know about the various equipments & machines which
are used by uttarakhand power corporation Ltd on the supply of power distribution
for different consumer and Domestic supply.

PERIOD OF THE STUDY.

The period of the study consist of one month from 06 June to 05 July .

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:

Scope of the study is as follows:

1. This research is useful for the company for the assessment of their customers.

2. This report can be useful for the company for report preparation.

3. It is based on primary study hence can be passed to the higher authority by line
managers.

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COMPANY PROFILE:

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 COMPANY HISTORY-:

UTTARAKHAND POWER CORPORATION LTD

Uttarakhand, the 27th State of India was created on 9th November 2000 as the 10th
Himalayan State of the country blessed with the natural and mineral resources in
abundance and poised to be a 20000 MW HYDRO POWER HUB of India in the
future.

Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd (UPCL), formerly Uttaranchal Power

Corporation Ltd was incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956 on February 12,
2001 consequent upon the formation of the State of Uttaranchal. UPCL, has been
entrusted to cater to the Transmission & Distribution Sectors inherited after the de
merger from UPPCL (erstwhile UPSEB) since 1st April 2001. The Electricity Act.
2003 mandated the separation of Transmission functions under Power Sector
Reforms. On 1st June 2004, the Power Transmission Corporation Limited (PTCUL)
was formed to maintain & operate 132 KV & above Transmission Lines &
substations in the State. Today UPCL, the State Power Distribution Utility of the
Government of Uttaranchal (GoU) caters to the Sub Transmission & Distribution
Secondary Substations & Distribution Lines 66 KV & below in the State.

UPCL - the Frontline State Power Distribution Utility & service provider of
QUALITY & RELIABLE POWER SUPPLY to over 1.08 million consumers of
electricity spread over the 13 Districts of Uttarakhand i.e Dehradun, Pauri, Tehri,
Haridwar, Pithoragarh, Almora, Nainital, Uttarkashi, Udhamsingh Nagar,
Rudraprayag, Chamoli, Bageshwar & Champawat. These electrical consumers are
categorized depending ont heir domestic, commercial, agricultural and industrial
loads. UPCL is also the first electrical utility in India to initiate women empowerment
by employing local women through Self Help Groups, as franchisees, for meter
reading, bill distribution and revenue collection.

UPCL looks forward to a committed participation from a Team of professionals

always striving for performance excellence with new innovative technologies to
strengthen the Power Distribution Infrastructure of the STATE in Seamless

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Integration with Generation & Transmission Utilities for the Socio economic
development.. A comprehensive POWER EVACUATION PLAN is underway with
construction of new 33/11 KV Substations in the State.

With the Revenue Cycle Management for the optimal Metering, Billing & Collection
( MBC) efficiency the record Revenue Realization is targeted during 2007-08 .
During 2008-09 , the re-organisation of the Organisation Structure of UPCL is aimed
to provide better services to the Consumers of electricity which is the priority over the
dichotomy between POWER & ENERGY

PARTICULARS OF ORGANISATION-:

Pursuant to the reorganisation of Uttar Pradesh & creation of the State of

Uttaranchal, Uttaranchal Power Corporation Ltd. was incorporated under the
Companies Act, 1956 on 12.02.2001 to manage and operate the distribution
of power in the State of Uttaranchal. Uttaranchal Power Corporation Ltd caters
to the power distribution functions in the Uttaranchal.

The Head Quarter/Corporate office of the Corporation is situated at Urja

Bhawan, Kanwali Road, Dehradun. The Corporation is managed by the Board
of Directors having the maximum number of 12 and minimum number of 3
Directors. The Board of Directors meets frequently and at least once in every
quarter. The day to day management of the Corporation is looked after by the
Chairman & Managing Director who works under the control, supervision &
superintendence of Board of Directors. The Chairman & Managing Director is
assisted by the 3 whole time Directors, Secretary and other officers of the
Corporation
The Corporation is having two Zones viz Garhwal Zone and Kumaun Zone.
Garhwal Zone is having 5 Circle offices and 12 EDD Divisions, 4 Testing
Divisions, 1 store Division, 3 Civil Divisions, 1 Rural Electrification Division, 1
Electricity Secondary Works Division and 1 Electricity Workshop Division. and
Kumaun Zone is having 3 Circle offices, 10 EDD Divisions, 3 Testing
Divisions, 1 Store Division, 1 Civil Division, 1 Rural Electrification Division, 1
Electricity Secondary Works Division and 1 Electricity Workshop Division.

