Actions of Herbs

Actions of Medicinal Plants 1 2004 Eric Yarnell, ND, RH
Compendium of Pharmacological Actions of

Medicinal Plants and Their Constituents
Compiled and copyrighted by Eric Yarnell, ND, RH
This file may be freely distributed for non-commercial purposes as long as its content is not altered in any way.
Alphabetic by Action
I. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
A. central
1. galantamine (Galanthus nivalis, Narcissus tazetta, Leucojum aestivum)
2. huperzine A (Huperzia serrata)
3. physostigmine (Physostigma venenosum)
4. Polygonum aviculare (knotweed) (Bill Mitchell, ND)
5. Salvia miltiorrhiza
6. Various Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (Elgorashi, Stafford & van Staden 2004).
II. Addiction control agent, anti-addiction

A. alcoholism (antidipsotropic)
1. hyperforin, Hypericum perforatum (St. Johns wort)
2. Pueraria lobata (kuzu, kudzu)
3. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese sage)
B. narcotics, opioids
1. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng)
2. Piper methysticum (kava)
3. Withania somnifera (ashwagandha)
C. nicotine
1. Avena sativa (oats)
2. Lobelia inflata (lobelia)
3. Piper longum (long pepper)
III. Adenylate cyclase activator

A. forskolin (Plectranthus barbatus)
IV. Aldose reductase inhibitor

A. baicalin (Scutellaria baicalensis) (Zhou & Zhang 1989)
B. chlorogenic acid (Varma 1986)
C. coumarins
1. esculetin, esculin (Varma 1986)
D. ellagic acid (Terashima, et al. 1991)
1. found in Caesalpinia ferrea--see herb monograph
E. flavonoids (Chaudhry, et al. 1983; Varma 1986; Varma & Kinoshita 1976)
1. quercetin, myricitrin, those methoxylated at C6 or C8 (Toms-Barbern, et al. 1986)
2. quercetin, quercitrin, dihydroquercetin, isoquercetin, isoquerceitryl-2-malonate, quercitryl-2-
acetatechrysin, apigenin, apiin, naringin, morin, rutin, hyperoside, hesperidin, herperidin
chalcone (Varma 1986)
3. nepetrin and other flavonoids from Rosmarinus officinalis and Sideritis spp (Shimizu, et al.
1984)
4. Those from Polygonum hydropiper active in vitro (Haraguchi, et al. 1996).
F. isoliquiritigenin and whole extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (Zhou & Zhang 1989)
G. isoquercitrin (Camellia sinensis)
V. 5-Alpha-hydroxylase inhibitor
A. fatty acids (Serenoa repens)
VI. 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor

A. epicatechin-3-gallate and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (Camellia sinensis)
B. fatty acids (Serenoa repens)
VII. 5-Alpha-reductase stimulator

A. glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
VIII. Alteratives (in order by particular organ affinities)

A. Circulatory
1. Crataegus spp
2. Zanthoxylum spp
B. Gall bladder
1. Fumaria officinalis
C. Endocrine, general
1. Podophyllum peltatum, water extracts (not resin)
D. Hepatic and gastrointestinal
1. Alnus serrulata (tag alder)
2. Arctium lappa
3. Chionanthus virginicus
4. Gonolobus condurango
5. Iris versicolor
6. Mahonia aquifolium
7. Rumex crispus
8. Scrophularia spp
9. Taraxacum officinale radix
E. Immune/systemic
1. Echinacea spp.
F. Kidney
1. Parietaria judaica
G. Lymphatic
1. Calendula officinalis
2. Galium aparine (also urinary tract)

3. Trifolium repens
4. Viola odorata
H. Nervous system
1. Avena sativa
2. Stachys betonica
3. Stillingia sylvatica
I. Rheumatologic/musculoskeletal
1. Guaiacum spp
2. Jeffersonia diphylla
3. Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
4. Sassafras spp
5. Smilax spp
6. Stillingia sylvatica
J. Thyroid
1. Fucus vesiculosus
K. Urinary tract
1. Equisetum arvense
2. Galium aparine
3. Urtica dioica
IX. Analeptic, central nervous system stimulant

A. direct
1. caffeine
2. cocaine (Erythroxylum coca)
3. strychnine
4. theobromine
5. theophylline
B. over circulatory reflex

1. camphor
2. lobeline (Lobelia inflata)
X. Analgesic
A. See also anticholinergics
B. central acting
1. Aconitum carmichaelii (Sichuan aconite)
2. Aconitum napellus (monks hood)
3. Angelica sinensis (danggui)
4. Angelica pubsecens (danggui)
5. Bryonia cretica (bryony)
6. codeine (Papaver somniferum)
7. Corydalis yanhusuo (yanhusuo)
8. Gelsemium sempervirens (gelsemium)
9. morphine (Papaver somniferum)
10. opium (Papaver somniferum)

11. Pulsatilla vulgaris (pasque flower)
12. salycilates
13. usnic acid, diffractaic acid (Phyllanthus corcovadensis)
C. local acting
1. Capsicum spp (cayenne), capsaicin
D. topical anesthetic
1. Echinacea angustifolia root
2. Spilanthes acmella (paracress)
XI. Angiogenesis inhibitor

A. Convolvulus arvensis (bindweed)
B. genistein (Glycine max)
C. phytoestrogens (Fotsis, et al. 1998)
D. Magnolia liliflora
E. Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese sage) (Kang, et al. 2003)
F. Typha spp (cattail)
XII. Androgenic
A. chyrsin (Matricaria recutita, Passiflora incarnata)
B. Tribulus terrestris
XIII. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ACE inhibitor

A. see also diuretic below
B. Allium sativum (garlic)
C. lithospermic acid (Salvia miltiorrhiza)
D. proanthocyanidins (Crataegus laevigata, Vitis vinifera, Cupressus sempervirens) (Meunier, et al.
1987)
E. secoiridoid glycosides eg oleuropein, ligstroside, excelcioside, oleoside 11-methyl ester, oleoside
(Olea europaea and Olea lancea folium)
F. triterpenoids (Ganoderma lucidum) (Morigawa, et al. 1986)
Anodyne: see analgesic
XIV. Anthelmintic, anti-amebic, anti-parasitic, anti-protozoal

A. By plant or constituent
1. Allium sativum (garlic) bulbus (allicin)
2. Artemisia annua (sweet Annie) herba (artemisinin = qinghaosu)
3. Artemisia maritima herba (santonin)
4. ascaridol
5. aspidine
6. Cinchona spp (Peruvian bark)quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine
7. Cocculus
8. Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin) semen
9. Dryopteris filix-mas (male fern) radix (filicin)
10. emetine
11. flavaspidinic acid
12. lapachol (Tabebuia avellanadae)
13. Melia spp
14. papain
15. pyrethrum (insecticidal)
16. Staphysagria
B. By parasite
1. Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm)
a) Chenopodium ambrosioides (epazote)
b) Quassia spp
c) santonin from Artemisia paucifolia
d) Spigelia marylandica
e) turpentine
2. Entamoeba histolytica
a) berberine (Mahonia, Berberis, Hydrastis, Coptis, Xanthorrhiza)
b) emetine (Cephaelis ipecacuanha)
c) quinine (Cinchona spp)
d) tetrandrine and other alkaloids (Stephania tetrandra)
3. Hookworms
a) Chenopodium ambrosioides oil
b) Monarda
c) thymol from Thymus vulgaris
4. Leishmania spp (kala azar) (de Carvalho & Ferreira 2001)
a) Acanthus illicifolius--India
b) Ampelocera edentula--South America
c) Anacardium occidentale (cashew) cortex--Brazil
d) Annona spinescens--South America?
e) Anthostema senegalense--Guinea-Bissau
f) Asparagus africanus--Kenya
g) berberine (Ghosh, et al. 1985--see berberine file)
h) Dictyoloma peruviana--Bolivia
i) Dracaena spp (soap tree)--West Africa
j) Echinacea purpurea
k) Faramea guianensis--Guyana
l) Galipea longiflora--South America
m) Glycyrrhiza glabra (flavonoid chalcones)
n) Guatteria foliosa--South America
o) Hedera helix
p) Holorrhena curtisii
q) Kalanchoe pinnata
r) Khaya senegalensis--Guinea-Bissau
s) Nycanthes arbor-tristis
t) Oxandra espintana
u) Pera benensis--Bolivia
v) Periandra mediterranea--saponins
w) Peschiera van heurkii--Bolivia
x) Picrorrhiza kurroa
y) Piper aduncum
z) Polyalthia macropoda--Malaysia
aa)Rollinia emarginata--South America
bb)Saracha punctate
cc) Swertia chirata
dd)Vernonia amygdalina--Ethiopia
ee)Vernonia brachycalyx--East Africa
5. Naegleria fowleri (Fowler's amoeba)
a) artemisinin (Cooke, Lallinger & Durack 1987)
6. Plasmodium spp (malaria) (Vasanth, Gopal & Rao 1990)
a) Ailanthus altissima
b) alkaloids (Stephania tetrandra)
c) artemisinin (Artemisia annua)--see herb monograph
d) Azadiractha indica
e) Cochlospermum tinctorium
f) echitamine (Alstonia constricta)
g) Enicostemma litorrale
h) Eucalyptus robusta
i) eurycomalactone (Eurycoma longifolia)
j) febrifugine (Dichroa febrifuga; chang shan)
k) Glycyrrhiza glabra--see disease monograph
l) gossypol (Thespepsia populnea)
m) Harrisonia perforate
n) isoquinoline alkaloids eg berberine (Isawa, et al. 1998)
o) japonicine (Hypericum japonicum)
p) lapachol (Stereospermum suaveolens, Tabebuia spp, etc.)
q) Phyllanthus amara--see herb monograph
r) Polyalthia nemoralis
s) Polygonum multiflorum--see disease monograph
t) quassinoids (Brucea javanica, Castela spp, Perriera madagascariensis, Picrasma
spp, Picrolemma pseudocoffea, Quassia spp, Simaba cedron, Simaruba glauca,
Soulamena tomentosa)
u) quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine (Cinchona spp)
v) taccalonolides (Tacca plantaginea)
w) vinblastine (Catharanthus roseus)
7. Tenia spp (tapeworms)
a) Aspidium
b) Curcurbita pepo seed
c) Punica granatum
8. Trichomonas vaginalis
a) Aesculus hippocastanum
b) Calendula officinalis
c) Echinacea spp
d) propolis
XV. Anti-adhesion
A. berberine
B. proanthocyanidins (Vaccinium spp)
XVI. Antiallergenic, anti-allergic

A. Ambrosia spp (ragweed) folium
B. Ephedra sinica
C. Euphrasia stricta
D. Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. uralensis
E. Luffa
F. Solidago canadensis
G. Urtica dioica
XVII. Anti-androgenic
XVIII. Anti-anginal
A. See also spasmolytics.
B. Allium sativum (garlic)
C. Crataegus laevigata (hawthorn)
D. Salvia miltiorrhiza (dan shen)
XIX. Anti-arrhythmic, antidysrhythmic

A. ajmaline (Rauvolfia serpentina)
B. Angelica archangelica
C. Angelica sinensis
D. Apocynum spp
E. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
F. Crataegus laevigata
G. Hylocereus undatus
H. papaverine
I. proanthocyanidins and flavonoids (Crataegus laevigata)
J. quinidine, quinine (Cinchona spp)
K. Selenicereus grandiflora
L. sparteine (Cytisus scoparius)
M. tetrandrine and other alkaloids (Stephania tetrandra)
XX. Antibacterial, antiseptic

A. see also antimycobacterial below
B. see also antibiotic resistance reversal agents
C. By herb
1. alkaloids (Abbasoglu, et al. 1991)

