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Pipe Networks
13.1 Develop the expression utilized to study flows in a pipe network (Hardy Cross method).
f The method of attack, developed by Professor Hardy Cross, consists of assuming flows throughout the
network, and then balancing the calculated head losses (LH). In the simple looping pipe system shown in Fig.
13-1, for the correct flow in each branch of the loop,
LH,IBC = UiADC or LH/iflc LHADC = 0 (1)
In order to utilize this relationship, the flow formula to be used must be written in the form LH = kQ. For the
Hazen-Williams formula, this expression is LH = kQ185.
But, since we are assuming flows Q, the correct flow Q in any pipe of a network can be expressed as
Q = Q0 + A, where A is the correction to be applied to Qa. Then, using the binomial theorem,
kQ185 = k(Q + A)185 = k(Q85 + 1.85<2o85' A H ). Terms beyond the second can be neglected since A is
small compared with Q0.
For the loop above, substituting in expression (1) we obtain k(Q'085 + 1.85Q 85 A) /c(3.85 + 1.85 Go85 A) =
85
0, - Qa85) + 1.85/fc(085 - Q85) A = 0. Solving for A,
A = -fcCG*-85 - GO-85)/[1-85A:(GO85 - G"'85)] (2)
In general, we may write for a more complicated loop,
A = -X*6O85/(1-85^A:GS85) (2)
85
But kQl = LH and kQ0o8S = (LH)/G. Therefore
A= (LH)/[1.85 X (LH/Go)] for each loop of a network (4)
In utilizing expression (4), care must be exercised regarding the sign of the numerator. Expression (1)
indicates that clockwise flows may be considered as producing clockwise losses, and counterclockwise flows,
counterclockwise losses. This means that the minus sign is assigned to all counterclockwise conditions in a loop,
namely flow Q and lost head LH. Hence to avoid mistakes, this sign notation must be observed in carrying out a
solution. On the other hand, the denominator of (4) is always positive.
^,-4 _______ B
D
^ cX Fig. 13-1
13.2 In Fig. 13-2, for Q = 11.7 mgd total, how much flow occurs in each branch of the loop, using the Hardy Cross
method?
I Values of Q12 and Q16 are assumed to be 4.0 mgd and 7.7 mgd, respectively. The tabulation below is
prepared, (note the -7.70 mgd), the values of S calculated by Fig. A-17, then LH = S x L, and LH/G<> can be
calculated. Note that the large E LH indicates that the Q's are not well-balanced. (The values were assumed
deliberately to produce this large E LH, to illustrate the procedure.)
D L
assumed s, LH, ft ' LH/G. A G.
Go mgd ft/1000 ft
12 in 5000 ft 4.00 19.5 97.5 24.4 -0.85 3.15
16 in 3000 ft -7.70 -16.3 -48.9 6.4 -0.85 -8.55
|E| = 11-70 E = +48.6 30.8 11.70
315
316 0 CHAPTER 13
Then the Q x values become (4.00 - 0.85) = 3.15 mgd and (-7.70 - 0.85) = -8.55 mgd. Repeating the
calculation produces
s LH LH/fij A G*
12.5 62.5 19.80 -0.06 3.09
-19.8 -59.4 6.95 -0.06 -8.61
No further calculation is necessary, since the slide rule or chart cannot be read to the accuracy of 0.06 mgd.
Ideally, LH should equal zero, but this goal is seldom attained.
6000'12"
C, = 120
Q^W ZQ
W
3000'-16"
c, = 120 Fig. 13-2
13.3 For the pipe network giving pipe diameters and lengths and external flows entering and leaving the network as
shown in Fig. 13-3a, find the flow rate in each pipe in the network.
f The first iteration in carrying out the Hardy Cross analysis is given in the table below. A detailed
explanation corresponding to steps in carrying out the procedure is given after the table.
Iteration No. 1
Loop 1
Loop II
Step 1: Columns (1), (2), and (3) in the table above record given data. Flow rates recorded in column (4) are
the initial flow rate estimates. These are listed on the sketch of Fig. 13-36, but they are not given data. The
flow rate of 14.00 cfs entering joint A was estimated to separate such that 7.00 cfs goes through pipe 1 and an
equal amount goes through pipe 4. At joint F, since 7.00 cfs enters the joint from pipe 4 and 4.81 cfs leaves the
joint externally, the flow rate in pipe 3 has to be 2.19 cfs (that is, 7.00 cfs 4.81 cfs) in the direction away from
joint F in order to satisfy the principle that the total flow entering a joint must be equal to the total flow leaving
that joint. Remaining flow rates were estimated in a similar manner, making sure that for each joint the total
flow entering equaled the total flow leaving. It should be noted that clockwise flows in each loop (such as in
pipes 1 and 5) are indicated as positive, while counterclockwise flows (such as in pipes 3 and 6) are indicated as
negative. It should particularly be noted that the flow in pipe 2 is clockwise with respect to loop I but
counterclockwise with respect to loop II; hence, it is indicated as positive when listed in loop I and negative
when listed in loop II.
Step 2: Unit head losses in column (5) are determined from Fig. A-13, based on diameters [column (3)] and
flow rates [column (4)]. For example, pipe 1 has a diameter of 18 in and flow rate of 7.00 cfs; hence, the unit
head loss is determined from Fig. A-13 to be 0.0034 ft/ft. Head losses in column (6) are determined by
multiplying pipe lengths [column (2)] by unit head losses [column (5)]. For example, pipe 1 has a length of
2000 ft and unit head loss of 0.0034 ft/ft; hence, the head loss is (2000 ft)(0.0034 ft/ft), or 6.800 ft. It should be
noted that head losses are positive if their corresponding flow rates are positive and negative if their
corresponding flow rates are negative. The h f / Q fractions in column (7) are determined by dividing head losses
[column (6)] by flow rates [column (4)]. For example, pipe 1 has a head loss of 6.800ft and a flow rate of
7.00 cfs; hence, h f ! Q is 6.800/7.00, or 0.971 s/ft2.
Step 3: Algebraic sums of head losses are observed from the table to be -2.043 ft in loop I and 13.126 ft in loop
II. Since these are not zero, the original estimated flows are not correct.
Step 4: A flow rate correction (AQ ) can be computed for each loop: AQ = h f / [ r t ( h f / Q ) ] . (Since the
Hazen-Williams formula is being used, n = 1.85.) (Ag)iooPi = -(-2.043)/[(1.85)(4.874)j = 0.23 cfs,
(AG)loopII = (13.126)/[(1.85)(4.905)] = -1.45 cfs.