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FUNCTIONS-:

The main functions of UPCL are as follows:

1. To acquire, establish, construct, takeover, erect, operate, run, manage,

hire, maintain, enlarge, alter, renovate, modernize, work and use
electrical lines, sub-stations, including distribution centers, supply and
distribution of electricity.

2. To carry on the business of purchasing, selling, importing, exporting,

trading of power, including finalisation of tariff, billing and collection
thereof

3. To execute Power Purchase Agreement with generating companies.

Central and State generating stations, Regional Electricity Boards,
neighbouring states, Utilities, Companies, persons, societies & firms
including the independent power producers.

4. To undertake, for and on behalf of other erection, operation,

maintenance, management of extra-high voltage, high voltage, medium
voltage and low voltage, lines and associated sub-stations, equipment,
apparatus, cable and wires.

5. To execute agreement for sale of power to distribution companies,

institutions, bodies and other persons and to coordinate, aid and advise
on the activities of other companies and concerns, including subsidiaries,
associates and affiliates engaged in generation, transmission,
distribution, supply.
.

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VISION-:

To provide

Cost-effectiveness,
Good quality,
24X7 power supply
At competitive rates

to all the consumers of the State of Uttarakhand.

MISSION-:

Uttaranchal Power Corporation Ltd. was created on the 1st April 2001 after the de-
merger from UPPCL (erstwhile UPSEB) catering to the Transmission & Distribution
Infrastructure in the Uttaranchal born on 9th November 2000 as the 27th State of
India & 10th Himalayan State of the country. Since then UPCL is engaged for
improving the power supply of Uttaranchal State with the following (MISSION) aims
& objectives :

To achieve 100% Rural Electrification Infrastructure for Electrification of

Villages & Hamlets by March 2009 and Rural Households by March 2012.
To provide 24x7 reliable, quality and un-interrupted supply to its
consumers. ? To provide POWER TO ALL on demand.
To provide POWER TO ALL on demand.
To strengthen the existing power network based on present advanced
technology with an objective to reduce T&D losses.
To provide power system network with minimal environmental impact.
To plan and provide strong power system to the state and its consumers at
an affordable cost.
To develop a professionally managed organization.
To generate additional revenue for the Corporation and State by
developing a strong, adequate, reliable and cohesive power network based
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 on most techno-economical aspects to contribute towards the development
and prosperity of the State.
To improve social status of the people.
To reduce poverty of the people.
To provide employment in the rural sections by providing reliable supply.
To establish Consumer Care Centre, Central Call Centre etc. to provide
Quality Service to the Consumers.
To release Electricity Connection to the consumers under Talkal Sewa
within 24 hours for better service to them.
To contribute to the formation of a developed & progressive Uttaranchal
State.

DEVELOPMENT PLANS-:

ACTION PLAN FOR REDUCTION OF AT&C LOSSES

Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd. was incorporated in February 2001 and is the
States only Distribution Company serving a customer base of 12.04 lacs. The
Revenue Districts served by the Company are thirteen, out of which eight are in hills
and the remaining in the plains. The coverage and power consumption patterns differ
in the hills and plains hills accounting for only about 10% of consumption (mainly
lighting & heating loads) and the plains for the remaining 90% again nearly 65% of
which is accounted for by Industries.

The existing Distribution infrastructure mainly comprises of the following:

1. 33/11 KV Substations 260 Nos. (2170 MVA)

2. 33 KV lines 3894 KMs.
3. 11 KV Substations- 41668 (2455 MVA)
4. 11 KV lines 33047 KMs.
5. LT lines 48201 KMs.