2. allicin (Allium sativum)
3. Aloe vera
4. berberine (Hydrastis, Berberis, Mahonia, Coptis, Xanthorrhiza)
5. coumestrol (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Glycine max, Medicago sativa, Pisum
sativum, Phaseolus lunatus, P. vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
6. essential oils (Lis-Balchin, et al. 1997)
7. flavonoids
a) myricetin, datiscetin, kaempferol, quercetin (anti-vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) (Xu & Lee 2001)
8. genistein (prunetol, sophoricol, genisteol) (Pueraria lobata, Baptisia tinctoria, Cytisus
scoparius, Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa, Pueraria lobata, Trifolium
pratense, etc.)
9. grapefruit seed extract, citrus seed extract (Ionescu, et al. 1990)
10. lapachol (Tabebuia avellanadae)
11. From a study on Italian herbs:
a) Allium cepa bulbus (Izzo, et al. 1995)
b) Cichorium intybum radix (Izzo, et al. 1995)
c) Marrubium vulgare herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
d) Origanum vulgare herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
e) Sambucus nigra flos (Izzo, et al. 1995)
f) Silybum marianum herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
g) Tanacetum vulgare herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
D. By microbe
1. Escherichia coli
a) Anthriscus cerefolium herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
b) Fumaria officinalis herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
c) Grossheimia macrocephala herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
d) Hieracium piloselloides herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
e) Malva silvestris folia et flos (Izzo, et al. 1995)
f) Tussilago farfara herba (Izzo, et al. 1995)
2. Helicobacter pylori
a) Allium sativum (Cellini, et al. 1996)
b) Aristolochia paucinervis--see herb monograph
c) Camellia sinensis catechins--see herb monograph
d) Cinnamomum spp., ethanol extract (Tabak, et al. 1996)
e) Coptis chinensis (goldthread) (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
f) Corydalis yanhusuo (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
g) Magnolia officinalis (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
h) Magnolia sieboldii--see herb monograph
i) Panax ginseng polysaccharides--see herb monograph
j) Panax notoginseng (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
k) Pistachia lentiscus (mastic gum)
l) Prunus mume (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)
m) Rheum palmatum (rhubarb) (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)

n) Terminalia spinosa (Fabry, et al. 1996; Fabry, Okemo & Ansorg 1996)
o) Thymus vulgaris, aqueous extract (Tabak, et al. 1996)
p) Vaccinium macrocarpon (cranberry)--see herb monograph
XXI. Antibiotic resistance reversal agents, chemotherapy resistance reversal agents

A. Multidrug resistance protein-1 (MRP-1) inhibitors
1. genistein, other isoflavones (Glycine max)
B. P-glycoprotein inhibitors
1. Feijoa sellowiana pericarpium (Motohashi, et al. 2000)
2. Ficus citrifolia
3. indole-3-carbinol
4. quercetin
5. reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
6. Rosmarinus officinalis
7. theanine (Camellia sinensis)
C. Miscellaneous
1. apigenin
2. berberine and flavonoids (Berberis spp)
3. curcumin
4. 3,7-dihydroxyflavone (Liu, et al. 2001)
5. flavone
6. galangin (Liu, et al. 2001)
7. genistein
8. kaempferol
9. verapamil
Anticarcinogenic, anti-cancer, anti-tumor: see antineoplastic and apoptosis modulator
XXII. Anticholinergic
A. Atropa belladonna (belladonna)
B. Datura stramonium (thornapple)
C. Garrya spp (silk tassel)
D. Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)
XXIII. Anticoagulant (interfere with clotting cascade)--see also platelet aggregation inhibitors
A. dicoumarol
B. heparin
C. heparinoids
XXIV. Antidepressant
A. Actaea racemosa (black cohosh)
B. Eleutherococcus senticosus
C. Hypericum perforatum (St. Johns wort)
D. Ignatia amara
E. kavalactones (Piper methysticum)

F. Melissa officinalis
G. Papaver somniferum (opium poppy)
H. Pausinystalia yohimbe (yohimbe)
I. Peganum harmala (Syrian rue)
J. Selenicereus grandiflora
K. Strychnos nux-vomica
L. Turnera diffusa (damiana)
XXV. Anti-diabetic
See also hypoglycemic.
Reference throughout, unless otherwise stated, is Bergner 2002-3.
A. Insulin Secretagogues
1. Note: Because these herbs may actual worsen the underlying cause, their use is not
recommended for insulin-resistant patients.
2. Brickellia californica (prodigiosa)**
3. Capsicum frutescens (cayenne)
4. Galega officinalis (goats rue), galegine (guanidine-derivative)
a) Presumed secretagogue based on mechanisms of galegine derviatve drugs.
5. Gymnema sylvestre (gurmar)
6. Ocimum canum (dog basil) (Nyarko, et al. 2002)
7. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) radix
8. Syzygium cumini = S. jambolana (jambolan)**
9. Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) leaf (Devi, et al. 2003)
10. Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) leaf (Farzami, et al. 2003)
** May decrease liver release of glucose.
B. Insulin Sensitizers
1. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng) rootlets
2. Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng)
3. Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)
4. Cinnamomum spp (cinnamon)
5. Grifola frondosa (maitake)
6. Momordica charantia (bitter melon)
7. Ocimum tenuiflorum (holy basil)
8. Hibiscus spp (Sachdewa & Khemani 2003)
C. Unknown Mechanism
1. Vaccinium spp (blueberry, bilberry) folium
2. Oplopanax horridus (devils club)
3. Phaseolus vulgaris (bean)
4. Polygonatum multiflora
D. Other Mechanisms
1. Allium cepa (onion), allyl propyl disulfide
a) Mechanism: competes for binding sites on enzymes that degrade insulin in liver
Abdominal obesity (diabetes, hypoglycemic, hypocholesteremic):

Eleutherococcus senticosus diabetes (Baranov, 1982)
Ocimum sanctum hypoglycemic and hypolipidaemic (Williamson, 2002)
Panax quinquefolium hypoglycemic (Assinewe et al., 2003)
Rhodiola rosea antihyperglycemic activity (Wagner et al., 1994)
Tinospora cordifolia hypoglycemic (Willamson, 2002)
Memory enhancing actions of Asiasari radix extracts via activation of insulin receptor and
extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) I/II in rat hippocampus. Brain Research 974:193-
201.
The effect of nerobol and ecdysterone on insulin-dependent processes linked normally and in
insulin resistance. Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 35(5):77-81.
Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer

look. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Oct;72(3):345-93.
Wild ginseng prevents the onset of high-fat diet induced hyperglycemia and obesity in ICR
mice. Arch Pharm Res. 2004 Jul;27(7):790-6.
A novel insulin-releasing substance, phanoside, from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum. J

Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 1;279(40):41361-7.
Use of natural plant exudates (Sanguis Draxonis) for sustained oral insulin delivery with
dramatic reduction of glycemic effects in diabetic rats. J Control Release. 2004 Jul
7;97(3):467-75.
Dynamical influence of Cordyceps sinensis on the activity of hepatic insulinase of

experimental liver cirrhosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2004 Feb;3(1):99-101.
The insulinotropic activity of a Nepalese medicinal plant Biophytum sensitivum: preliminary

experimental study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001 Nov;78(1):89-93. (Oxalidaceae)
Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro. J
Agric Food Chem. 2000 Mar;48(3):849-52.
XXVI. Anti-diarrheal
See also astringent.
A. Astringents
1. tannins
2. Uzara spp.
3. Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) dried fruit (NOT fresh)
B. Polysaccharides
1. carob (Ceratonia silliquia)
2. mucilage
3. pectin
4. rice
C. Motility slowing agents
1. Papaver somniferum
XXVII. Anti-emetic
A. Aconitum napellus
B. Alpinia galanga
C. cocaine
D. Magnolia spp
E. Matricaria recutita
F. scopolamine (Datura spp)
G. Zingiber officinalis
XXVIII. Anti-estrogenic
A. indoles (Brassicaceae vegetables)
B. isoflavonoids, isoflavones (Glycine max (soy)
1. daidzein
2. genistein
C. lignans (Linum usitatissimum)
D. quercetin
1. ligand interaction with estrogen receptors thus interferes with estradiol binding
XXIX. Anti-fibrotic, anticirrhosis

A. Centella asiatica (gotu kola)
B. colchicine (Colchicum autumnale)
C. silymarin (Silybum marianum)
D. sho-saiko-to and saiko-keishi-to formulae (Bupleurum falcatum, Scutellaria baicalensis, etc.)
E. tetrandrine (Stephania tetrandra)
XXX. Antifungal
A. by plant
1. fungicidal
a) berberine (Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis spp., etc.)
b) biochanin A (pratensol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
c) coumestrol (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Glycine max, Medicago sativa, Pisum
sativum, Phaseolus lunatus, P. vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
d) naphthoquinones (Tabebuia avellenadae)
2. fungistatic
a) biochanin A (pratensol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
b) genistein (prunetol, sophoricol, genisteol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Cytisus scoparius,
Glycine max, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa, Pueraria lobata, Trifolium pratense,
etc.)
3. possibly fungicidal or fungistatic
a) Aloe vera
b) daidzein (Genista tinctoria, Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, Pueraria psuedohirsuta,
Trifolium pratense, etc.)
c) protoanemonin (Martin, San Roman & Dominguez 1990)
4. Allium sativum (garlic)
a) Med Hypoth 1983;12:227-37
b) Int J Dermatol 1980;19:285-7
c) Brit Vet J 1980;136:448-51
d) Mycologia 1977;69:341-8 and 793-825
e) J Am Chem Soc 1944;66:1950-1
5. berberine: Antibiotics 1976;3:577-88
6. Diospyros: Planta Med 1984;50:279-80 on naphthaquinones
7. Echinacea spp
8. Hyssopus tincture
9. Larrea tridentata (chaparral) (Zamora 1984)
10. Melaleuca alternafolia (tea tree)
11. Origanum spp volatile oil
12. Thymus vulgaris oleum
B. by organism
1. Candida albicans
a) Terminalia spinosa (Fabry, et al. 1996)
2. Cryptococcus neoformans
a) Allium sativum (Davis, Shen & Cai 1990)
b) catechin (Levitz, et al. 1995)
XXXI. Anti-gastritis and anti-ulcer (peptic)

A. Aloe vera
B. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
C. azulene (Matricaria recutita)
D. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) (flavonoids, glycyrrhetinic acid)
XXXII. Antigonadotropic
A. Cimicifuga racemosa
B. Lithospermum officinale
C. Rheum raponticum
D. Vitex agnus-castus
XXXIII. Antigout
A. colchicine (Colchicum autumnale)
B. demecolcine (Colchicum autumnale)
XXXIV. Anti-inflammatory, anti-phlogistic

A. Categorization by major constituents

1. Miscellaneous anti-inflammatories
a) Aesculus hippocastanum
b) Echinacea spp
c) Hypericum perforatum
(1) 5-Lipoxygenase inhibiting (Herold, et al. 2003).
d) Plantago lanceolata
(1) COX-2 inhibiting (Herold, et al. 2003).
2. Enzymes
a) bromelain
b) papain
3. Essential fatty acid anti-inflammatories
a) Borago officinalis (borage)
b) Oenothera biennis (evening primrose)
c) Perilla frutescens (perilla)
d) Ribes niger (black currant)
4. Flavonoid anti-inflammatories
a) Crataegus spp (hawthorn)
b) Scutellaria baicalensis (Baical skullcap)
5. Resin anti-inflammatories
a) Boswellia serrata (frankincense)
b) Capsicum frutescens (cayenne)
c) Commiphora molmol (myrrh)
d) Curcuma longa (turmeric)
e) Guaiacum officinalis (lignum vitae)
f) Liquidambar orientalis (storax)
g) Myroxylon balsamum (tolu balsam)
h) Myroxylon pereirae (peru balsam)
i) Populus balsamifera (poplar) gemma
j) Styrax benzoin (benzoin)
k) Zingiber officinale (ginger)
6. Salicylate anti-inflammatories
a) Betula spp (birch)
b) Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet)
c) Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen)
d) Populus spp (poplar, aspen, cottonwood)
e) Salix spp (willow)
f) Viburnum prunifolium (black haw)
7. Sulfur anti-inflammatories
a) Allium cepa (onion)
b) Allium sativum (garlic)
c) Armoracia rusticana (horsh radish)
d) Brassica nigra (black mustard)
e) Sinapis alba (white mustard)
8. Terpenoid/phenylpropanoid anti-inflammatories
a) Achillea millefolium (yarrow)

b) Betula spp (birch)
c) Cinnamomum camphora (camphor)
d) Guaiacum officinale (lignum vitae)
e) Juniperus communis (juniper)
f) Matricaria recutita (chamomile)
g) Melaleuca leucadendron (cajeput)
h) Myristica fragrans (nutmeg)
i) Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)
j) Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew)
k) Zingiber officinale (ginger)
9. Triterpenoid/steroidal anti-inflammatories
a) Bupleurum falcatum (Chinese thoroughwax)
b) Dioscorea villosa (wild yam)
c) Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
(1) Dual 5-lipoxygenase and COX-2 inhibitor (Herold, et al. 2003).
d) Smilax spp (sarsaparilla)
e) Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)
f) Yucca spp (yucca)
B. Dermatological anti-inflammatory agents