Step 5: Adjusted flow rates for each pipe are determined by adding flow rate corrections to the previous rate
for each pipe. These are as follows:
Loop I
Loop II
These adjusted flow rates are shown in Fig. 13-3c. It should be noted that the flow rate in pipe 2 was adjusted
using flow rate corrections for both loops, since this pipe is common to both. It should be particularly noted that
the sign of the flow rate correction for loop II was reversed when it was applied in loop I (and vice versa).
318 0 CHAPTER 13
Step 6: Return to step 2 and repeat the entire procedure using adjusted flow rates. This is given in the table
below.
Iteration No. 2
Loop I
0.023 4.637
Loop II
Since the algebraic sums of head losses are not both zero, new flow rate corrections must be computed.
(AG)toopi= -(0.023)/[(1.85)(4.637)] =0.00cfs, (A0)loop = -(1.839)/[(1.85)(3.447)] = -0.29cfs. Revised flow
rates for each pipe are determined using these flow rate corrections. These are as follows:
Loop I
Loop II
These adjusted flow rates are shown in Fig. 13-3d . Return to step 2 and repeat the entire procedure using these
revised flow rates. This is given in the table below.
Iteration No. 3 .
Loop I
0.777 4.642
Loop II
-0.053 3.060
Since the algebraic sums of head losses are not both zero, new flow rate corrections must be computed.
(AQ).ooPi = (0.077)/[(1.85)(4.642)] = -0.01 cfs, (AQ)loopII = -(-0.053)/[(1.85)(3.060)] = 0.01 cfs. Revised
flow rates for each pipe are determined using these flow rate corrections. These are as follows:
Loop I
Loop II
These adjusted flow rates are shown in Fig. 13-3e. It would be appropriate to return to step 2 and repeat the
entire procedure using these revised flow rates. However, an additional iteration (not shown) indicates that the
next flow rate corrections would be no greater than 0.01 cfs, and further computation would appear to be
wasted effort. Hence, the new Q values just before this paragraph are taken to be the correct flow rates for
these pipes.
Cl> = 14.00 ft3/*
2000 ft 2200 ft
A 18-in diameter B 12-in diameter
1100 ft
24-in diameter A4)
75 ' \ 900ft
(AM*****
(?) \
am.
_______ _1 __ 2600 ft
2800 ft 24-in diameter 2.55 ft/*
* 4.81 ft3/* 12-in diameter
14.00 ft3/*
14.00 ft3/*
PIPE NETWORKS 0 321
13.4 For the pipe network shown in Fig. 13-4, find the rate of flow of water in each pipe. Assume C = 120 for all
pipes.
I
pipe D, in L, ft 6aned> hi, ft/ft h/,tt kflQ AQ G-w
pipe hi h, hf/Q AG G~
AB 0.0036 5.40 0.747 -0.20 7.03
BC 0.00295 1.48 0.664 -0.20 2.03
CF -0.00060 -0.90 0.533 -0.20 -1.89
FA -0.0100 -5.00 0.644 -0.20 -7.97
0.98 2.588
pipe Ai */ Af I Q AQ G.~
13.5 The pipe network shown in Fig. 13-5 represents a spray rinse system. Find the flow rate of water in each pipe.
Assume C = 120 for all pipes.
I
pipe D, mm L, m Gaumed, m /S 3 hu m/m A/,m A//e AG G~w
AB 300 600 0.200 0.027 16.20 81.0 0.011 0.211
BG 250 400 0.100 0.0175 7.00 70.0 -0.003 0.097
GH 300 600 -0.100 -0.0074 -4.44 44.4 0.011 -0.089
HA 250 400 -0.200 -0.064 -25.60 128.0 0.011 -0.189
-6.84 323.4
pipe hr */ hflQ AG Gw
Fig. 13-5
13.6 The pipe network shown in Fig. 13-6 represents a small industrial park. Find the flow rate of water in each pipe.
Assume C = 120 for all pipes.
Pipe hf hf/Q AQ 6.
pipe hi hf VC AG G~
1.18 99.6
BC 0.0016 1.60 9.8 0.003 0.167
CD 0.00080 0.96 15.0 0.003 0.067
DE -0.00038 -0.38 8.8 0.006 -0.037
EB -0.0021 -2.52 23.6 0.009 -0.098
-0.34 57.2
Compute the flow rate of water in each pipe of the network shown in Fig. 13-7. Assume C = 120 for all pipes.
-0.81 1.518
0.41 1.660
0.17 1.688
10 ft1/* 2 ft3/*
2000 ft
18-in
C
/ 2000 ft
18-in
/ 2000 ft
18-in
diameter diameter diameter
I
assumed s, LH
line D , in L , ft Qi, mgd LH, ft A
ft/1000 ft Qi Qi
AB 20 3000 4.0 1.62 4.86 1.22 +0.31 4.31
BE 4000 0.37 1.48 1.48 +0.31-(0.13) = +0.18
16 1.0 1.18
EF 16 3000 -2.0 -1.33 -3.99 2.00 +0.31-(0.50) = -0.19 -2.19
FA 24 4000 -6.0 -1.41 -5.64 0.94 +0.31 -5.69
5.64
E = -3.29
BC 20 3000 3.0 0.95 2.85 0.95 +0.13 3.13
CD 4000 1.33 5.32 +0.13 2.13
16 2.0 2.66
DE 12 3000 -1.5 -3.15 -9.45 6.30 +0.13-(-0.12) = +0.25 -1.25
EB 4000 -1.0 -0.37 -1.48 1.48 +0.13-(0.31) = -0.18 -1.18
16
11.39
E = -2.76
FE 16 3000 2.0 1.33 3.99 2.00 +0.50-(+0.31) = +0.19 2.19
EH 4000 1.48 5.92 5.92 +0.50-(-0.12) = +0.62
12 1.0 1.62
HG 16 3000 -2.0 -1.33 -3.99 2.00 +0.50 -1.50
GF 4000 -4.0 -4.85 -19.40 4.85 +0.50 -3.50
16
E = -13.48 14.77
For line EFin loop I, its net A term is (Aj - Am) or [+0.31 (+0.50)] = 0.19. It will be observed that the A
for loop I is combined with that of the A for loop III since the line EF occurs in each loop. In similar fashion,
for line FE in loop III, the net A term is (Am - A^ or [+0.50 - (+0.31)] = +0.19. Note that the net As have
the same magnitude but opposite signs. This can readily be understood since flow in EF is counterclockwise for
loop I, whereas flow in FE in loop III is clockwise.