This network is proving inadequate to cater to the increasing demands (mainly due to
industrial growth and village electrification) and the requirements of better network

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availability, improved voltage and customer service. To enable achievement of these,
the secondary and distribution system requires strengthening. Main projects planned
(some underway) comprise of

1. Renovation/reconductoring of lines,
2. Capacity increase in power transformers and DTs,
3. Replacement of bare service lines with Aerial Bunch Conductors,
4. Replacement of LT system with HVDS and
5. Increasing capacitance loading of lines and substations through capacitors.

A long-term plan is already under implementation through various schemes including

APDRP. Inspite of these schemes, it is seen that high levels of AT&C losses which
are the bane of the Discom, persist at a very high figure and it is the endeavor /target
of the Company to bring it to a more acceptable level.

UPCL has planned to implement following specific projects/initiatives to facilitate

reduction of AT&C losses and improve customer service & satisfaction.

The Companys performance has to be analyzed on the basis of two major parameters,
namely,

1. Customer Service & Satisfaction and

2. Financial performance in terms of T&D/AT&C loss reduction and Collection
efficiency.

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 NAINITAL -:

Existing Capacity
S.No Name of S/s Sub-Division
(in MVA)
EDD Urban Haldwani
1. 132 KV Kathgodam 1x7.5
2. Subhash Nagar 2x5
Haldwani Town-I
3. Golapar 2x5
4. HMT Ranibagh 2x5
Kaladhungi
5. 2x8 Haldwani Town-II
Chauraha
EDD Rural Haldwani
6. Kamaluganja 2x5 Kamaluaganja
7. Transport Nagar 2x5 Transport Nagar
8. Lal Kuan 2x5
Lal Kuan
9. Dholakhera 2x5
EDD Nainital
10. Sukhatal 2x5
Nainital
11. Pines 1x5
12. Bhimtal 2x3
13. Padampuri 1x1.5
Bhimtal
14. Sarghakhet 1x3
15. Mehragaon -
16. Garampani 1x1+3x0.3
17. Betalghat 1x1.5 Bhawali
18. 132 KV Mehragaon -
EDD Ramnagar
19. Kaladhungi 1x3
20. Bailparaw 1x5 Ramnagar Rural
21. Kotabagh 1x3
22. Chilkiya 5+3
Ramnagar Town
23. Ramnagar 8+5

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POWER DISTRIBUTION
SUBSTATION

SUPPLY OF 8 MVA 33/11

KV,STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMERS

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 VARIOUS STEPS INVOLVED IN DISTRIBUTION OF POWER
SUBSTATION:-

POWER PLANT-:
Hydro power plant generated power of 250mw and supply to station where it
convert to 132kv and again transmitted to 33kv to substation where is further
converted .

SUBSTATION:-
In substation 33kv is supply to 33kv double feeder where three phase supply goes to
step down transformer where it convert to 11kv and going to main incoming feeder
where it connect to various feeder and supply to big consumer and domestic purpose.

33KV CONTROL AND RELAY PANEL FOR DOUB LE FEEDER-:

In this 33kv is direct feed to main panel ,which control the power in panel and direct
the power to step down transformer and control by the isolator and relay and various
power or fault is control by it.ammeter voltmeter and powe r factor correction.

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:-

In this 33kv is step down to 11kv and transfer to main incoming feeder and earthing
aur fault are control in transformer.

INCOMING FEEDER:-
Incoming feeder is used to supply to varios feeder which are connect for supply of
power to commercial and domestic purpose.

TRANSMISSION LINE-:
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest case
is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, the substation
contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated for fault
clearance or maintenance.

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 33/11KV SUBSTATION

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF33/11KV SUBSTATION

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 TRANSFORMER:-

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current
in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's
core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through
the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the
secondary winding (VS) is in proportion to the primary voltage (VP), and is given by
the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (NS) to the number of turns in the
primary (NP) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an

alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making NS greater
than NP, or "stepped down" by making NS less than NP.

In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound around a
ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception.

Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden

inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to
interconnect portions of power grids. All operate with the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the
need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers
are essential for high voltage power transmission, which makes long distance
transmission economically practical.