1. Aloe vera (aloe) gel (polysaccharides)
a) inhibits thromboxane formation
2. Arnica montana (arnica) flos
3. Calendula officinalis (calendula) flos
4. escin (Aesculus hippocastanum)
5. Matricaria recutita
6. mucilage
7. Plantago spp (plantain)
8. Salix alba
9. Symphytum officinale (comfrey) herba or radix (polysaccharides)
XXXV. Anti-migraine
A. Cannabis sativa
B. Clematis spp
C. hydrogenated secale alkaloids
D. Petasites hybridus (butterbur)
E. Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew)
XXXVI. Antimycobacterial (Newton, et al. 2000)

A. Adhatoda vasica
B. Allium sativum (allicin)
C. Aloe vera (aloe)
D. Bidens pilosa
E. Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss)
F. Ferula communis
G. Galipea officinalis (Angustura bitters)
H. Geum macrophyllum
I. glycyrrizin
J. Guaiacum officinale
K. Humulus lupulus (hops)
L. Inula helenium
M. Myroxolon balsamum var pereirae
N. Physalis angulata (Pietro, et al. 2000)
XXXVII. Antineoplastic
see also apoptosis modulator
A. bullatin, bullatacin, other Annonaceous acetogenins

1. inhibit NADH oxidase in plasma membrane of cancerous cells
B. benzyl isothiocyanate (broccoli, cabbage)
C. betulinic acid
D. Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) (Vinitketkumnuen, et al. 1996)
E. diindolylmethane (DIM)
1. Natural metabolite of indole-3-carbinol, inhibits estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells by
binding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Chen, et al. 1998).
2. Induces apoptosis in cancer cells independent of p53 (Ge, et al. 1996).
F. catechin
1. stimulates deactivation of aflatoxin B1 by glutathione
G. eleutherosides (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
H. esculetin (Artemisia capillaris, Citrus limonia, Ceratostigma willmottianum)
1. stimulates apoptosis in leukemia cells (Chu, et al. 2001)
I. eugenol
J. flavonoids (Kuo 1996)
K. garam masala (mix of Piper nigrum, cloves, Cinnamomum, mace, nutmeg, bay, cardamom, cumin
and Zingiber) (Rao & Hashim 1995)
L. indole-3-carbinol (Brassicaceae family vegetables)
1. Ultimately upregulates 2 hydroxylase pathway for estrogen catabolism, thereby decreasing
the amount of estrogen that goes through 16alpha hydroxylase pathyway. 16alpha hydroxy
metabolites are responsible for the toxic effects of estrogenthe 2 hydroxy metabolites are far
less toxic.
M. limonenes (from lemon)
1. inhibits isoprenylation of a certain cellular growth-associated proteins subset
N. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
O. naringin
P. Panax ginseng
Q. phenethyl isothiocyanate (PETIC) (cabbage, fermented cabbage products, turnips)
1. inhibits lung cancer in rodents by sacrificial metabolism by P450 which inhibits other
chemicals from being broken down by it

R. polysaccharides (Echinacea spp.)
S. saponins (Konoshima 1996)
T. Tabebuia avellanadae
U. tangeretin (from tangerines)
1. has IGF-1-like property of improving E cadherin cell binding
V. tannins, catechins (Camellia sinensis)
W. vanillin
X. Cytostatic
1. colchicine (Colchicum)
2. etoposide
3. podophyllin
4. vinblastine, vincristine (Catharanthus roseus)
Y. Cytotoxic (anti-tumor)
1. ajoene (Allium sativum)
2. Allium ascalonicum (shallots)
3. Allium cepa
4. allicin (Allium sativum)
5. flavones, also effective in multidrug-resistant cell lines (Choi, eta l. 1999)
Z. Review of Taxus, Podophyllum, Camptotheca, Catharanthus and drugs derived from them (Mantle,
Lennard & Pickering 2000).
XXXVIII. Antioxidant
A. chlorogenic acid (apricot, Echinacea spp., grapes, potato)
B. curcumin
C. Ginkgo biloba
D. fisetin
1. protects LDL from oxidation
E. flavonoids
1. protect LDL from oxidation (Viana, et al. 1996)
F. hispidulin
1. weakly scavenges superoxide radicals
G. miscellaneous (Anderson, Mantle & Thomas 1996)
H. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
2. weakly scavenges superoxide radicals
I. quercetin
2. scavenges superoxide radicals
J. Rosmarinus officinalis
K. rutin
1. powerful superoxide radical scavenger
L. Solanum tuberosum (potato, esp. russet): quercetin (in the skin), flavone aglycones, chlorogenic
acid, glutathione, patatin (water-soluble glycoprotein)
M. Vaccinium myrtillus
N. Vitis vinifera
O. In order of potency from strongest to weakest (Halliwell, et al. 1995):
1. Rosmarinus
2. Salvia
3. Thymus
4. Origanum
5. Zingiber
6. Curcuma
7. Capsicum
8. Laurus
Anti-parasitic: see anthelmintic above
Anti-platelet aggregation: see platelet aggregation inhibitor
Antiprotozoal: see anthelmintic above
XXXIX. Antipruritic, anti-itch

A. capsaicin (Capsicum frutescens)
B. Cimicifuga dahurica rhizome (Tohda, et al. 2000)
C. Cnidium monirrieri fruit (Tohda, et al. 2000)
D. Forsythia suspensa fruit (Tohda, et al. 2000)
E. Patrinia villosa root (Tohda, et al. 2000)
F. Schizonepeta tenuifolia flowering top (Tohda, et al. 2000)
G. Scrophularia ningpoensis root (Tohda, et al. 2000)
XL. Antipsoriatic
A. anthranol
B. furanocoumarin (psoralen w/ UV light)
C. khellin (Ammi visnaga, w/ UV light)
XLI. Antipyretic
A. Aconitum napellus
B. Gelsemium sempervirens
C. quinine
D. salicylates
1. Betula alba (birch)
2. Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet)
3. Populus tremuloides (aspen)
4. Salix alba (willow)
E. Veratrum album
XLII. Antirheumatic
A. topical
1. camphor
2. capsaicin (Capsicum spp.)
3. Eucalyptus
4. Lavandula officinalis
5. mustard oils
6. Pinus volatile oil
7. Rosmarinus volatile oil
Antispasmodic: see spasmolytic
XLIII. Antitussive (cough suppressant)

A. codeine (Papaver somniferum)
B. emetin e(Caephalis ipecacuanhae)
C. noscapin
D. Prunus serotina bark (not fruit)
E. Tussilago farfara
Anti-thyroid: see thyrostatic
XLIV. Anti-varicose veins, venotropic

A. escin (Aesculus hippocastanum)
B. flavonoids (Vaccinium myrtillus)
C. Hamamelis virginica
D. heparinoids
E. Melilotus (coumarin)
F. Ruscus aculeatus
G. rutin
XLV. Antivenom
A. Extensive listing of antivenomous plants from Colombia tested on mice (Otero, et al. 2000).
XLVI. Antivertiginous
A. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
B. Zingiber officinalis
XLVII. Antiviral
A. acemannan or acetylated mannose (Aloe vera)
B. catechin
C. curcumin (Curcuma longa)
D. Eleutherococcus senticosus (eleuthero)
E. Eucalyptus
F. hypericin, pseudohypericin (Hypericum perforatum)
G. lapachol (Tabebuia avellanadae)
H. Lomatium
I. Phyllanthus amarus
J. polysaccharides (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea)

1. due to inhibition of hyaluronidase
K. quercetin
L. quinine (Cinchona)
M. Salvia officinalis
Table . In Vitro Antiviral Botanicals and Constituents

Botanical or Constituent Virus Inhibited Reference
3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate (from HSV
Populus nigra & propolis)
5,7,4'-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone influenza A and B
(from Scutellaria baicalensis)
Allium sativum (garlic) CMV CMV (Guo, et al. 1993)
HSV-1 and 2
Astragalus membranaceous Coxsackie type B
castanospermine (from Australian HIV
tree Castanospermum australe and
Brazilian trees Alexa
canaracunensis (tunadi) and
Clathrotropis macrocarpa)
catechin polio, parainfluenza 3, RSV, HSV influenza (Mantani, et al. 2001)
1, influenza
Cetraria islandica HIV
curcumin (from Curcuma longa) HIV-1
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol HSV 1 & 2 HSV 1 & 2 (Blevins & Dumic
1980)
Echinacea purpurea influenza, vesicular stomatitis
apigenin (a flavonoid) HSV 1
glycyrrhizic acid (from Glycyrrhiza vaccinia, HSV 1, vesicular
glabra) stomatitis, HBV, HCV, HEV, HIV,
Newcastle disease
SARS virus
Marburg virus
Houttuynia cordata HSV, influenza, HIV Hayashi, Kamiya & Hayashi 1995
hypericin (from Hypericum HIV, HSV 1 & 2, vesicular CMV (Barnard, et al. 1992)
perforatum and other spp.) stomatitis, parainfluenza vaccinia,
CMV
Hyssopus officinalis (aqueous Newcastle disease, HSV
extract)
lantadenes from Lantana camara EBV
(lantana)
lapachol (from Tabebuia spp.) polio, vesicular stomatitis
Maprounea africana HIV
Melissa officinalis (aqueous Newcastle disease, parainfluenzae
extract) 1, 2, 3
Melissa officinalis polyphenols HSV, vaccinia
Melissa officinalis tannins Newcastle disease, mumps
Mentha x piperita (aqueous extract) Newcastle disease, HSV, vaccinia
Origanum majorana (aqueous Newcastle disease, HSV
extract)
Paeonia suffruticosa HSV, anti-attachment HSV (Hsiang, et al. 2001)
procyanidin HSV 1
propolis (from Populus spp. via influenza, HBV, HSV 1, vaccinia, HSV 1 (Ambros, et al. 1994)
bees) Newcastle disease
quercetin rabies, HSV 1, other herpes viruses
Rheum officinale HSV, anti-attachment HSV (Hsiang, et al. 2001)
Salvia cyprea (aqueous extract) Newcastle disease, HSV
SP-303 from Croton lechleri HSV 1 & 2, influenza, RSV (Gilbert, et al. 1993)
parainfluenza, HAV, HBV, RSV
Swertia franchetiana HIV
Thymus serpyllum (aqueous Newcastle disease, HSV
extract)
Abbreviations: CMV = cytomegalovirus, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, HSV = herpes simplex virus,
RSV = respiratory syncytial virus, HAV = hepatitis A virus, HBV = hepatitis B virus, HCV = hepatitis C virus,
HEV = hepatitis E virus
Table . Herbs or Constituents With Proven Efficacy in Human Viral Infections

Herb or constituent Disease
Melissa officinalis herpes simplex infection (Whlbling & Leonhardt 1994)
glycyrrhizin (from Glycyrrhiza glabra) chronic viral hepatitis (Suzuki, et al. 1985)
silymarin (from Silybum marianum) viral hepatitis (Berenguer & Carrasco 1977; Poser 1971)
XLVIII.Anxiolytic
A. apigenin (Matricaria recutita)
B. Hypericum perforatum
C. kavalactones (Piper methysticum)
XLIX. Aphrodisiac
A. Crocus sativus (saffron)
B. Mucuna pruriens
C. Pausinystalia yohimbe
D. Ptychopetalum olacoides
E. Withania somnifera (ashwaganda)
L. Apoptosis Modulator
A. allicin (Allium sativum) (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
B. bryonolic acid (Trichosanthes kirilowii) (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
C. crocin (Crocus sativus) (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
D. Semicarpus anacardium (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)