Fig. 13-8
PIPE NETWORKS 0 331
In determining the values of Q2 for the second calculation, QAB = (4.00 + 0.31) = 4.31 mgd whereas
QEF = (-2.00 - 0.19) = -2.19 mgd and QFA = (-6.00 + 0.31) = -5.69 mgd.
line Q2 S LH LH IQ A
line Q> S LH LH IQ A Q4
AB 4.51 2.02 6.06 1.34 -0.02 4.49
BE 1.39 0.68 2.72 1.95 -0.02-0.12 =-0.14 1.25
EF -1.93 -1.25 -3.75 1.94 -0.02-0.12 =-0.14 -2.07
FA -5.49 -1.20 -4.80 0.88 -0.02 -5.51
E = +0.23 6.11
BC 3.12 1.02 3.06 0.98 +0.12 3.24
CD 2.12 1.49 5.96 2.81 +0.12 2.24
DE -1.45 -2.97 -8.91 6.15 +0.12+ 0.02 =+0.14 -1.31
EB -1.39 -0.68 -2.72 1.95 +0.12+ 0.02 =+0.14 -1.25
E = -2.61 11.89
13.9 For the piping system of Prob. 13.8, if the elevation at point A is 200.0 ft and the pressure head is 150.0 ft and
the elevation at I is 100.0 ft, find the pressure head at I.
f The elevation of the hydraulic grade line at A is (200.0 + 150.0) = 350.0. The lost head to I can be calculated
by any route from A to I, adding the losses in the usual manner, i.e., in the direction of flow. Using ABEHI we
obtain LHto/ = (6.06 + 2.72 + 10.72 + 3.93) = 23.43 ft. As a check, using ABEDI, LH = (6.06 + 2.72 + 8.91 +
6.72) = 24.41 ft. Using a value of 24 ft, the elevation of the hydraulic grade line at / = (350.0 24.0) = 326.0 ft.
Hence the pressure head at / = (326.0 - 100.0) = 226.0 ft.
13.10 If the flows into and out of a two-loop pipe system are as shown in Fig. 13-9, determine the flow in each pipe.
The K values for each pipe were calculated from the pipe and minor loss characteristics and from an assumed
value of /.
f Asa first step, assume flow in each pipe such that continuity is satisfied at all junctions. Calculate A Q for
each loop, make corrections to the assumed Qs and repeat several times until the AQs are quite small. As a
final step the values of /for each pipe should be checked against the Moody diagram and modified, if necessary.
.100 cfs
25 cfs
800 ~ 7725
A Qi = = 21 AO, = ------- = 95
440 830
1 x 622 = 3 844 1 x 2 x 62 = 124 4 x 412 = 6724 4 x 2 x 41 = 328
4 x 212 = 1764 4 x 2 x 21 = 168 2 x 162 = 512 2x2x16= 64
5 6081 72361
3 x 382 = 4 332 5 3 x 2 x 38 = 228 4 x 212 = 1764 4 x 2 x 21 = 168
12761 520 5 x 342 = 5780 5 x 2 x 34 = 340
75445 900
308 5
1276 308
II
>
K>
ll
to
ill
A e 2 = - 520
PIPE NETWORKS 0 333
13.11 Determine the flows in the cast iron piping of Fig. 13-10. Take n = 2.0 and use the values of/for complete
turbulence, as given in Fig. A-5. Use four stages of approximation.
I With V = Q/( J C D 2 /4): h, = f(L/D)(16Q 2 /jt 2 D 4 )/2g, that is, h L = KQ" with K = 16fL/(2ji 2 gD s ) =
0.025/L/D5, n = 2. For complete turbulence, / = const, K = const (for a given pipe). Table A-9 for cast iron
gives e = 0.00085 ft. Thus for pipe ab, e/D = 0.00085. Figure A-5 for complete turbulence gives/ = 0.0189;
K = 0.476. Similarly K = 1.606 for ac and be, K = 2.01 for cd and de, K= 1.722 for cf, dg, and eh, K = 0.620
for fg and gh.
loop A
Initial flow
assumptions:
1.06 0.95
0.64
(c) 0.59
0.42* B i c *-37
0.22
'
334 a CHAPTER 13
13.12 If in Prob. 13.11 the pressure head at a is 200 ft, find the pressure head at d. Neglect velocity heads.
I From the final approximations in Prob. 13.11,
K~ *
pipe material length, ft diam., ft c/D / Ds
" 39.7D5
loop A loop B
^ 1.026-1.829 0.489-1.030
AC
" 2X0.7 - 05251 A Q = - = -0.3381
2 x 0.801
loop C loop D
K
pipe G, KQl \hJQ\ pipe Go Ql \hJQ0\
After five trials, the flows (cfs) within approximately 1 percent are ab = 3.54; be = 2.48; cd = 0.40; ef = 1.47;
gf = 1.45; hi = 6.46; ij = 3.05; ha = 3.54; be = 1.06; ie = 3.41; cf = 2.08; gd = 1.60; jg = 3.05.
u 18" fc 18" c 18 d
16' B 16 C 16 798
12 f 12 g
24
"^
D 798'
18 18
*
h 24' , 24 j
Fig. 13-11
i 13.15 Fit an equation of the form h f = KQ" to flow of 60-F water through 1000 ft of 10-in cast iron pipe. The equation
should hold over the velocity range 2 to 8 ft/s.