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SPECIFICATION FOR 8MVA STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

S.NO- SPECIFICATION RATING

1 Phases (HV) 3
2 Phases (LV) 3
3 Load loss 36 KW
4 Current(HV) 140 A
5 Current(LV) 420 A
6 No load loss 4.5
7 Type of cooling Onan
8 Vector group Dyn-11
9 Frequency 50 HZ
10 Impedence (Volts) 8.35%
11 Wt. of core & wdg 10200 kg
12 Wt. of tank & filter 4600 kg
13 Wt. of oil 3100 kg
14 Voltage 3000 KVA
HV 33000 Volts
LV (No load) 11000 Volts
15 Total weight 17900 kg
16 Vol. of oil 3600 LTR
17 Temp. rise in oil/ wdg 45/55 *c

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 FEEDER-:

The minimum requirement of instrument transformers, metering and protections to

be provided.
for different type of feeders are listed below :

1.0 33kV Incoming Feeder

a) 3 - Protection Class (5P20) CTs (1-phase)
b) 3 Metering Class CTs (Cl. 1.0) (1-phase)
c) 3 Differential Class (Class PX) CTs (1-phase)
d) 3 Two winding Potential Transformer (1-phase)
e) 1 Multi-function Meter
f) 1 Ammeter with selector switch
g) 1 Voltmeter with selector switch
h) Two (2) pole IDMTL O/C relay with Instantaneous element (50/51) for phase
fault.
i) One (1) no. IDMT O/C relay with Instantaneous element (50N) for earth fault.
j) One 3-ph Differential Relay (87)
k) All auxiliary relays, Lockout relay, Transformer auxiliary relays, indicating
lamps, etc.

. Incoming feeder (From Transformer)

a) Three (3) no. measuring class current transformers.
b) Three (3) no. protection class current transformers for over current relays.
c) Three (3) no. PX class current transformers for differential protection for
33/11.5kV
transformer.
d) Three (3) no. three winding voltage transformer (1-phase), one winding with open
delta.
e) 1 Multi-function Meter
f) 1 Ammeter with selector switch
g) 1 Voltmeter with selector switch
h) Two (2) pole directional o/c relays (67) for phase fault.

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i) One (1) no. directional o/c relay (67N) for earth fault.
j) One 1-ph Restricted E/F Relay (64)

k) Three (3) no. under voltage relays (27) of range 40-80% with timer and auxiliary
relay.
l) One (1) no. Frequency Relays (81).
m) One (1) no. Voltage relay for ground fault detection.
n) All auxiliary relays, Lockout relay, Transformer auxiliary relays, indicating
lamps, etc.

3.0 11kV Bus VT

a) Three (3) no. two winding voltage transformer.
b) Three (3) no. no volt relay (0 20%) with timer and auxiliary relay
4.0 11kV Line Feeder
a) Three (3) no. measuring class current transformers.
b) Three (3) no. protection class (class 5P20) current transformers for O/C
Protection relays.
c) Two (2) no. inverse time o/c relays (51) for phase fault.
d) One (1) no. inverse time o/c relay (51N) for earth fault .
e) One no. Multifunction Meter.
f) 1 Ammeter with selector switch.
f) 1 Ammeter with selector switch.
g) All auxiliary relays, Lockout relay, Transformer auxiliary relays, indicating
lamps, etc.

5.0 LV Transformer Feeder

a) Three (3) no. measuring class current transformers.
b) Three (3) no. protection class (class 5P20) current transformers for O/C
Protectionrelays.
c) Three (3) no. inverse time o/c relays with instantaneous element (50/51) for phase
fault.
d) One (1) no. inverse time o/c relay with instantaneous element (50N) for earth
fault .

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e) One no. Multifunction Meter.
f) 1 Ammeter with selector switch.
g) All auxiliary relays, Lockout relay, Transformer auxiliary relays, indicating
lamps,etc.