E. sho-saikoto formula (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
F. Viscum album (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)
LI. Aromatase inhibitor

Aromatase converts androstenedione to estrone which can then be converted to estradiol in peripheral
tissues.
A. coumestrol
B. enterodiol and its precursors lignans, O-demethylsecoisolariciresinol (ODSI),
demethoxysecoisolariciresinol (DMSI) and didemethylsecoisolariciresinol (DDSI)
C. enterolactone and its precursor lignans 3'-demethoxy-3O-demethylmatairesinol (DMDM) and
didemethoxymatairesinol (DDMM)
D. flavonoids (Kellis & Vickery 1984)
E. kaempferol
F. luteolin
G. phytoestrogens (Adlercreutz, et al. 1993)
H. Urtica dioica radix
LII. Astringent; Tannin-rich plants

A. Abies (Spruce)
B. Agrimonia (Agrimony)
C. Alnus (Alder)
D. Arbutus (Madrone)
E. Arctostaphylos (Manzanita, Uva-Ursi)
F. Betula (Birch)
G. Ceanothus (Red Root)
H. Cinnamomum (Cinnamon)
I. Cola nitida (Cola Nuts)
J. Ephedra (ma huang, Mormon tea)
K. Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry)
L. Fraxinus (Ash)
M. Geranium (Cranesbill, Alum Root)
N. Guaiacum (Lignum Vitae)
O. Hamamelis (Witch Hazel)
P. Heuchera (American Alum Root)
Q. Jatropha cineria (Sangre de Drago)
R. Juglans (Walnut, Butternut)
S. Krameria (Rhatany)
T. Ligustrum (Privet)
U. Myrica (Bayberry)
V. Orobanche (Broomrape)
W. Paullinia (Guaran)
X. Polygonum bistorta (Bistort Root)
Y. Potentilla
Z. Prunus (Wild or Choke Cherry)
AA. Punica (Pomegranate)

BB. Quercus (Oak
CC. Rheum (Rhubarb)
DD. Rhus (Sumach)
EE. Rosa (Rose)
FF. Rubus (Blackberry, Raspberry)
GG. Rumex hymenosepalus (Caaigre)
HH. Trillium (beth root) (if dry)
II. Vaccinium (Blue-/Huckle-/Bilberry)
JJ. Xanthium (Cocklebur)
LIII. ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) inhibitor

A. cardiac glycosides
B. digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain (Digitalis purpurea)
LIV. 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors

A. 11-beta-HSD normally converts active cortisol to inactive cortisone.
B. glycyrrhizic acid (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
LV. 5-beta-reductase inhibitor (catabolizes cortisol)

LVI. Bitters
A. alkaloids
1. berberine and cogeners
a) Berberis haematocarpa (algerita)
b) Berberis vulgaris (barberry)
c) Coptis chinensis (Chinese goldthread)
d) Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)
e) Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape)
f) Mahonia repens (creeping barberry)
g) Xanthorhiza simplicissima (goldroot)
2. quinine (Cinchona spp [Peruvian bark])
B. citrus flavanones (Citrus spp (bitter orange)
C. iridoids or sesquiterpene lactones
1. Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
2. Artemisia absinthium (wormwood)
3. Chionanthus virginicus (fringetree)
4. Cnicus benedictus (blessed thistle)
5. Fraxinus americana (white ash)
6. Gentiana lutea (yellow gentian)
7. Marrubium vulgare (horehound)
8. Menyanthes trilobata (bogbean)
9. Rumex crispus (yellow dock)
10. Swertia chirata (chiretta)
11. Swertia radiata (deer's ears)

12. Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)
13. Verbena spp (vervain)
D. quassinoids
1. Picrasma excelsa (Jamaica quassia)
2. Quassia amara (Surinam quassia)
E. aromatic bitters (non-bitter tasting digestive stimulants)
1. Alpinia galanga (galangal)
2. Angelica archangelica (garden angelica)
3. Capsicum spp (cayenne)
4. Zingiber officinale (ginger)
LVII. Bone marrow stimulant, anti-pancytopenic

A. Angelica sinensis
B. Astragalus membranaceus
C. berbamine (Berberis spp (barberry)
D. Panax ginseng
LVIII. Bronchodilator
A. Datura stramonium
B. ephedrine (Ephedra sinica)
C. forskolin (Plectranthus forskohlii)
D. lobeline (Lobelia inflata)
LIX. Broncholytic
A. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
B. caffeine
C. ephedrine (Ephedra sinica)
D. khellin (Ammi visnaga)
E. mucilaginous herbs
F. papaverine (Papaver somniferum)
G. theophylline
LX. Calcium channel blocker, calcium channel antagonist

A. Angelica sinensis
B. apigenin (Apium graveolens, Ginkgo biloba)
C. khellin (Ammi visnaga)
D. tetrandrine and other alkaloids (Stephania tetrandra)
LXI. cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor (cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor)

A. caffeine
B. dihydrofuranocoumarins (Angelica sinensis)
C. flavonoids (Crataegus oxyacantha, Citrus reticulata, Iris florentina)--see herb monographs
D. glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
E. miscellaneous (Nikaido, et al. 1981; Nikaido, et al. 1989; Ohmoto, et al. 1988; Nikaido, et al. 1988)
F. papaverine
G. quercetin
H. silymarin (Silybum marianum)
I. Sophora flavescens (Ohmoto, et al. 1986)
J. theophylline
K. Viscum album (European mistletoe), butanol extract, probably due to flavonoids, phenol carboxylic
acids, phenylpropanes and lignans
LXII. Cardiovascular circulation stimulant

A. choline
B. nicotinic acid
C. quinidine
D. theobromine
E. theophylline
Carminative: see spasmolytic
LXIII. Cholagogue or choleretic

All bitters are also cholagogue and/or choleretic to some degree.
A. Berberis spp
B. chelidonine (Chelidonium)
D. cynarin (Cynara scolymus)
E. Mahonia spp
F. Mentha spp.
G. Petasites
H. Peumus boldo
I. Taraxacum officinale
LXIV. Chronotropic
A. negative (slows HR)
1. digoxin (Digitalis purpurea)
2. reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
LXV. Circulatory stimulant, cerebral

A. escin (Aesculus hippocastanum)
B. Ginkgo biloba
C. hydrogenated secale alkaloids
D. Rosmarinus
LXVI. Circulatory stimulant, peripheral

B. Capsicum frutescens
C. Crataegus laevigata
D. Ginkgo biloba
E. raubasine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
F. Rosmarinus
G. Zanthoxylum spp
LXVII. Contraceptives
A. Azadirachta indica (neem)
B. genistein (prunetol, sophoricol, genisteol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Cytisus scoparius, Glycine max,
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa, Pueraria lobata, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
C. Gossypium (cotton)
1. antisperm
D. Montanoa tomentosa (zoapatle)
1. antisperm
E. Tripterygium wilfordii
1. antisperm
F. Vicoa indica (banjauri), Asteraceae
1. female antifertility in monkeys (Rao AJ, Ravindra N, Moudgal NR (1997) Ind Acad Sci
71:918)
LXVIII. Coronary artery dilator

A. adenosine
B. Crataegus laevigata
C. daidzein (Genista tinctoria, Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, Pueraria psuedohirsuta, Trifolium
pratense, etc.)
D. visnadine (Ammi visnaga)
LXIX. Corrigent, corrigen, flavor enhancer

A. Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)-- 1-3 drops volatile oil/100 ml tincture (Chanchal Cabrera MNIMH)
B. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
C. miraculin
D. Pimpinella anisum (anise)--1-3 drops volatile oil/100 ml tincture (Chanchal Cabrera MNIMH)
E. Sugar-substitutes, botanical sweeteners
1. abrusosides (Abrus precatorius)
2. glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
3. periandrin V (Periandra dulcis)
4. polypodosides (Polypodium glycyrrhiza)
5. pterocaryosides (Pterocarya paliurus)
6. steviosides (Stevia rebaudiana)
LXX. Cyclooxygenase inhibitor

A. COX-1 and COX-2
1. allicin (Allium sativum, A. cepa)
2. Atracylodes lancea--see botanical monograph
3. salicylic acid
B. COX-2 specific
1. apigenin (Rosmarinus officinalis, Matricaria recutita)

2. Camellia sinensis
3. carnosol (Rosmarinus officinalis, Ocimum sanctum)
4. cerebrosides (Phytolacca americana)
5. curcumin
6. essential fatty acids
7. Glycyrrhiza glabra (Herold, et al. 2003)
8. humulone (Humulus lupulus)
9. Inula britannica--see Inula monograph
10. kaempferol (Liang, et al. 1999)
11. oleanic acid (Mutoh, et al. 2000)
12. parthenolides (Tanacetum parthenium)
13. Plantago lanceolata (Herold, et al. 2003)
14. Tripterygium wilfordii
15. tryptanthin (Isatis tinctoria)
16. ursolic acid (Rosmarinus officinalis, Ocimum sanctum) (Ringbom, et al. 1998)
17. wogonin, other flavonoids (Scutellaria baicalensis)
18. zerumbone (Zingiber zerumbet)--see Zingiber monograph
LXXI. Diaphoretic
A. Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
B. Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile)
C. Aristolochia serpentaria
D. Asclepias tuberosa (pleurisy root)
E. Corallorhiza odontorhiza (coral root)
F. Encelia farinosa (brittlebush, incienso)
G. Eupatorium perfoliatum (boneset)
H. Matricaria recutita (German chamomile)
I. Monarda spp
J. Pilocarpus jaborandi (jaborandi)
K. Sambucus spp (elder) flos
L. Tilia cordata (lime flower, linden)
LXXII. Diuretic, aquaretic

A. see also angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
B. Multiple herbs shown to be diuretic in animals in very high doses (Ribeiro, et al. 1988; Cceres, et
al. 1987).
C. Diuretics
1. cardioactive glycosides (Convallaria majalis, Urginea, Apocynum spp)
2. methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline)
3. Moringa oleifera in large doses in rats (Cceres, et al. 1992).
4. Stephania tetrandra
D. Aquaretics (*=strong)
1. Agathosma betulina (buchu) folium
2. Equisetum arvense (horsetail) herba
3. Galium aparine (cleavers) herba

4. Hydrangea arborescens (seven barks) root
5. Juniperus communis (juniper) folium*
6. Levisticum officinale (lovage) herba*
7. Orthosiphon stamineus (Java tea) herba
8. Parietaria diffusa (pellitory-of-the-wall) herba
9. Petroselinum crispum (parsley) semen
10. Solidago canadensis (goldenrod) herba*
11. Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) folium
LXXIII. Emetic
A. Brassica alba (white mustard)
B. Cephaelis ipecacuanha
C. Lobelia inflata
D. Urginea maritima
LXXIV. Emmenagogues
A. Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
B. Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh)
C. Chamaelirium luteum (false unicorn root)
D. Hedeoma pulegoides (American pennyroyal)
E. Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort)
F. Mentha pulegoides (European pennyroyal)
G. Mitchella repens (partridge berry)
H. Ruta graveolens (rue)
I. Trillium pendulum (beth root)
LXXV. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor

A. hypericin (Hypericum perforatum)
LXXVI. Escharotic
See also vesicant.
A. Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot)
LXXVII. Estradiol 2-hydroxylase induction (turns estradiol --> 2-hydroxyestradiol)

A. indole-3-carbinol (broccoli, cabbage)
LXXVIII. Expectorant
Stimulating expectorants: induce coughing, tend to loosen mucus, indicated for patients with productive coughs
Relaxing expectorants: antispasmodic, indicated for patients with spasmodic or nonproductive coughs
Table. Summary of Botanical Expectorants (in alphabetical order)