f h f = (f)(L/D)(v 2 /2g) /D=0.00085/G) = 0.00128 N R = Dv/v
For v = 2fps: N R = ({)(2)/(1.21 x 105) = 1.38 x 105. From Fig. A-5,/ = 0.0230: h f =
0.0230[1000/(T)](22/[(2)(32.2)]} = 1.714 ft, Q = Av = [(jr)({)2/4](2) = 1.091 ft3/s. For v = 8 fps: N R =
i (T)(8)/(1-21 X 10'5) = 5.51 x 105, / = 0.0213, h f = 0.0213[1000/(|f)]{82/[(2)(32.2)]} = 25.40 ft, Q = Av =
1(^)(T)2/4](8) = 4.363ft3/s. Given h f = KQ n , at 2fps, 1.714 = (K)(l.091)". At 8fps, 25.4 = (K)(4.363)":
MJ, =
a 0.169
=
0, 0.0003
13.17 Calculate the flow through each of the pipes of the network shown in Fig. 13-13 (n = 2).
475
AG= = -1.5
'310
u iy
{ 1 S9S / ?l
-JS
-75
1*0
Q r5lg
5 * 2-S' r
-42- -^-4 /s
(c)-4*-
PINAL
(b)
Fig. 13-13
PIPE NETWORKS 0 337
13.18 Determine the flow through each line of Fig. 13-14 (n = 2).
4 x 372 = 5476 2 x 4 x 37 = 2% "
2x1^= 722 2 x 2x19 = 76 1 X322= 1024 2X1X32 = 64
1 x 322 = 1024 2x1x32 = 64 3 x 382 = -4332 2 x 3 x 38 = 228
2 X 312= -1922 2 x 2 x 31 = 124
, Fig. 13-146
-176 264 120 588
13.19 Determine the flow rates in Fig. 13-15. The fluid is water at 20 C and all five pipes have f = 0.0201.
8/iL, (8)(0.0201)(3000)
= KQ2 1 2 2
gD n gD\ (x) (32.2)ay
Kt (8)(0.0201)(4000) 153? (8X0-0201X5000) . . . .
2 5
0r) (32.2)() 3
(*) (32.2)()5
2 1066
(8)(0.0201)(4000) (8X0-0201X3000)
*4 = = 15.37 5
(n)\32.2){hf (*)2(32.2)()5
Two head-loss loops:
Loop ABC: 15.370| + 10.6601 - 48.570? = 0 (1)
Loop BCD: 1O.660 + 15.370 155401 = 0
2 2
(2)
338 D CHAPTER 13
Three junctions:
(3
Junction A : QI + G2 = 2.0 )
(4
Junctions: Qz= Q3 + Q5 )
Junction C: QI + Q3=QA (
S
Solving these simultaneous equations by trial and error gives 0i = 0.81 cfs, 02 = 1.19 cfs, 03 = 0.99cfs, )
04 = 1.80 cfs, 05 = 0.20 cfs.
Fig. 13-15
13.20 In Prob. 13.19 the pressure at A is given as 200 psig. Find the pressures at B, C, and D.
I pB=pA pgK2Ql = (200)(144) (1.94)(32.2)(15.37)(1.19)2 = 27 440 lb/ft2 or 190.6psig
P C = P A ~ PgKtQl = (200)(144) - (1.94)(32.2)(48.57)(0.81)2 = 26 809 lb/ft2 or 186.2 psig
P D = P C ~ PgK4Q24 = (186.2)(144) - (1.94)(32.2)(15.37)(1.80)2 = 23 702 lb/ft2 or 164.6 psig
13.21 Repeat Prob. 13.19 for the boundary flows indicated in Fig. 13-16.
I hf = (f)(L/D)(v2/2g) = 8fLQ2/ jt2gD5 = KQ2
From Prob. 13.19, AT, = 48.57, K2 = 15.37, K, = 10.66, K4 = 15.37, and Ks = 1554.
Two head-loss loops:
Loop ABC-. 15.37QI + 10.66QI - 48.57Q\ = 0 (1)
Loop BCD: 10.660! + 15.37^ - 1554(2? = 0 (2)
Three junctions:
Junction A: 01 + 02 = 2.0 (3)
JunctionB: Q2 = 03 + Qs + 1.0 (4)
Junction C: 01 + 03 = 04 + 0.5 (5)
Solving these simultaneous equations by trial and error gives 0i = 0.725 cfs, 0 2 = 1.275 cfs, 03 = 0.226 cfc,
04 = 0.451 cfs, 0s = 0.049 cfs.
Fig. 13-16
PIPE NETWORKS 0 339
13.22 Repeat Prob. 13.20 for the flows found in Prob. 13.21.
f p B = p A pgK z Q\ = (200)(144) (1.94)(32.2)(15.37)(1 275)2 = 27 239 lb/ft2 or 189.2 lb/in2
P C = P A ~ PgK x Q\ = (200)(144) - (1.94)(32.2)(48.57)(0.725)2 = 27 205 lb/ft2 or 188.9 lb/in2
P D = P C ~ PgK A Ql = (188.9)(144) - (1.94)(32.2)(15.37)(0.451)2 = 27 006 lb/ft2 or 187.5 lb/in2
13.23 Compute the junction flows in Fig. 13-17, taking flow into the junction as positive. Each pipe is 30 m of
60-mm-diameter cast iron, with / = 0.0294.
I h f = Aply = 8fLQ 2 /n 2 gD 5
(800 - 500)/9.79 = (8)(0.0294)(30)(Gi)2/(*)2(9.807)(0.060)5 Q, = +0.0181 m3/s
2 2
(500 - 200)/9.79 = (8)(0.0294)(30)(G4) /(jr) (9.807)(0.060) 5
Q 4 = -0.0181 m3/s
(500 - 400)/9.79 = (8)(0.0294)(30)(Q2)2/(^)2(9.807)(0.060)5 Q 2 = 0.0104 m3/s
(600 - 500)/9.79 = (8)(0.0294)(30)(Q3)2/(^)2(9.807)(0.060)5 G3= +0.0104 m3/s
13.24 Determine the flow in each pipe of the network shown in Fig. 13-18, using/ = 0.02 throughout.
f Taking x = 2, h L =f(L/D)(V 2 /2g) =f(L/D)(l/2g)(4Q/jtD 2 ) 2 = (8fL/n 2 gD 5 )(Q 2 ) = KQ 2 . Hence K =
0.81fL/gD 5 , and the K value for each pipe is
Diameter, in 3 4 5 6 7 8
The assumed flows are indicated on the figure in parentheses. For loop AEDB,
At = -[(1030 x 0.52) + (11.5 x 0.12) - (22.4 x 0.22) - (368 X 0.72)]/
2[(1030 x 0.5) + (11.5 x 0.1) + (22.4 x 0.2) + (368 X 0.7)] = -0.05 cfs
and for loop BDC,
A2= -[(22.4 x 0.22) + (80.4 X 0.32) - (160 x 0.52)]/2[(22.4 x 0.2) + (80.4 x 0.3) + (160 x 0.5)] = +0.15 cfc
The corrected flows appear on the figure below the first assumed flows. Recomputing A for each loop yields
A! = +0.001 cfc and A2 = -0.001 cfs.
k
(
t
i
i) Fig. 13-18
340 0 CHAPTER 13
13.25 Replace the quadrilateral network of Fig. 13-19 by a single 500-ft-long pipe AC. Assume /is the same for all
pipes.