6.0 Capacitor Bank Feeder

a) Three (3) no. measuring class current transformers.
b) Three (3) no. protc) Two (2) no. inverse time o/c relays with instantaneous
element (50/51) for phase fault.
d) One (1) no. inverse time o/c relay with instantaneous element (50N) for earth
fault .
e) One no. Multifunction Meter.
f) 1 Ammeter with selector switch.
g) One no Current Unbalance Relay for Neutral Displacement.
h) All auxiliary relays, Lockout relay, Transformer auxiliary relays, indicating
lamps,
etc.
7.0 Apart from protection relays, each breaker shall be provided with antipumping
(94), trip
annunciation (30), trip supervision (74), lockout (86) and other auxiliary relays.
Lockout relay
shall be hand reset type.
8.0 All inverse time o/c relays shall be of 3 sec version. All definite time o/c relays
shall have
adjustable time range to be decided by the Bidder after application check.
9.0 Any other protection/relay not explicitly mentioned but necessary for
satisfactory and trouble-free
operation of the system are deemed included within the scope of supply

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 ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION-:

An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, and

distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low or the reverse
using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between
generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

A substation that has a step-up transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the
current, while a step-down transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the
current for domestic and commercial distribution. The word substation comes from
the days before the distribution system became a grid. The first substations were
connected to only one power station where the generator was housed, and were
subsidiaries of that power station

CONTENTS

1 Elements of a substation
2 Transmission substation
3 Distribution substation .
4 Collector substation
5 Stations with change of current type
6 Switching substation
7 Design

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 ELEMENTS OF A SUBSTATION-:

Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment and one or
more transformers. In a large substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any
short-circuits or overload currents that may occur on the network. Smaller distribution
stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for protection of distribution
circuits. Substations do not usually have generators, although a power plant may have
a substation nearby. Other devices such as power factor correction capacitors and
voltage regulators may also be located at a substation.

Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in

special-purpose buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations.
Indoor substations are usually found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the
transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to protect switchgear from extreme
climate or pollution conditions.

Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded (UK: earthed)
to protect people from high voltages that may occur during a fault in the network.
Earth faults at a substation can cause a ground potential rise. Currents flowing in the
Earth's surface during a fault can cause metal objects to have a significantly different
voltage than the ground under a person's feet; this touch potential presents a hazard of
electrocution.

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 TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION-:

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest

case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases, the
substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or isolated
for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have transformers to
convert between two transmission voltages, voltage control devices such as
capacitors, reactors or static VAr compensator and equipment such as phase shifting
transformers to control power flow between two adjacent power systems.

Transmission substations can range from simple to complex. A small "switching

station" may be little more than a bus plus some circuit breakers. The largest
transmission substations can cover a large area (several acres/hectares) with multiple
voltage levels, many circuit breakers and a large amount of protection and control
equipment (voltage and current transformers, relays and SCADA systems). Modern
substations may be implemented using International Standards such as IEC61850.

DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION-:

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the

distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity
consumers to the high-voltage main transmission network, unless they use large
amounts of power, so the distribution station reduces voltage to a value suitable for
local distribution.

The input for a distribution substation is typically at least two transmission or

subtransmission lines. Input voltage may be, for example, 115 kV, or whatever is
common in the area. The output is a number of feeders. Distribution voltages are
typically medium voltage, between 2.4 and 33 kV depending on the size of the area
served and the practices of the local utility.

The feeders will then run overhead, along streets (or under streets, in a city) and
eventually power the distribution transformers at or near the customer premises.

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Besides changing the voltage, the job of the distribution substation is to isolate faults
in either the transmission or distribution systems. Distribution substations may also be
the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits (several
km/miles), voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line.

Complicated distribution substations can be found in the downtown areas of large

cities, with high-voltage switching, and switching and backup systems on the low-
voltage side. More typical distribution substations have a switch, one transformer, and
minimal facilitie on the low voltage side.

Stations with change of current type

Substations may be found in association with HVDC converter plants or, formerly,
where rotary converters changed frequency or interconnected non-synchronous
networks.

Switching substation

A switching substation is a substation which does not contain transformers and

operates only at a single voltage level. Switching substations are sometimes used as
collector and distribution stations. Sometimes they are used for switching the current
to back-up lines or for paralellizing circuits in case of failure. Example herefore are
the switching stations at HVDC Inga-Shaba.