Stimulating Expectorants Relaxing Expectorants Mixed Expectorants

a
Aralia californica Angelica archangelica Inula helenium
Asclepias tuberosac Drosera rotundifolia Marrubium vulgare
b
Aspidosperma quebracho Grindelia spp
a
Bellis perennis Hyssopus officinalis
Cephaelis ipecacuanhab Pilosella officinarum
a
Glycyrrhiza glabra Pimpinella anisum
Hedera helixa Prunus serotina
b
Lobelia inflata Verbascum thapsus
Polygala senegaa
Primula verisa
Sanguinaria canadensisb
Saponaria officinalisa
Stillingia sylvaticab
Trifolium pratensea
Urginea maritimac
Stimulating Expectorant Types: a = saponin-containing, b = alkaloid-containing, c = cardiac glycoside-
containing
Source: Yarnell E. Natural Pulmonology (Healing Mountain Publishing), forthcoming.
Note some expectorants may have overlapping actionsfor example, Lobelia is also quite antispasmodic and
Glycyrrhiza is also demulcent.
LXXIX. Fibrinolytic
A. see also thrombolytic below
B. allicin (Allium sativum, Allium cepa)
1. cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition
C. bromelain
D. guggulsterones (Commiphora mukul)--mild
E. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
1. via stimulation of urokinase
F. legumes (Gupta & Chatterjee 1982)
Fungicidal: see anti-fungal
Fungistatic: see anti-fungal
LXXX. Galactagogue
A. Asparagus racemosa (shatavari)--shatavarin-I
B. Bryenia patens (kamboji) and Leptadenia reticulata (jeevanti) formula (Patel, Parikh & Patel 1982)
C. Physostigma venenosum
D. Pilocarpus jaborandi
E. Pimpinella anisum
F. Ricinus communis leaf topically
G. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) folium

H. Urtica dioica (nettle) folium (Bingel & Farnsworth 1994)
I. Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree)
LXXXI. Ganglioplegic
A. coniine
B. nicotine
C. lobeline
LXXXII. Glutathione reductase inhibitor

A. anthocyanidin
B. catechin
LXXXIII. Glutathione S-transferase inhibitor

A. butein
B. 2-hydroxyl chalcone
C. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
D. quercetin
E. tannic acid
LXXXIV. Goitrogens (Langer 1983)--see also thyrostatics

All of these are only clearly known to cause problems in settings of iodine deficiency.
A. cyanogenic glycosides
1. Brassica spp. (broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts)
2. Linum usitatissimum: quantities contained are very small
B. flavone (Gaitan & Cooksey 1989)
C. flavonoids
1. apigenin and luteolin glycosides (Digitaria exilis (Fonio millet) and Pennisetum
dasystachyum (pearl millet)
a) Goitrogenic in large amounts in iodine deficient people (Sartelet, et al. 1996).
2. Mechanisms: inhibit thyroid peroxidase, inhibit T4 T3 conversion peripherally, thyroid
hormone receptor antagonism (Fitzpatrick 2000)
D. isoflavones (Glycine max (soy) semen) (Fitzpatrick 2000)
LXXXV. Guanylate cyclase inhibitor

A. Momordica charantia
LXXXVI. Hallucinogen (psychedelic, psychotomimetic, psychointegrator)

Despite a wide variety of chemical constituents and botanical families, the underlying action of all
hallucinogens/psychointegrators is on serotonergic neurons, producing hallucination (Siegel 1984;
Hollister 1984; Jacobs 1984; Mandell 1985; Aghajanian 1994). Autonomic nervous system effects
induce limbic system, which in turn increase integration of the front cortex with the limbic system and
increase interhemispheric coherence (Mandell 1985). Some such as Datura stramonium and similar
Solanaceae plants, however, act primarily through anticholinergic mechanisms.
A. Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) (muscarine)

B. Anadenanthera peregrina (yopo, paric, niopo) = Piptadenia peregrina (bufotenine, N,N-
dimethyltryptamine, other indole alkaloids)
C. Banisteriopsis caapi (ayahuasca) = B. inebrians (beta-carboline alkaloids such as harmine,
harmiline)
D. Cannabis indica (marijuana) (tetrahydrocannabinols)
E. Datura stramonium (jimson weed) (atropine, etc.)
F. Ipomoea (morning glory) (lysergic acid)
G. Lophophora williamsii (peyote) (mescaline = phenylethylamine)
H. Mandragora officinarum (mandrake)
I. Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) (myristicin, elemicin)
J. psilocybin and other indolealkylamines (Psilocybe spp, Conobybe spp, Paneolis spp, Stropharia spp)
K. Trichocereus spp
L. Turbinia spp
M. Virola calophylla (virola) (N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
N. miscellaneous
1. McKenna 1996
LXXXVII. Hepatic agent, hepatoprotective

A. cynarin (Cynara scolymus)
B. catechin
D. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
E. gomisin (Schisandra chinensis)
F. lecithin
G. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
H. orotic acid
I. Schisandra chinensis
J. silymarin (Silybum marianum)
K. Taraxacum officinalis radix
LXXXVIII. Histidine decarboxylase inhibitor

A. Allium sativum?
B. catechin
LXXXIX. Hyaluronidase inhibitor

A. polysaccharides (Echinacea spp.)
XC. Hypertensive (antihypotensive, pressor agent)

A. caffeine
B. ephedrine (Ephedra sinica)
C. glycyrrhetinic acid (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
D. sparteine
XCI. Hypoglycemic (see also antidiabetic)

A. Momordica charantia
B. trigonelline (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
C. miscellaneous (Oliver-Bever & Zahnd 1979)
XCII. Hypolipidemic agent, hypocholesterolemic, hypotriglyceridemic

A. allicin (Allium sativum, A. cepa)
B. biochanin A (pratensol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
C. forskolin (Plectranthus forskohlii)
D. germacranolide and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactones (helenalin, tenulin, deoxyelephantopin,
eupahyssopin) (Hall, et al. 1980)
E. guggulsterones (Commiphora mukul)
1. stimulate hepatic uptake of LDL
F. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
G. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
H. policosanol = octacosanol (Saccharum officinarum)
I. tannic acid
XCIII. Hypotensive (antihypertensive)

B. Allium sativum
C. Angelica sinensis
D. Crataegus laevigata
E. Dendranthemna x morifolium (chrysanthemum)
F. ester alkaloids (Veratrum spp)
G. forskolin (Plectranthus forskohlii)
H. Ganoderma lucidum
I. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
J. Hibiscus
K. Lonicera
L. Olea europaea
M. raubasine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
N. raupine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
O. rescinnamine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
P. reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
Q. Rhododendron
R. Salvia miltiorrhiza
S. serpentine (Rauvolfia serpentina)
T. Viscum album
XCIV. Immunomodulatory, adaptogen (Alonso-Osorio 2001)

A. Acanthopanax sessiflorum (wu jia pi)
B. Albizzia lebbeck
C. Albizzia julibrissin (silk tree)
D. Andrographis paniculata
E. Angelica sinensis (dong quai)polysaccharides, coumarins

F. Aralia elata (Japanese angelica tree)
G. Aralia manshurica (Manchurian spikenard)
H. Aralia racemosa (spikenard)
I. Aralia schmidtii (Sakhalin spikenard)
J. Astragalus membranaceus (astragalus)
K. Cicer arientinum (chickpea)
L. Codonopsis pilosula (dang shen)
M. Echinopanax elatus (Asian devils club)
N. Eleutherococcus senticosus (eleuthero)
O. Eucommia ulmoides (hardy rubber tree)
P. Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Q. Hoppea dichotoma
R. Lentinula edodes (shiitake)
S. Leuzea carthamnoides (maral root)
T. Ocimum tenuifolium (holy basil)
U. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng)
V. Panax notoginseng (tienchi ginseng)
W. Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng)
X. Rhodiola rosea (roseroot stonecrop)
Y. Schisandra chinensis (wu wei zhi)
Z. Tinospora cordifolia (guduchi)
AA. Trametes versicolor (yun zhi)
BB. Trichopus zeylanicus (arogyappacha)
CC. Viscum album (European mistletoe)--lectins
DD. Withania somnifera (ashwagandha)
Araliaceae: Panax, Eleutherococcus, Oplopanax, Aralia

Asteraceae: maral root: root, seed (Leuzea rhaponticum, Rhaponticum carthamoides)
Crassulaceae: roseroot: root (Rhodiola rosea, Sedum rosea)
Apiaceae: Gotu kola: herb (Centella asiatica, Hydrocotyle asiatica)
Fabaceae: Astragalus membranaceus: root
Lamiaceae: Ocimum tenuifolium
Amaranthaceae: suma (Pfaffia paniculata)
Loranthaceae: Viscum
Solanaceae: ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
Campanulaceae: Codonopsis: root (yum!)
Schisandraceae: Schisandra
kingdom fungi: Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinula, Trametes
XCV. Immunostimulant
A. acemannan or acetylated mannose (Aloe barbadensis)
B. achyrocline
C. Baptisia tinctoria
D. catechin
E. Echinacea spp
F. Eupatorium perfoliatum
G. Thuja occidentalis
H. vincetoxicum
I. dendritic cell stimulators
J. macrophage phagocytosis stimulators
1. BCG vaccine
2. beta-1,3-glucan (Saccharomyces cerevesiae cell wall glycoprotein)
3. Echinacea spp
4. Viscum album
K. NK cells stimulators
1. function: Larix occidentalis (arabinogalactans), Chelidonium majus (semisynthetic agent
Ukrain by injection), Astragalus membranaceus (lignans), AHCC
2. number and function: Viscum album (Iscador extract, rhamnogalacturonan)
XCVI. Inotropic
A. negative (decreases contractility)
1. Angelica sinensis
B. positive (increases contractility)
1. Convallaria majalis
2. Crataegus laevigata
3. digitoxin (Digitalis purpurea)
4. forskolin (Plectranthus forskohlii)
5. helenalin (Arnica montana)
XCVII. Insect Repellant

A. Citrus hystrix (kaffir lime) volatile oil (Tawatsin, et al. 2001)
B. Cymbopogon winterianus (citronella grass) volatile oil (Tawatsin, et al. 2001)
C. Curcuma longa (turmeric) volatile oil (Tawatsin, et al. 2001)
D. Ocimum americanum (hairy basil) volatile oil (Tawatsin, et al. 2001)
E. Ocimum selloi (basil pepper) volatile oil
F. vanillin (Tawatsin, et al. 2001)
XCVIII. Insecticidal: see also anti-parasitic

A. Annonaceous acetogenins
B. Azadiracta indica (neem) (azadiractans)
C. lemon peel oil (Mwaiko & Savaeli 1994)
XCIX. Interleukin synthesis or secretion

A. inhibitor
1. Urtica dioica (of Il-1)
B. stimulator
1. Echinacea spp. (of Il-1), in vitro only
2. epigallocatechin gallate (Camellia sinensis) (of Il-1)
C. Intestinal Permeability Increasers

A. bromelain
B. lectins
C. piperine
D. saponins
CI. Intoxicant
A. fermented palm sap: humans, palm civets, bats, monkeys and elephants become intoxicated when
they drink it
B. fermented wheat, rye, corn and many other plants yield ethanol
C. Madhuca indica (mohwa tree)--fermented flowers are made into daroo wine in India; sloth bears
also get intoxicated from eating the flowers
CII. Iodothyronine deiodinase inhibitor

converts T4 T3
A. apigenin
B. luteolin
C. quercetin
D. rosmarinic acid, ellagic acid, luteolin-7beta-glucoside (Melissa officinalis, Lithospermum officinale,
Lycopus virginicus)
Lactagogue: see Galactagogue
CIII. Laxatives, cathartic
All cholagogues are also mildly cathartic.
A. Anthraquinone glycosides (Rheum palmatum, Frangula purshiana, Rhamnus frangula, Senna

alexandrina, Aloe vera latex, Juglans cinerea, Rumex crispus, etc.)
B. Fatty acids (Ricinus communis oleum)
C. Resins (Convolvulaceae, Podophyllum, Colocynthis citrullus)
CIV. Laxatives, osmotic