# (h f ) ABC = (h f hoc h f = (f)(L/D)(v 2 /2g)
/(500/^)(V|/2g) +f{ 5 f){VlJ2g) =/(T)(F?2/2g) +f(^)(V 2 J2g)
750F| + 250y|4 = 800y?2 + 333V|6 VS = 9VM V i2 = 9V36
(750 x 81 + 250)V\ 4 = (800 X 81 + 333) V 2 ^ Vi6 = 0.9614.
D V = 2 V 24 + 3 F, = 4V24 + 9(0.9614.) D 2 V = 12.63V24
2 2 2
800ft
13.26 The pipe network in Fig. 13-20 consists of pipes as follows: AB, 5000 ft, 12 in; BC, 3000 ft, 6 in; CD, 8000 ft,
24 in; DE, 7000 ft, 8 in; EA, 4000 ft, 10 in; BD, 7000 ft, 12 in. A flow of 4000 gpm enters the system at D,
while outflow at the junctions is as follows: A, 500 gpm; B, 300 gpm; C, 1000 gpm; E, 2200 gpm. Find the flow
in each pipe and the pressure at each junction if the head at D is 400 ft. Take / = 0.023.
I h f = 8fLQ 2 /jc 2 gD 5 = (8)(0.023)(Lg2)/(jr)2(32.2)D5 = 0.000579Lg2/D5
D5 pipe D, in k
1.0 AB 12 2.89
0.031 BC 6 56.0
32 CD 24 0.143
0.132 DE 8 30.6
1.0 BD 12 4.05
0.402 AE 10 5.75
Loop 1:
A] = [(2.9)(3.62)2 - (4.05)(3.40)2 + (30.6)(2.43)2 - (5.75)(2.5)2]/
2[(2.9)(3.62) + (4.05)(3.40) + (30.6)(2.43) + (5.75)(2.5)] = -0.27
Loop 2:
A2 = [(56)(0.89)2 - (0.143)(3.13)2 + (4.05)(3.4)2]/2[(56)(0.89) + (0.143)(3.13) + (4.05)(3.4)] = -0.01
A, = [(2.9)(3.89)2 - (4.05)(3.66)2 + (30.6)(2.16)2 - (5.75)(2.77)2]/
2[(2.9)(3.89) + (4.05)(3.66) + (30.6)(2.16) + (5.75)(2.77)] =0
A2 = -(-45.3 - 1.4 + 54.1)/2(50.5 + 0.45 + 14.8) = -0.056
A, = -(-44 - 52.5 + 142.5 - 44)/2(11.3 + 14.6 + 66.1 +15.9) = -0.01
A2 = [(56)(0.96)2 - (0.143)(3.20)2 + (4.05)(3.6)2]/2(53.6 + 0.46 + 14.6) = +0.01
A, = -44.1 - 53.1 + 140.2 - 44.2 = -1.2 A2 = -50.5 - 1.46 + 53.2 = +1.2
PIPE NETWORKS 7 341
13.27 The pipe network in Fig. 13-21 consists of the following pipes: AB, 3000 ft, 8 in; BC, 3000 ft, 12 in; CD,
10 000 ft, 36 in; DE, 8000 ft, 24 in; EF, 5000 ft, 6 in; FA, 4000 ft, 8 in; BE, 10 000 ft, 6 in; BF, 8000 ft, 12 in.
Inflow at D = 6 cfs. Outflows are A, 2 cfs; B, 1 cfs; E, 1.5 cfs; C, 0.5 cfs; F, 1 cfs. Assume Manning n = 0.015,
and find the flow in each pipe and the pressure at each junction if the pressure at D is 120 psi.
I n= 0.015 S = n2V2/2.21/?4/3 = n2Q2/[2.21(D/4l)Aa(jt2D4/16)]
= [(0.015)2e2(16)(6.4)]/(2.21 JT2Z>16/3) = 0.00106(g2/D16'3)
hL = kQ2 = (0.00106L/D16/3)(Q2) k = 0.m06L/Dim
D 0.00106L k
Loop 1:
(27.4)(1.3)2 + (8.48)(1.6)2 + (36.5)(0.7)2
2[(27.4)(1.3) + (8.48)(1.6) + (36.5)(0.7)]
Loop 2:
(216)(0.1)2 (8.48)(1.6)2 =
-33.8 + 132-9.6
A2 = - = -0.15
2[(432)(0.28) + (216)(0.78) + (8.5)(1.06)]
-27.5 - 0.4+1.4 + 33.8
A3 -----; = -0.03
2[(3.2)(2.94) + (0.03)(3.44) + (0.21)(2.56) + (432)(0.28)]
And after several more trials, final results are as shown on the last sketch of Fig. 13-21.
pressures (psi)
A 87.5
B 104.5
C 119.8
D 120.0
E 119.5
F 98.0
Second trial
344 a CHAPTER 13
13.28 Prepare a computer program written in Fortran to determine the flow in each pipe in a pipe network by the
Hardy Cross method. The program must be usable in both the English system of units and the International
system of units.