Design

The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design
attempts to strike a balance between these two, to achieve sufficient reliability without
excessive cost. The design should also allow easy expansion of the station, if required.

Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land
area is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical
safety, and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers. Where land is
costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may save money overall. The
site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission
additions. Environmental effects of the substation must be considered, such as

25
drainage, noise and road traffic effects. Grounding (earthing) and ground potential
rise must be calculated to protect passers-by during a short-circuit in the transmission
system. And of course, the substation site must be reasonably central to the
distribution area to be served.

Layout

The first step in planning a substation layout is the preparation of a one-line diagram
which shows in simplified form the switching and protection arrangement required, as
well as the incoming supply lines and outgoing feeders or transmission lines. It is a
usual practice by many electrical utilities to prepare one-line diagrams with principal
elements (lines, switches, circuit breakers, transformers) arranged on the page
similarly to the way the apparatus would be laid out in the actual station.

Incoming lines will almost always have a disconnect switch and a circuit breaker. In
some cases, the lines will not have both; with either a switch or a circuit breaker being
all that is considered necessary. A disconnect switch is used to provide isolation, since
it cannot interrupt load current. A circuit breaker is used as a protection device to
interrupt fault currents automatically, and may be used to switch loads on and off.
When a large fault current flows through the circuit breaker, this may be detected
through the use of current transformers. The magnitude of the current transformer
outputs may be used to 'trip' the circuit breaker resulting in a disconnection of the load
supplied by the circuit break from the feeding point. This seeks to isolate the fault
point from the rest of the system, and allow the rest of the system to continue
operating with minimal impact. Both switches and circuit breakers may be operated
locally (within the substation) or remotely from a supervisory control center.

Once past the switching components, the lines of a given voltage connect to one or
more buses. These are sets of bus bars, usually in multiples of three, since three-phase
electrical power distribution is largely universal around the world.

The arrangement of switches, circuit breakers and buses used affects the cost and
reliability of the substation. For important substations a ring bus, double bus, or so-
called "breaker and a half" setup can be used, so that the failure of any one circuit
breaker does not interrupt power to branch circuits for more than a brief time, and so

26
that parts of the substation may be de-energized for maintenance and repairs.
Substations feeding only a single industrial load may have minimal switching
provisions, especially for small installations.

Once having established buses for the various voltage levels, transformers may be
connected between the voltage levels. These will again have a circuit breaker, much
like transmission lines, in case a transformer has a fault (commonly called a 'short
circuit').Along with this, a substation always has control circuitry needed to command
the various breakers to open in case of the failure of some component.

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION-:

Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery (before retail) of electricity
to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity from the transmission
system and delivers it to consumers. Typically, the network would include medium-
voltage (less than 50 kV) power lines, electrical substations and pole-mounted
transformers, low-voltage (less than 1 kV) distribution wiring and sometimes
electricity meters.

Modern distribution systems

Electric distribution substations transform power from transmission voltage to

the lower voltage used for local distribution to homes and businesses

27
The modern distribution system begins as the primary circuit leaves the sub-station
and ends as the secondary service enters the customer's meter socket. A variety of
methods, materials, and equipment are used among the various utility companies, but
the end result is similar. First, the energy leaves the sub-station in a primary circuit,
usually with all three phases.

The actual attachment to a building varies in different parts of the world.

Most areas provide three phase industrial service. There is no substitute for three-
phase service to run heavy industrial equipment. A ground is normally provided,
connected to conductive cases and other safety equipment, to keep current away from
equipment and people. Distribution voltages vary depending on customer need,
equipment and availability. Delivered voltage is usually constructed using stock
transformers, and either the voltage difference between phase and neutral or the
voltage difference from phase to phase.

In many areas, "delta" three phase service is common. Delta service has no distributed
neutral wire and is therefore less expensive. The three coils in the generator rotor are
in series, in a loop, with the connections made at the three joints between the coils.
Ground is provided as a low resistance earth ground, sometimes attached to a
synthetic ground made by a transformer in a substation. High frequency noise (like
that made by arc furnaces) can sometimes cause transients on a synthetic ground.