A. Ficus
B. fruit acids (eg fructose)
C. Manna
D. Tamarindus
CV. Laxative, polysaccharide (bulk-forming)

A. mucilage (such as agar, tragacanth, Linum seed)
B. Plantago ovatum (psyllium, ispaghula)
CVI. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor

B. Atractylodes lancea

D. NDGA (Larrea tridentata)
E. Tanacetum parthenium
F. Zingiber officinale
CVII. Lymphatic, lymphagogue

A. Upper body:
1. Phytolacca americana (poke)
2. Calendula officinalis (calendula)
B. Lower body:
1. Fouquieria splendens (ocotillo)
2. Ceanothus greggii (red root)
CVIII. Miotic (constricts pupil)

A. physostigmine
B. pilocarpine
CIX. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor

A. Hypericum perforatum
1. weak MAO A inhibitor in vitro only
B. isoliquiritinigenin, glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
C. nicotine
1. inhibits MAO B, which catabolizes dopamine
CX. Mucilaginous Herbs, Demulcent, Emollient

A. Althaea officinalis (marshmallow)
B. Alcea rosea (hollyhock)
C. Borago officinalis (borage) folium
D. Cetraria islandica (Iceland moss)
E. Chondrus crispus (Irish moss)
F. glycerin
G. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
H. Inula helenium (elecampane)
I. Linum usitatissimum (flax)
J. Malva neglecta (cheeseweed) folium
K. Plantago lanceolata (lance-leaf plantain), P. major (broadleaf plantain)
L. Sphaeralcea spp (globemallow)
M. Sticta pulmonaria (lung moss)
N. Symphytum officinale (comfrey)
O. Tussilago farfara (Eastern coltsfoot)
P. Ulmus fulva (slippery elm)
Q. Verbascum thapsus (mullein)
CXI. Muscle relaxant, central

A. kavain (Piper methysticum)
CXII. Muscle relaxant, peripheral

A. C-toxiferine
B. tubocurarine (Curare)
CXIII. Mydriatic (dilates pupil)

A. atropine (Atropa belladonna, Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger)
CXIV. NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase inhibitor

A. Annonaceous actogenins (uvaricin, etc. isolated from the genera Annona, Asimina, Goniothalamus,
Rollinia, Uvaria and Xylopia)
CXV. Nervine, neurotonic

A. Avena sativa
B. Humulus lupulus
C. Leonurus cardiaca
D. Matricaria recutita
E. Nepeta cataria
F. Passiflora incarnata
G. Piper methysticum
H. Scutellaria lateriflora
I. Stachys betonica
J. Valeriana officinalis
K. Valeriana sitchensis
L. Verbacum thapsus flos
M. Verbena spp
N. Zizyphus spinosa
CXVI. NFkappaB inhibitors, anti-inflammatory

A. curcumin (Curcuma longa) (Singh & Aggarwal 1995)
CXVII. Nitric oxide synthase activator

A. Allium sativum
CXVIII. Nootropic (Howes & Houghton 2003)

A. Acorus calamus
B. Angelica archangelica
C. Bacopa monniera
D. Biota orientalis
E. Celastrus paniculatus
F. Centella asiatica
G. Clitoria ternatea
H. Codonopsis pilosula
I. Crocus sativus
J. Evodia rutaecarpa
K. Galanthus nivalis
L. Ginkgo biloba
M. Huperzia serrata
N. Lycoris radiata
O. Magnolia officinalis
P. Narcissis spp
Q. Polygala tenuifolia
R. Rosmarinus officinalis
S. Salvia spp
T. Vinca minor
CXIX. Parasympathocomimetic (parasympathomimetic)

A. acetylcholine
B. arecoline
C. choline
D. nicotine
E. muscarine
F. physostigmine (eserine)
G. pilocarpine
H. reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentaria): indirect via depletion of catecholamine storage granules in central
nervous system
Pain relieving: see analgesic above
CXX. Partus Preparator

Do not use in ethanol as it relaxes the uterus.
A. Actaea racemosa (black cohosh) = Cimicifuga racemosa
B. Caulophyllum thalictroides (blue cohosh)--use with caution
C. Gossypium herbaceum
CXXI. P-glycoprotein (Pgp, P-gp) inhibitor, multidrug resistance inhibitor in cancer cells
A. Atractylodes lancea
B. epigallocatechin gallate (ECCG), theanine (Camellia sinensis)
C. Feijoa sellowiana
D. Ficus citrifolia
E. flavonoids especially quercetin
F. indole-3-carbinol (via its metabolite diindolylmethane)
G. methoxyhydrnocarpin, a flavonoid in Berberis spp
H. reserpine
I. Rosmarinus officinalis
J. Stephania tetrandra alkaloids
CXXII. Phenolsulfotransferase inhibitor

A. Hepatic sulfating enzyme.
B. apigenin
C. chrysin
D. curcumin (Curcuma longa)
E. ellagic acid
F. fisetin
G. galangin
H. genistein
I. kaempferol
J. myricetin
K. quercetin
Phosphodiesterase (cAMP) inhibitor: see cAMP-phosphdiesterase inhibitor
CXXIII. Phospholipase (PLP) A2 inhibitor

A. Boswellia serrata
B. curcumin (Curcuma longa)
C. Tanacetum parthenium
D. Zingiber officinale
CXXIV. Phospholipase C inhibitor
CXXV.Phytoestrogenic agent, phytoestrogen

A. biochanin A (pratensol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
B. coumestrol (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Glycine max, Medicago sativa, Pisum sativum,
Phaseolus lunatus, P. vulgaris, Taraxacum officinale, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
C. daidzein (Genista tinctoria, Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, Pueraria psuedohirsuta, Trifolium
pratense, etc.)
D. genistein (prunetol, sophoricol, genisteol) (Baptisia tinctoria, Cytisus scoparius, Glycine max,
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Medicago sativa, Pueraria lobata, Trifolium pratense, etc.)
E. Foeniculum vulgare (fennel)--anethole
F. Glycine max (soy)--isoflavones
G. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice)
H. Humulus lupulus (hops)
I. Linum usitatissimum (flax)--lignans
J. Medicago sativum (alfalfa)--isoflavones
K. Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng)
L. Pimpinella anisum (anise)--anethole
M. Trifolium pratense (red clover)--isoflavones
CXXVI. Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) antagonist and inhibitor

A. androsin (Picrorhiza kurroa) (Dorsch & Wagner 1991)
B. Arctium lappa (burdock) (Iwakami, et al. 1992)
C. coumarins (Puecedanum praeruptorum) (Takeuchi, et al. 1988)
D. curcumin (Curcuma longa)
E. eugenol
F. Forsythia suspensa
G. forskolin (Coleus forskohlii)

H. ginkgolides (Ginkgo biloba) (Nunez, et al. 1986; Braquet, et al. 1985)
I. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
J. glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
K. kadsurenone, a lignan (Piper futokadsura) (Shen, et al. 1985)
L. lignans (Schisandra chinensis) (Lee, et al. 1999)
M. pinusolide (Biota orientalis)
N. tetragalloyl quinic acid (Galphimia glauca) (Dorsch & Wagner 1991)
O. Tussilago farfara
1. sesquiterpene L-652,469 (Hwang, et al. 1987)
P. (+)-yangambin (Ocotea duckei) (receptor antagonist)
CXXVII. Platelet aggregation inhibitor

B. bromelain
C. capsaicin (Capsicum spp)
D. Galega officinalis
E. ginkgolides (Ginkgo biloba)
F. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)
G. alpha-linolenic acid (Linum usitatissimum)
H. quercetin
I. ruscogenin (Ruscus aculeatus)
J. Zingiber officinale (ginger) (negative clinical study exists)
CXXVIII. Prolactin modulators, anti-prolactin, prolactinogogue, prolactin stimulator

A. Prolactin amphoterics
1. Vitex agnus-castus
B. Prolactin inhibitors
C. Prolactin stimulators: see also lactagogues
1. Rauvolfia serpentina
2. resveratrol
3. Trigonella foenum-graecum
CXXIX. Prostatic agent

A. fatty acids (Cucurbita pepo)
B. fatty acids and sterols (Serenoa repens)
1. inhibit 5-alpha-reductase
2. inhibit movement of dihydrotestosterone-bound cytosolic receptor into nucleus
C. lignans, other constituents (Urtica dioica radix)
D. Prunus africanum
1. inhibits intraprostatic PG synthesis
E. Beta-Sitosterol
CXXX. Protease inhibitor

A. triterpene acids (Geum japonicum) (Xu HX, et al. J Nat Prod 1996;(7))
CXXXI. Protein Kinase C inhibitor

A. hypericin (Hypericum perforatum)
B. quercetin (Ferriola, Cody & Middleton 1989)
CXXXII. Protein-Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (see also Tyrosine kinase inhibitor)

A. emodin (Rheum palmatum)
B. hydroxystilbene, O-glycosides (Rheum officinale)
CXXXIII. Rhinologic
A. ephedrine
B. galphimia (Luffa)
C. pseudoephedrine
D. Urtica dioica
CXXXIV. Rubefacient
A. Brassica nigra (black mustard)
B. Capsicum spp (cayenne)
C. Juniperus spp (juniper)
D. Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary)
E. turpentine
CXXXV. Sedative (Tranquilizer)

A. Avena sativa
B. Chamaesyce hirta
C. Eschscholzia californica (California poppy)
D. Humulus lupulus
E. isoeugenol (cloves)
F. kavain (Piper methysticum)
G. Matricaria recutita
H. Melissa officinalis
I. Passiflora incarnata
J. Rosa spp. oil
K. reserpine, other alkaloids (Rauvolfia serpentina radix)
L. Scutellaria spp.
M. valepotriates (Valeriana officinalis)
1. questionable active constituents
N. Zizyphus spinosa
CXXXVI. Secretolytic (respiratory)

A. Glycyrrhiza glabra
B. Hedera helix
C. Primula spp.
D. Polygala senega
CXXXVII. Sialagogue
A. Brassica alba (white mustard)
B. Capsicum spp
C. Echinacea angustifolia
D. Physostigma venenosum
E. Pilocarpus jaborandi
F. Piper cubeba
G. Piper nigrum
H. Sanguinaria canadensis
I. Zingiber officinale
CXXXVIII. Spasmolytic
A. Angelica sinensis (dong quai)--possibly
B. atropine (Atropa belladonna)
1. Neurotropic
C. carminatives
1. Acorus calamus
2. Carum carvi
3. Cinnamomum zeylanicum
4. Coriandrum sativum
5. Foeniculum vulgare
6. Mentha x piperita
7. Mentha spicata
8. Pimpinella anisum
9. Piper nigrum
10. Syzygium aromaticum
11. Zingiber officinale
D. daidzein (Genista tinctoria, Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, Pueraria psuedohirsuta, Trifolium
pratense, etc.)
E. Datura stramonium (thornapple)
F. Dioscorea villosa (wild yam)
G. Garrya flavescens (silk tassel), Garrya wrightii (silk tassel)
H. Hyoscyamus niger (henbane)
I. Melissa officinalis
J. Paeonia lactiflora
K. papaverine
1. musculotropic
L. Piper methysticum
M. Pueraria lobata (possibly)
N. Viburnum opulus
O. Viburnum prunifolium
CXXXIX. Styptic, anti-hemorrhagic

A. See also astringents.
B. Capsella bursa-pastoris
C. Panax notoginseng (tienchi ginseng)

D. Trillium spp (bethroot)
CXL. Sympatholytic, adrenergic antagonist, beta blocker, alpha blocker

A. alkaloids such as ergotoxin, ergotamine (Secale)
B. ergometrin
C. liposterolic compounds (Serenoa repens): alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists
D. reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina): depletes norepinephrine from storage granules in neurons in CNS
thus general central sympatholytic (parasympathomimetic)
E. yohimbine (Pausinystalia yohimbe): presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist
CXLI. Sympathomimetic, adrenergic agonist