Ic THIS PROGRAM DETERMINES THE FLOW RATE IN EACH PIPE IN A PIPE NET-
c WORK BY THE HARDY CROSS METHOD. IT CAN BE USED FOR PROBLEMS IN
c BOTH THE ENGLISH SYSTEM OF UNITS AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF
c UNITS. EACH LOOP MUST BE NUMBERED AND EACH INDIVIDUAL PIPE MUST
c ALSO BE NUMBERED.
c
c INPUT DATA MUST BE SET UP AS FOLLOWS.
c
c CARD 1 COLUMN 1 ENTER 0 (ZERO) OR BLANK IF ENGLISH SYSTEM
c OF UNITS IS TO BE USED. ENTER 1 (ONE) IF
c INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS IS TO BE
c USED.
c COLUMN 2 ENTER 0 (ZERO) OR BLANK IF ONLY THE
c RESULTS AFTER THE FINAL ITERATION ARE TO
c BE PRINTED. ENTER 1 (ONE) IF THE RESULTS
c AFTER EACH ITERATION ARE TO BE PRINTED.
c COLUMNS 3-5 ENTER INTEGER NUMBER (RIGHT ADJUSTED)
c TELLING HOW MANY LOOPS ARE IN THE PIPE
c NETWORK.
c COLUMNS 6-80 ENTER TITLE, DATE, AND OTHER INFORMATION,
c IF DESIRED.
c CARD 2 COLUMNS 1- 2 ENTER INTEGER NUMBER (RIGHT ADJUSTED)
c TELLING HOW MANY PIPES ARE IN THE FIRST
c lOOP.
c COLUMNS 3-4 ENTER INTEGER NUMBER (RIGHT ADJUSTED)
c TELLING HOW MANY PIPES ARE IN THE SECOND
c LOOP.
c COLUMNS 5-6 ENTER INTEGER NUMBER (RIGHT ADJUSTED)
c TELLING HOW MANY PIPES ARE IN THE THIRD
c LOOP.
c (CONTINUE PATTERN FOR ALL LOOPS.)
c CARD 3 COLUMNS 1- 3 ENTER INTEGER NUMBER (RIGHT ADJUSTED) TO
c IDENTIFY AND TO REPRESENT A PARTICULAR
c PIPE IN THE FIRST LOOP.
PIPE NETWORKS 0 345
100 FORMAT (' LOOP NO. PIPE NO. DIAMETER (MM) LENGTH ( M) ROUGHNESS
* FLOW RATE (CMS) HEAD LOSS ( M)',/' ------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
* ---- --------------- -------------- ---------------------- -------------------- / )
DO 201 J=l,LOOPS
IFfJ.EQ.1)NIT=NIT+1
SHLOSS=0.0
SHQ=0.0
PPLOOP=PIPES(J)
DO 202 K=l,PPLOOP
HLOSS(J,K)=(ABS(Q(J,K))*4.0**1.63/3.14159265/(DIAM(J,K)/FACTOR)
* **2.63/COF.FF/ROUGH(J,K) ) **(1.0/.54) LENGTH(J,K)
IF(Q(J,K).LT.0.0)HLOSS(J,K)=-HLOSS(J,K)
HQ=HLOSS(J,K)/Q(J,K)
SHLOSS=SHLOSS+HLOSS(J,K)
SHQ=SHQ+HQ
IF(IWRITE.EQ.1)WRITE(6,109)J,PIPENO(J,K),DIAM(J,K).LENGTH(J,K),
* ROUGH(J,K),Q(J,K).HLOSS(J,K)
346 0 CHAPTER 13
109 FORMAT(3X,I3,7X,I3,7X,F7.1,6X,F8.0,7X,F5.0,7X,F8.3,7X,F9.3)
202 CONTINUE
QDEL(J)=-SHLOSS/l.85/SHQ
IF(IWRITE.EQ.1.AND.UNITS.EQ.O)WRITE(6,110)SHLOSS,J,QDEL(J)
110 FORMAT (78X ,' ---------------------' ,/, 78X ,F9. 3 ,/IX, ' FLOW RATE ADJUSTMENT FOR
* LOOP',13,' = ',F7.3,' CFS',/)
IF(IWRITE.EQ.1.AND.UNITS.EQ.1)WRITE(6,111)SHLOSS,J,QDEL(J)
111 FORMAT!78X,1 ----------------------' ,/,78X,F9.3,/lX,'FLOW RATE ADJUSTMENT FOR
* LOOP' ,13,' = 1,F7.3,' CMS',/)
201 CONTINUE
DO 203 J=l,LOOPS
PPLOOP=PIPES(J)
DO 203 K=1,PPLOOP
Q(J,K)=Q(J,K)+QDEL(J)
L=OLOOP(J,K)
IF(OLOOP(J,K).NE.O)Q(J,K)=Q(J,K)-QDEL(L)
203 CONTINUE
DO 204 J=l,LOOPS
IF(ABS(QDEL(J)).GT.ERRORIGO TO 205
204 CONTINUE
IF(IWRITE.EQ.1)GO TO 1
IF(UNITS.EQ.O)WRITE(6,107)
IF(UNITS.EQ.1)WRITE(6,108)
DO 206 J=1,LOOPS
PPLOOP=PIPES(J)
DO 206 K=l,PPLOOP
IF(K.NE.PPLOOP)WRITE(6,109)J,PIPENO(J,K),DIAM(J,K).LENGTH(J,K),
* ROUGH(J,K),Q(J,K),HLOSS(J,K)
IF(K.EQ.PPLOOP)WRITE(6,112)JrPIPENO(J,K),DIAM(J,K),LENGTH(J,K),
* ROUGH(J.K)(Q(J,K),HLOSS(J,K)
112 FORMAT(3X,13,7X,13,7X,F7.1,6X,F8.0,7X,F5.0,7X,F8.3,7X,F9.3,/)
206 CONTINUE
NIT=NIT-1
WRITE(6,104)NIT
104 FORMAT!//, IX,13, ' ITERATIONS WERE REQUIRED.')
GO TO 1
2 STOP
END
13.29 Use the computer program written for Prob. 13.28 to solve for the flow rate in each pipe of the network of
Prob. 13.3.