In North America and Latin America, three phase service is often a Y (wye) in which
the neutral is directly connected to the center of the generator rotor. Wye service
resists transients better than delta, since the distributed neutral provides a low-
resistance metallic return to the generator. Wye service is recognizable when a grid
has four wires, one of which is lightly insulated.

Many areas in the world use single phase 220 V or 230 V residential and light
industrial service. In this system, a high voltage distribution network supplies a few
substations per city, and the 230V power from each substation is directly distributed.
A hot wire and neutral are connected to the building from one phase of three phase
service..

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Rural services normally try to minimize the number of poles and wires. Single-wire
earth return (SWER) is the least expensive, with one wire. It uses high voltages,
which in turn permit use of galvanized steel wire. The strong steel wire permits
inexpensive wide pole spacings. Other areas use high voltage split-phase or three
phase service at higher cost.

The least expensive network has the fewest transformers, poles and wires. Some
experts say[2] that this is three-phase delta for industrial, SWER for rural service, and
230 V single phase for residential and light industrial. The system of three-phase Wye
feeding split phase is flexible and somewhat more resistant to geomagnetic faults, but
more expensive.

Electricity meters use different equations for each distribution system.

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 CIRCUIT BREAKER-:

The Circuit Breakers are automatic Switches which can interruptfault currents. The
part of the Circuit Breakers connected in one phase is called the pole. A Circuit
Breaker suitable for three phase system is called a triple-pole Circuit Breaker. Each
pole of the Circuit Breaker comprises one or more interrupter or arc-extinguishing
chambers.

The interrupters are mounted on support insulators. The interrupter encloses a set of
fixed and moving contact's The moving contacts can be drawn apart by means of the
operatin links of the operating mechanism. The operating mechanism of the Circuit
Breaker gives the necessary energy for opening and closing of contacts of the Circuit
Breakers.
The arc produced by the separation of current carrying contacts is interrupted by a
suitable medium and by adopting suitable techniques for arc extinction. The Circuit
Breaker can be classified on the basis of the arc extinction medium.

THE TRIP-CIRCUIT-:

The basic connections of the Circuit Breaker control for the opening operation

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THE TYPE OF THE CIRCUIT BREAKER-:

The type of the Circuit Breaker is usually identified according to the medium of arc
extinction. The classification of the Circuit Breakers based on the medium of arc
extinction is as follows:
(1) Air break' Circuit Breaker. (Miniature Circuit Breaker).
(2) Oil Circuit Breaker (tank type of bulk oil)
(3) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.
(4) Air blast Circuit Breaker.
(5) Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
(6) Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker. (Single pressure or
Double Pressure).

Type Medium Voltage, Breaking Capacity

1 Air break Circuit Air at atmospheric (430 600) V (5-15)MVA
Breaker pressure (3.6-12) KV - 500 MVA
2 Miniature CB. Air at atmospheric (430-600 ) V
pressure
3 Tank Type oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 12) KV
4 Minimum Oil CB. Dielectric oil (3.6 - 145 )KV
5 Air Blast CB. Compressed Air 245 KV, 35000 MVA
(20 40 ) bar up to 1100 KV, 50000 MVA
6 SF6 CB. SF6 Gas 12 KV, 1000 MVA
36 KV , 2000 MVA
145 KV, 7500 MVA
245 KV , 10000 MVA
7 Vacuum CB. Vacuum 36 KV, 750 MVA
8 H.V.DC CB. Vacuum , SF6 Gas 500 KV DC

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33kV Isolator-:

Isolators shall be panel mounted, triple pole, single throw, air insulated, load-break
type.All other details of the panels will be identical to that circuit breaker panels.
Isolators shall be mechanically & electrically (wherever possible) interlocked with
circuit breakers in order to avoid operation of Isolators when the CB is closed.
Each breaker will be provided with suitable cable side earthing truck or built-in
earthing arrangement.

Current Transformer-:

1 Current transformers shall be cast resin type. All secondary connections shall be
brought out toterminal blocks where wye or delta connection will be made. The CT
secondary shall be rated for-:

1A (for relays) and 5A (for metering).