A. ephedrine, pseudoephedrine (Ephedra sinica): alpha-1 and both beta adrenergic agonists
B. tyramine
CXLII. Thrombolytic, thrombosis inhibitor

A. see also fibrinolytic above
B. Allium cepa
C. Allium sativum
D. Ginkgo biloba
CXLIII. Thyrostatic--see goitrogens also

A. Fucus vesiculosus
B. Lithospermum ruderale, L. officinale
C. Lycopus virginicus, L. europaeus
D. Melissa officinalis
E. Thymus serpyllum
CXLIV. Thyrostimulant, thyrotropic, thyrotrophic

A. Fucus vesiculosis (bladderwrack)
B. guggulsterones (Commiphora mukul)
CXLV. Topoisomerase-I inhibitor (uncoils DNA before cell division)

A. acacetin
B. apigenin
C. camptothecins
1. topotecan (Hycamtin) is an FDA-approved drug for advanced ovarian cancer
D. catechins
E. epipodophyllotoxins (etoposide)
F. genistein (Glycine max)
G. kaempferol
H. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
I. podophyllin resin
J. quercetin
CXLVI. Topoisomerase-II inhibitor

A. genistein (Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, etc.)
CXLVII. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretion or synthesis

A. inhibitor
1. Arnica spp
2. berbamine (Berberis spp)
3. Camellia sinensis
4. curcumin (Curcuma longa) (indirect via PLPA2 inhibition)
5. DHEA
6. Echinacea spp
7. gentiopicroside (Gentiana lutea) (Kondo, Takano & Hojo 1994)
8. ginsenosides (Panax ginseng)--see herb monograph
9. Hypericum perforatum
10. melatonin
11. Panax ginseng
12. Perilla frutescens (perilla) folium
13. Phytolacca americana
14. quercetin
15. Silybum marianum
16. Tanacetum parthenium (indirect via PLPA2 inhibition)
17. tetrandrine (Stephania tetrandra)
18. Tripterygium wilfordii
19. Urtica dioica (inhibits secretion of TNF-alpha)
20. Zingiber officinale
B. stimulator
1. Echinacea spp. polysaccharides--stimulate secretion in vitro
2. sho-saiko-to formula stimulates synthesis of TNF-alpha
CXLVIII. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor

A. genistein (Glycine max, Pueraria lobata, etc.)
B. quercetin (Levy, et al. 1984)
CXLIX. Uterine Tonic

A. Aletris farinosa
B. Angelica sinensis
C. Caulophyllum thalictroides
D. Chamaelirium luteum
E. Rubus idaeus
CL. Vasodilator (see coronary artery dilator as well)

A. apigenin (Apium graveolens, Ginkgo biloba)
B. khellin (Ammi visnaga)
CLI. Vesicant, suppurant, pustulant

See also escharotic.
A. cantharis
B. croton oil
C. Podophyllum peltatumpodophyllin, podophyllotoxin
D. Ranunculus sppfresh plant topically
CLII. Wound Healing

A. asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside (Centella asiatica)
B. Aristolochia
C. Arnica montana
D. Azadirachta indica
E. Calendula officinalis
F. Lophophora williamsii
G. Matricaria recutita
H. polysaccharides (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea)
I. polysaccharides (Aloe vera)
1. including stimulation of fibroblast activity
J. Symphytum officinale (comfrey) radix or herba (allantoin)
CLIII. Xanthine oxidase inhibitor