f Input
U 1 1 4 > 1 I W 1 1 1 l 1 M 4 m4 m i 1 t t t U U U ) t l 7 M l 4 N ) i n m4 M ) T N n l 4 1 4 l 4 ) 4 4 4 l 4 4 4 l 4 l 4 t $ 1 Ui ) } 4 H M t l M S t t fl U H I 4 4 UI 4 t m i t N n n 7 ) H n H l 7 l i n N
Output
SAMPLE PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS
ITERATION NO. 1
LOOP NO. PIPE NO. DIAMETER (IN) LENGTH (FT) ROUGHNESS FLOW RATE (CFS) HEAD LOSS (FT)
- 1.888
PIPE NETWORKS 0 347
12.665
FLOW RATE ADJUSTMEN FOR LOOP 2 = -1.435 CFS
T
ITERATION NO. 2
mmm *
VCIEIVI
LOOP NO. PIPE NO. DIAMETER (IN) LENGTH (FT) ROUGHNESS FLOW RATE (CFS) HEAD LOSS (FT)
0.141
FLOW RATE ADJUSTMEN FOR LOOP 1 = -0.017 CFS
T
2 5 12.0 2200. 120. 2.065 5.624
2 6 18.0 750. 120. -4.575 -1.160
2 7 24.0 2600. 120. -7.125 -2.251
2 2 24.0 900. 120. -5.147 -0.427
1.786
FLOW RATE ADJUSTMEN FOR LOOP 2 = -0.286 CFS
T
ITERATION NO. 3
SB3SBBSSS
*** **-*
ROUGHNES
LOOP NO. PIPE NO. DIAMETER (IN) LENGTH (FT) FLOW RATE (CFS) HEAD LOSS (FT)
S
0.044
ADJUSTMEN
FLOW RATE ' FOR LOOP 1 = -0.005 CFS
T
2 5 12.0 2200. 120. 1.779 4.267
2 6 18.0 750. 120. -4.861 -1.298
2 7 24.0 2600. 120. -7.411 -2.421
2 2 24.0 900. 120. -5.416 -0.469
0.079
,
FLOW RATE ADJUSTMENT FOR LOOP 2 = -0.014 CFS
ITERATION NO. 4
ROUGHNES
LOOP NO. PIPE NO. DIAMETER (IN) LENGTH (FT) S FLOW RATE (CFS) HEAD LOSS (FT)
0.002
\i
348 D CHAPTER 13
0.001
13M Use the computer program written for Prob. 13.28 to solve for the flow rate in each pipe of the network shown
in Fig. 13-22.
f It is necessary to assume an initial value of flow rate for each pipe in the network. The values assumed for
this example are shown in Fig. 13-226.
Input
U m t M t11 IJOHIItttHaitttH UU)4an*]?M2*Mt! 12)4 M)f 404t 141444l4TtMtt S) nr)74?n7t!t
Output
SAMPLE PIPE NETWORK ANALYSIS
LOOP NO. PIPE NO. DIAMETER (MM) LENGTH ( M) ROUGHNESS FI.OW RATE (CMS) HEAD LOSS ( M)
LOOP PIPE NO. DIAMETER (MM) LENGTH ( M) ROUGHNES FI.OW RATE (CMS) HEAD LOSS
NO. S
For illustrative purposes, the actual flow rates as determined by the computer program are shown on Fig.
13-22 c.
13.31 Prepare a compute program written in Basic to determine the flow in each pipe in a pipe network by the Hardy
Cross method.
f 10 ' HARDY-CROSS LOOP BALANCING NETWORK PROGRAM, NET. BAS
20 'U. S. CUSTOmRYIUSC) OR SI UNITS(SI) MAY BE USED.
30 'HAZEN-WILLIAMS<HW> OR DARCY -WE 1SBACH < DW ) EQUATION FWY BE USED FOR PIPES.
<10 'DATA ENTRY VIA READ AND DATA STATEMENTS.
50 '*READ DATA AND PRINT NETWORK INFORF%VriON*****
<50 DEFINT I ,J,K,N
70 DIM ITYPE<1000),ELEM<500>, IND<500>,Q(100),H<100), S<20), IX<240>
80 FOR J=1 TO 100. - ITYPE(J)=5: H<J>=-1000!: NEXT J
90 READ TITLE*: LPRINT: LPRINT" jTITLE*
100 READ TT*,KK,TOL, LNU,DEFA 'NT*=USC OR SI, KK=NO. OF ITER., WU=K1N. DISC.
110 'TOL=TOLERANCE IN ITERATION, DEFA=DEFAULT COEF. - EITHER C OR EPS
120 IF(TT*="S1 OR TT*="si"> THEN GOTO 150
130 UNITS=4.727: G=32.174:
140 LPRINT" US CUSTOmRY UNITS SPEC. ,VISCOSITY IN FT' l 2/S=* jVNU: GOTO 170
150 UN1TS=10.674: G=9.80<5:
160 LPRINT" SI UNITS SPEC. .VISCOSITY IN M2/S=*j UNU
170 LPRINT" DESIRED TOLER**ICE= |TOL | " NO. OF ITERATIONS-" ;KK
180 LPRINT" PIPE Q<CFS OR M*3/S> LIFT OR M) D<FT OR M) HU C OR EPS"
190 READ NPI,TT*i IF NPI=0 THEN 310
200 'NPI=NO. OF PIPES IN NETWORK, TT*="HW" OR "DW"
210 FOR 11=1 TO NPI: READ I,QQ, L,D,X3: IF X3=0! THEN X3=0EFA
220 'I=PIPE NO.,QQ=FLOW,L=LENGTH,D=DIAMETER,X3=C OR EPS
230 Q<I)=QQ: KP=4<I-1)+1
240 IF TT*="HW" OR TT*="hw" THEN 280
250 I TYPE!I) = 2: ELEM<KP)=L/<2!GD'5.7854*2): 'DW
240 ELEM(KP+1> I!/<.7854#D*LNU): ELEM< KP*2)=X3/< 3.7D>:
270 EX2!: GOTO 290
280 ITYPE!I) 1s EX-1.852: ELEM(KP)=UN1TSL/<X3'EXD'4.8704) HW
290 EN=EX-1: LPRINT" ";1;:
300 NEXT 11
310 READ NPS, TT*: IF NPS=0 THEN 360
320 'NPS=N0. OF PSEUDO ELEMENTS, TT*="PS"