2 Accuracy class of the Current Transformers shall be :
a) Class PX for differential relaying.
b) Class 5P20 for other relaying
c) Class 1.0 and ISF <5 for metering.

3 Other particulars of the CTs viz. ratio, burden, knee point voltage, excitation current
and secondary resistance shall be as shown in SLD.

Voltage Transformer-:

Voltage Transformers shall be cast-resin, drawout type and shall have an accuracy
class of-:

1.0.Voltage Transformer mounted on breaker carriage is not acceptable.

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2 High voltage windings of voltage transformer shall be protected by current limiting
fuses. Thevoltage transformer and fuses shall be completely disconnected and visibly
grounded in fullydraw-out position.

3 On low voltage sides, MCBs will be provided to prevent overload.

Relays-:

1 Main power circuit Relays shall be static/digital/numeric type, of drawout design

with built-in testingfacilities, having provision for remote communications. Small
auxiliary relays may be electromechanicalin non-drawout execution and mounted
within the cubicle.

.2 Relays shall be rated for operation on 110V secondary voltage and 1A secondary
current. Numberand rating of relay contacts shall be as required.

.3 The Bidder shall furnish, install & co-ordinate all relays to suit the requirements of
protection, interlock and bus transfer schemes.

4 The protection equipment offered shall have proven field experience and similar site
condition as stated .

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 EARTHING-:

Earthing is done to prevent from shock or short ckt fault occur in the system .
All the non-current carrying metal parts of the electrical installation and mechanical
equipments shall be earthed properly. The cables armour and sheath, electric panel
boards,lighting fixtures, ceiling and exhaust fan and all other parts made of metal
shall be bonded together and connected by means of specified earthing system. An
earth continuity conductorshall be installed with all the feeders and circuits and shall
be connected from the earth barof the panel boards to the conduit system, earth stud of
the switch box, lighting fixture, earthpin of the socket outlets and to any metallic wall
plates used. All the enclosures of motors shall be also connected to the earthing
system.

TYPE OF EARTHING STATION-:

PLATE EARTHING STATIONS

1.The Equipment neutral earthing shall be with copper plate earthing station and
equipment body earthing shall be with hot dip galvanised iron earthing station.
2. The plate electrode shall be 600 x 600 x 3.25 mm copper plate for neutral earthing
and shallbe of hot dip galvanised iron plate having dimensions 600 x 600 x 6.3 mm
thick for body earthing.
3.The earthing station shall be as shown on the drawing.
4. The earth resistance shall be maintained with suitable soil treatment as shown in the
drawing.
5. The resistance of each earth station should not exceed 1 ohm.
6. The earth lead shall be connected to the earth plate through Hot Dip G.I. bolts.
7. The earthing conductors shall be of copper strip in case of copper earthing and hot
dip galvanised iron strip in case of G.I. earthing.
8. G.I. pipe with funnel of approved quality shall be used for watering the earthing
electrodes stations.
9. The block masonry chamber with chequered plate shall be provided for housing the
funneland the pipe for watering the earthing electrodes / stations.

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10. The hardware and other consumables for earthing installation shall be of
copper/brass in
case of copper earthing and shall be hot dip galvanised iron material in case of G.I.
earthing.
11. Test link test pit cover through chequered plate.

PIPE ELECTRODE EARTH STATION -:

1. The earth station shall be as shown on the drawing and shall be used for equipment
earth grid and or street light pole earthing.
2. The earth electrode shall be 3 M long 50 mm dia class "B", Galvanised steel pipe.
3. The earth resistance shall be maintained with a suitable soil treatment as shown on
the drawing.
4. The resistance of each earth station should not exceed 1 ohm.
5.The earth lead shall be fixed to the pipe with a nut and safety set screws. The clamp
shall be permanently accessible.
6.The earthing grid and the earthing conductor shall be hot dip Galvanised iron strips
of the size as shown.
7.G.I. pipe with funnel of approved quality shall be used for watering the earth
electrode station.
8.The block masonry chamber with chequered plate shall be provided for housing the
above referred funnel and pipe.
9.The hardware and other consumables for earthing installation shall be hot dip
Galvanised iron material.

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