A. morin (Chlorophora tinctoria)
1. moderately effective
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CLV. Abstracts to articles mentioned above
Choi, et al. 1999 Abstract: In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicities of flavone (F01), 3-hydroxyflavone
(F02), 6- hydroxyflavone (F03), 7-hydroxyflavone (F04), 3,6-dihydroxyflavone (F05), 5,7-dihydroxyflavone
(F06) and 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone (F07) to human cancer cells including P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-expressing
HCT15 cells and its multidrug resistant subline, HCT15/CL02 cells. We also examined the effects of those
flavonoids on the cell cycle of these cancer cells. HCT15/CL02 cells did not reveal resistance to all the
flavonoids tested in comparison with HCT15 cells. In cell cycle analysis, all the flavonoids tested, except F01
and F04, reduced the G0/G1 population of SF295 cells at growth inhibitory concentrations, and increased G2/M
(F02, F03 and F06) or S (F05 and F07) populations. In addition, F02 and F03 decreased the G2/M and G0/G1
population, and increased the S and G2/M population in HCT15 cells, respectively. Meanwhile, in
HCT15/CL02 cells, F02 and F03 decreased the G0/G1 populations and increased the S population. In
conclusion, we deemed that the flavonoids tested had diverse cytotoxic mechanisms, and exerted their cell
growth inhibitory or killing activity by distinctive ways in different cells.
Herold, et al. 2003 Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate if standardized hydroalcoholic
plant extracts such as Calendula officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, Plantago lanceolata and Glycyrrhiza glabra
can suppress in cell-free systems the activities of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), key
enzymes in the formation of proinflammatory eicosanoids from arachidonic acid (AA). Studies were undertaken
to compare the above mentioned plant extracts to a known NSAID (nimesulide) in their ability to inhibit both
cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and lipoxygenase (5-LO) activities in cell-free systems. We report on 2 vegetal
extracts (Hypericum perforatum and Glycyrrhiza glabra) that inhibit 5-LO activity and 2 vegetal extracts
(Plantago lanceolata and Glycyrrhiza glabra) that inhibit COX-2 activity. In this study, we demonstrate for the
first time that Glycyrrhiza glabra extract efficiently suppresses both eicosanoids and leukotrienes formation in
cell-free systems, implying that this extract directly acts as a dual inhibitor of 5-LO and COX-2 activities. With
regard to the properties of dual COX-2/5-LO inhibitors, Glycyrrhiza glabra extract might be a potential drug
possessing anti-inflammatory activity devoid of the most troublesome (gastric) side effects seen for drugs used
as COX-2 and 5-LO inhibitors. Hypericum perforatum, Plantago lanceolata and Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts can
be added to an already impressive list of these species that have anti-inflammatory activity.
Hsiang, et al. 2001 Abstract: The increasing clinical use of acyclovir, ganciclovir, and foscarnet against herpes
simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus has been associated with the emergence of
drug-resistant herpesvirus strains. To develop anti-HSV compounds from plants, 31 herbs used as antipyretic
and anti-inflammatory agents in Chinese medicine were screened. Five different preparations (cold aqueous, hot
aqueous, ethanolic, acid ethanolic, and methanolic) from 31 herbs were analyzed by plaque reduction assay, and
7 extracts. which showed significant antiviral activities, were further elucidated for their antiviral mechanisms.
Our results showed that ethanolic extract of Rheum officinale and methanolic extract of Paeonia suffruticosa
prevented the process of virus attachment and penetration. Aqueous extract of P. suffruticosa and ethanolic
extract of Melia toosendan inhibited virus attachment to cell surface. Aqueous extract of Sophora flavescens and
methanolic extract of M. toosendan showed no effect on virus attachment and penetration. These data indicated
that these 4 herbs have a potential value as a source of new powerful anti-HSV compounds.
Mantle, Lennard & Pickering 2000 Abstract: Various active compounds (or their semi-synthetic derivatives)
derived from medicinal plants have been assessed for their efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of breast
cancer. Some of these plant species, including Taxus baccata (paclitaxel, docetaxel), Podophyllum peltatum
(etoposide), Camptotheca acuminata (camptothecin) and Vinca rosea (vinblastine, vinorelbine) have well
recognized antitumour activity in breast cancer, and have been evaluated in clinical trials. For example, results
from recent Phase II/III trials have established docetaxel as the most active single agent in the treatment (first or
second-line) of advanced metastatic breast cancer. For other plant species such as Panax ginseng and Allium
sativum, antitumour activity has been evaluated in experimental studies using cultured cells and animal models,
but the therapeutic potential in patients remains to be determined. Antitumour activity derived from medicinal
plants may produce results via a number of mechanisms, including effects on cytoskeletal proteins which play a
key role in mitosis (paclitaxel), inhibition of activity of topoisomerase enzymes I (camptothecin) or II
(etoposide), stimulation of the immune system (Viscum album), or antiprotease-antioxidant activity. Medicinal
plant-derived antineoplastic agents may be used in single agent or in combinational therapies, and have been
used in first-line or second-line (including anthracycline-refractory patients) treatment of localized or metastatic
breast cancer. Adverse effects resulting from the use of these agents include neutropenia and peripheral
neuropathies.
McKenna 1996 Abstract: Medicinal chemists have traditionally looked to the biosynthetic diversity found in
nature to provide structural templates for the development of novel therapeutic agents, and the field of
hallucinogen chemistry is similar to other fields in this respect. Even LSD, for many psychopharmacologists the
prototype hallucinogen, is not itself a natural compound but rather is a semisynthetic analogue of alkaloids
found in plants and fungi. A similar statement could be made about the other major structural classes of
hallucinogenic agents: the phenylethylamine derivatives, the tryptamine derivatives, and the beta-carboline
derivatives. In each case, compounds occurring naturally in some plant, usually associated with a long tradition
of ethnomedical or ceremonial use, have been the starting point for the synthesis of numerous analogues. Some
of these, such as the methoxylated amphetamine derivatives, display a pharmacological profile that differs in
important respects from their natural product templates. In some instances the analogues have proven to be
useful tools in the hands of neurobiologists characterizing the structure and function of brain neurotransmitter
systems; in other cases, they have led to the development of new psychopharmacological agents with realized or
potential clinical utility. This paper gives a brief historical overview of the role of natural products in the history
and development of medicinal chemistry and experimental pharmacology, particularly with respect to the
development of psychopharmacology and the discovery of CNS-active agents. It discusses the potential for the
discovery of new medications with psychotherapeutic and/or research applications though the investigation of
plants and natural compounds with serotonergic activities. Finally, consideration is given to some lesser known
plant hallucinogens which may provide further useful leads for psychotherapeutic drug discovery.
Mwaiko & Savaeli 1994 Abstract: Tests on lemon peel oil extract as a mosquito larvicide were carried out. The
oil was found to be toxic on larvae, pupae and eggs of Culex quinquefasciatus. The oil also fulfilled other
required specifications like suitable specific gravity, spreading pressure and viscosity. It was also toxic at a wide
pH range, stable to heat and light in terms of chemical change which could alter larvicidal action. However, it
was volatile and did not form a permanent film on water surfaces for long periods. This affected the larvicidal
action.
Nikaido, et al. 1989 Abstract: Sixty-one flavanones, twenty-six isoflavones and eight other flavonoids,
obtained from Sophora tomentosa, S. flavescens, Scutellaria baicalensis and other medicinal plants or
synthesized, were tested for their inhibitory activity against adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)
phosphodiesterase from beef heart. The structure-activity relationships were investigated.
Otero, et al. 2000 Abstract: Thirty-one of 75 extracts of plants used by traditional healers for snakebites, had
moderate or high neutralizing ability against the haemorrhagic effect of Bothrops atrox venom from Antioquia
and Choco, north-western Colombia. After preincubation of several doses of every extract (7.8- 4000 < mu
>g/mouse) with six minimum haemorrhagic doses (10 < mu >g) of venom, 12 of them demonstrated 100%
neutralizing capacity when the mixture was i.d. injected into mice (18-20 g). These were the stem barks of
Brownea rosademonte (Caesalpiniaceae) and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae); the whole plants of Pleopeltis
percussa (Polypodiaceae), Trichomanes elegans (Hymenophyllaceae) and Senna dariensis (Caesalpiniaceae);
rhizomes of Heliconia curtispatha (Heliconiaceae); leaves and branches of Bixa orellana (Bixaceae),
Philodendron tripartitum (Araceae), Struthanthus orbicularis (Loranthaceae) and Gonzalagunia panamensis
(Rubiaceae); the ripe fruits of Citrus limon (Rutaceae); leaves, branches and stem of Ficus nymphaeifolia
(Moraceae). Extracts of another 19 species showed moderate neutralization (21-72%) at doses up to 4
mg/mouse, e.g. the whole plants of Aristolochia grandiflora (Aristolochiaceae), Columnea kalbreyeriana
(Gesneriaceae), Sida acuta (Malvaceae), Selaginella articulata (Selaginellaceae) and Pseudoelephantopus
spicatus (Asteraceae); rhizomes of Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae); the stem of Strychnos xinguensis
(Loganiaceae); leaves, branches and stems of Hyptis capitata (Lamiaceae), Ipomoea cairica (Convolvulaceae),
Neurolaena lobata (Asteraceae), Ocimum micranthum (Lamiaceae), Piper pulchrum (Piperaceae), Siparuna
thecaphora (Monimiaceae), Castilla elastica (Moraceae) and Allamanda cathartica (Apocynaceae); the
macerated ripe fruits of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae); the unripe fruits of Crescentia cujete
(Bignoniaceae); leaves and branches of Piper arboreum (Piperaceae) and Passiflora quadrangularis
(Passifloraceae). When the extracts were independently administered by oral, i.p. or i.v. route either before or
after an i.d. venom injection (10 < mu >g), neutralization of haemorrhage dropped below 25% for all the
extracts. Additionally, B. rosademonte and P. percussa extracts were able to inhibit the proteolytic activity of B.
atrox venom on casein.
Pietro, et al. 2000 Abstract: The HIV-tuberculosis co-infection has caused an impact on tuberculosis
epidemiology all over the world and the efficacies of the therapeutic schemes traditionally prescribed in the
treatment of tuberculosis, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide, have decreased due to the appearance
of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MDR). This work is part of research on natural antimicrobial
agents from plant extracts through bioassay-guided fractionation, by in vitro determination of the minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method with Alamar blue oxidation-reduction dye.
Crude CHCl-3 Physalis angulata extracts and physalin-containing fractions displayed antimycobac-terial
activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium
malmoense and Mycobacterium intracellulare.
Terashima, et al. 1991 Abstract: The hot water extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Bixa orellana and
Ipomoea batatas, were found to have potent inhibitory activity towards lens aldose reductase (AR). Ellagic acid
(4) was isolated from C. morifolium and I. batatas, isoscutellarein (7) from B. orellana and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic
acid (10) from I. batatas, respectively, as potent inhibitors.
Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000 Abstract: Programmed cell death (apoptosis), a form of cell death,
described by Kerr and Wyllie some 20 years ago, has generated considerable interest in recent years. The
mechanisms by which this mode of cell death (seen both in animal and plant cells), takes place have been
examined in detail. Extracellular signals and intracellular events have been elaborated. Of interest to the
clinician, is the concentrated effort to study pharmacological modulation of programmed cell death. The attempt
to influence the natural phenomenon of programmed cell death stems from the fact that it is reduced (like in
cancer) or increased (like in neurodegenerative diseases) in several clinical situations. Thus, chemicals that can
modify programmed cell death are likely to be potentially useful drugs. From foxglove, which gave digitalis to
the Pacific Yew from which came taxol, plants have been a source of research material for useful drugs.
Recently, a variety of plant extracts have been investigated for their ability to influence the apoptotic process.
This article discusses some of the interesting data. The ability of plants to influence programmed cell death in
cancerous cells in an attempt to arrest their proliferation has been the topic of much research. Various cell-lines
like HL60, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (KIM-1), a cholangiocarcinoma cell-line (KMC-1), B-cell
hybridomas, U937 a monocytic cell-line, HeLa cells, human lymphoid leukemia (MOLT-4B) cells and K562
cells have been studied. The agents found to induce programmed cell death (measured either morphologically or
flow cytometrically) included extracts of plants like mistletoe and Semicarpus anacardium. Isolated compounds
like bryonolic acid (from Trichosanthes kirilowii var. Japonica, crocin (from saffron) and allicin (from Allium
sativum) have also been found to induce programmed cell death and therefore arrest proliferation. Even Chinese
herbal medicine "Sho-saiko-to" induces programmed cell death in selected cancerous cell lines. Of considerable
interest is the finding that Panax ginseng prevents irradiation-induced programmed cell death in hair follicles,
suggesting important therapeutic implications. Nutraceuticals (dietary plants) like soya bean, garlic, ginger,
green tea, etc. which have been suggested, in epidemiological studies, to reduce the incidence of cancer may do
so by inducing programmed cell death. Soy bean extracts have been shown to prevent development of diseases
like polycystic kidneys, while Artemisia asiatica attenuates cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats. Interestingly
enough, a number of food items as well as herbal medicines have been reported to produce toxic effects by
inducing programmed cell death. For example, programmed cell death in isolated rat hepatocytes has been
implicated in the hepatitis induced by a herbal medicine containing diterpinoids from germander. Other studies
suggest that rapid progression of the betel- and tobacco-related oral squamous cell carcinomas may be
associated with a simultaneous involvement of p53 and c-myc leading to inhibition of programmed cell death.
Several mechanisms have been identified to underlie the modulation of programmed cell death by plants
including endonuclease activation, induction of p53, activation of caspase 3 protease via a Bcl-2-insensitive
pathway, potentiate free-radical formation and accumulation of sphinganine. Programmed cell death is a highly
conserved mechanism of self-defense, also found to occur in plants. Hence, it is natural to assume that
chemicals must exist in them to regulate programmed cell death in them. Thus, plants are likely to prove to be
important sources of agents that will modulate programmed cell death.
Tohda, et al. Abstract 2000: In a search for new anti-pruritic drugs we screened methanol extracts of 33 herbal
medicines which have been used for cutaneous diseases for their antipruritic activity using substance P (SP) as a
pruritogen in mice. When administered perorally 30 min before SP injection, methanol extracts of 6 of these
herbal medicines, the root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., the root of Patrinia villosa (Thunb.) Juss, the
fruit of Forsythia suspenna Vahl, the rhizome of Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim., the aerial part of
Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. and the fruit of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss, inhibited SP-induced itch-scratch
response at a dose of 200 mg/kg with-out affecting locomotor activity. Dose dependence of these 6 extracts (50-
500 mg/kg) was investigated and all of them inhibited SP-induced itch-scratch response, with extracts from
Scrophularia ningpoensis, Schizonepeta tenuifolia and Cnidium monnieri showing particularly significant
inhibition. The results suggest that these 6 methanol extracts have inhibitory activity against SP-induced itching.
Viana, et al. 1996 Abstract: Flavonoids are phenolic compounds of vegetable origin with antioxidant effects.
The present study aimed to determine their properties as LDL antioxidants. LDL were incubated with increasing
concentrations of flavonoids (0-16 micrograms/ml) and LDL oxidation was started by adding CuCl2 (2
microM) to the media. When flavonoids were present in the media, vitamin E consumption, the lag phase of
conjugated diene formation, LDL electrophoretic mobility in agarose gels and the appearance of thiobarbituric
acid reacting substances (TBARS) were delayed in a concentration-dependent manner. To determine whether
flavonoids could terminate LDL oxidation once initiated, two sets of experiments were performed. In the first,
LDL oxidation was initiated as described above. At 2 or 4 h of incubation, flavonoids were added (4
micrograms/ml) and their effect compared to samples where butylated hydroxytoluene or EDTA were added. At
5 h, in the LDL samples where flavonoids were added, the electrophoretic mobility and TBARS production
were the same as those present in LDL samples incubated for the whole period in the absence of flavonoids.
However, when either butylate hydroxytoluene or EDTA was added, as would be expected, the LDL oxidation
process was completely arrested as shown by a reduction in the appearance of TBARS and a lower LDL
electrophoretic mobility. In the second experiment, LDL oxidation was initiated as described above and at 0, 10
and 20 min, flavonoids were added (4 micrograms/ml). When vitamin E was still present in the LDL solution,
the flavonoids were able to both increase the lag phase in the formation of conjugated dienes and to delay the
consumption of vitamin E. The present results show that in vitro, flavonoids prevent LDL oxidation in a
concentration-dependent manner, delaying the consumption of vitamin E, but they cannot terminate or delay
LDL oxidation once vitamin E in LDL is consumed.
Xu & Lee 2001 Abstract: Thirty eight plant-derived flavonoids representing seven different structural groups
were tested for activities against antibiotic-resistant bacteria using the disc-diffusion assay and broth dilution
assay. Among the flavonoids examined, four flavonols (myricetin, datiscetin, kaempferol and quercetin) and
two -flavones (flavone and luteolin) exhibited inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA). Myricetin was also found to inhibit the growth of multidrug-resistant Burkholderia -cepacia,
vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and other medically important organisms such as -Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Myricetin was bactericidal to B. cepacia. The results of the
radiolabel incorporation assay showed that myricetin inhibited protein synthesis by -B. cepacia. The structure-
activity relationship of these flavonoids is discussed.

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Actions of Medicinal Plants 1 2004 Eric Yarnell, ND, RH

Compendium of Pharmacological Actions of

II. Addiction control agent, anti-addiction

III. Adenylate cyclase activator

IV. Aldose reductase inhibitor

VI. 5-Alpha-reductase inhibitor

VII. 5-Alpha-reductase stimulator

VIII. Alteratives (in order by particular organ affinities)

2. Galium aparine (also urinary tract)

IX. Analeptic, central nervous system stimulant

B. over circulatory reflex

10. opium (Papaver somniferum)

XI. Angiogenesis inhibitor

XIII. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ACE inhibitor

Anodyne: see analgesic

XIV. Anthelmintic, anti-amebic, anti-parasitic, anti-protozoal

XVI. Antiallergenic, anti-allergic

XIX. Anti-arrhythmic, antidysrhythmic

XX. Antibacterial, antiseptic

1. alkaloids (Abbasoglu, et al. 1991)

m) Rheum palmatum (rhubarb) (Zhang, Yang & Yang 1992)

XXI. Antibiotic resistance reversal agents, chemotherapy resistance reversal agents

Anticarcinogenic, anti-cancer, anti-tumor: see antineoplastic and apoptosis modulator

E. kavalactones (Piper methysticum)

** May decrease liver release of glucose.

Abdominal obesity (diabetes, hypoglycemic, hypocholesteremic):

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer

A novel insulin-releasing substance, phanoside, from the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum. J

Dynamical influence of Cordyceps sinensis on the activity of hepatic insulinase of

The insulinotropic activity of a Nepalese medicinal plant Biophytum sensitivum: preliminary

XXIX. Anti-fibrotic, anticirrhosis

XXXI. Anti-gastritis and anti-ulcer (peptic)

XXXIV. Anti-inflammatory, anti-phlogistic

A. Categorization by major constituents

a) Achillea millefolium (yarrow)

B. Dermatological anti-inflammatory agents

XXXVI. Antimycobacterial (Newton, et al. 2000)

A. bullatin, bullatacin, other Annonaceous acetogenins

chemicals from being broken down by it

Anti-parasitic: see anthelmintic above

Anti-platelet aggregation: see platelet aggregation inhibitor

Antiprotozoal: see anthelmintic above

XXXIX. Antipruritic, anti-itch

Antispasmodic: see spasmolytic

XLIII. Antitussive (cough suppressant)

Anti-thyroid: see thyrostatic

XLIV. Anti-varicose veins, venotropic

J. polysaccharides (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea)

Table . In Vitro Antiviral Botanicals and Constituents

Table . Herbs or Constituents With Proven Efficacy in Human Viral Infections

D. Semicarpus anacardium (Thatte, Bagadey & Dahanukar 2000)

LI. Aromatase inhibitor

LII. Astringent; Tannin-rich plants

AA. Punica (Pomegranate)

LIII. ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase) inhibitor

LIV. 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors

LV. 5-beta-reductase inhibitor (catabolizes cortisol)

11. Swertia radiata (deer's ears)

LVII. Bone marrow stimulant, anti-pancytopenic

LX. Calcium channel blocker, calcium channel antagonist

LXI. cAMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor (cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor)

LXII. Cardiovascular circulation stimulant

Carminative: see spasmolytic

LXIII. Cholagogue or choleretic