330 FOR 11=1 TO NPS: READ I,DH: 1TYPE<I>=3: KP=4<I-1>1
350 a CHAPTER 13
340 ELEM<KP)*DH: LPRINT" ";!;* RESERVOIR ELEV. DIFFERENCE* -;DH
3S0 NEXT II
360 READ NPU.TT*: IF NPU*0 THEN 480
370 'NPU*NO. OF PUMPS, TT***PU*
380 FOR 11*1 TO NPU: READ I,QQ,DQ,H1,H2,H3,H4: ITYPE(I)*4
390 M*PUMP NO.,QQ*FLOW,DG*DEL 0, HI ,H2,H3,H4*EQUALLY SPACED PTS ON PUMP CURVE
400 KP*4<I-1)1 * Q(I)*QQ: ELEM< KP)*H1
410 ELEM<KP*3)*<H4-3#<H3-H2)-H1)/<6!DG A 3)
420 ELEM<KP*2)*<H3-2!H2+H1)/<2!D0A2)-3!ELEM<KP*3)Da
430 ELEMCKP+1)*<H2-HI)/DQ-ELEM<KP*2>D0-ELEM<KP+3)*DQA2
440 LPRINT" "ll|* PUMP CURVE, DQ*";DG|- H*-;H1 ,H2,H3,H4
450 LPRINT- COEF. IN PUMP EG. = *jELEM(KP){ELEMCKP*1);ELEM<KP+2)jELEM<KP*3)
460 NEXT 11
470 ' ####*#READ LOOP INDEXING DATA AND BALANCE ALL LOOPS***a####*#*##**###
480 READ NI,TT$: IF NI*0 THEN 820
490 'NI*NO. OF ITEMS IN VECTOR IND, TT**"IND -
500 FOR 1*1 TO NI: READ IND<I): NEXT I: IND<NI 1 ) =
510 LPRINT * 1ND--j: FOR 1*1 TO NI : LPRINT IND(I)| : NEXT I
520 FOR K*1 TO KK: DDQ*0 f: IP*1
530 I1*IND<IP): IF 11*0 THEN 780
540 DH*0!: HDQ*0!
550 FOR J*i TO II: I*IND<IP + J): IF i<0 THEN 570
560 IF 1*0 THEN 710 ELSE GOTO 500
570 S<J)*-l: l*-i :
GOTO 590
580 S<J)*l!
590 NTY*ITYPE<I)* KP*4<I-1 ) 1
600 ON NTY GOTO 610,620,680,690
610 R*ELEM<KP): GOTO 660
620 REY*ELEM<KP*1>*ABS<0<I)): IF REY<1! THEN REY*1
630 IF REY<2000! THEN 640 ELSE GOTO 650
640 R*ELEM<KP)*64!/REY: GOTO 660
650 R*ELEM< KP)*1.325/< LOG< ELEM< KP+2)+5.74/REY A .9)) A 2
660 DH=DH+S<J)*R*Q<I) *ABS< Q<I)> A EN
670 HDQ*HDQ*EX*RABS<Q<I)) A EN: GOTO 710
680 DH*DH*S<J)*ELEM(KP): GOTO 710
690 DH*DH-S< J)*< ELEMC KP)+Q<I)*(ELEM<KP*1)*Q<I)<ELEM<KP+2)*G<I)#ELEM< KP+3))))
700 HDQ*HDQ-< ELEMC KP -f 1 ) + 2! *ELEM<KP+2)Q< I > + 3 *ELEM< KP+3) *Q< I ) A 2)
710 NEXT J
720 IF ABS< HDQ)<.0001 THEN HDQ*1
730 DQ*-DH/HDQ: DDQ*DDQ+ABS<DO)
740 FOR J*1 TO II: I*ABS(IND<IP+J)): IF ITYPE<I>*3 THEN 760
750 Q< I>*Q< 1 >SC J)DQ
760 NEXT J
770 IP*IP*I1+1: GOTO 530
780 LPRINT: LPRINT- ITERATION NO.*}K;* SUM OF FLOW CORRECTIONS* -;
790 LPRINT USING " IHItt . IMMMI"
800 ;DDQ
810 IF DDQ<TOL THEN 820
820 NEXT K
830 LPRINT' ELEMENT FLOW": FOR 1*1 TO 100: NTY*ITYPE<I)
840 ON NTY GOTO 840,840,850,840,850
850 LPRINT" " ; I ; : LPRINT USING" MHM . IHHMI" ; Q( I )
855 NEXT I
860 '* DATA FOR PATH
READ NU,TT*: THRU
IF NU*0 SYSTEM
THEN TO COMPUTEOF
80 'NU*NO. HGL***************
NODES WITH GIVEN HGL,TT**NODES
865 FOR 1*1 TO NU: READ I 1,H2: H<11)*H2: NEXT I
870 READ NI,TT$: IF NI*0 THEN 80 'NI*NO. OF ITEMS IN PATH,TT** B IX"
875 FOR 1*1 TO NI: READ IX(I): NEXT I: IXCNI2)*0
880 LPRINT* IX*";: FOR 1*1 TO NI: LPRINT IX<I);: NEXT 1: LPRINT
885 IP*1
890 FOR J*I TO 238 STEP 2: IF J*1 THEN K*IX<IP)
895 I*IX<IP+J): N*IX<IP + J+1)
900 IF 1<1 THEN SS*-1!: I*-I: GOTO 910
905 IF 1*0 THEN 955 ELSE SS*1!
910 NTY*ITYPE<I): KP*4CI-1)+1
915 ON NTY GOTO 920,925,945,950,955
920 R*ELEM<KP): GOTO 940
925 REY*ELEM<KP -f 1 )*ABS(Q< I ) ) : IF REY<1 ! THEN REY* 1
930 IF REY<2000I THEN R*ELEM<KP)64/REY: GOTO 940
935 IF REY>*2000! THEN R*ELEM<KP)*1.325/<LOG(ELEM<KP+2)5.74/REY*.9)) A 2
940 H(N)*H<K)-SSRQ(I)*ABS<Q<I)> A EN: GOTO 955
945 H<N)=H<K)-SS*ELEM<KP): GOTO 955
950 H(N)*H< K)SS < ELEM< KP)Q<I)< ELEMC KP+1 > *QCI>CELEMCKP*2)+QCI)ELEM<KP*3>)))
955 IF IXCJ+1P*3)*0 THEN 975
960 IF IXC J*IP*2>*0 THEN 970
965 K*N: NEXT J
970 IPIP*J*3: GOTO 890
975
LPRINT* JUNCTION HEAD*
960
FOR K*I TO 100: IF HCN>*-1000! THEN 990
985
LPRINT* * ;N; : LPRINT USING" t t llN . IHItt ;H(N)
990
NEXT N
995
GOTO 80
ZO m3/s 1000-mm diameter 12.0 m3/s
1000-mm diameter
1000 m 1.0 m3/* 1000 m
C- 100 C= 120
/
350 m
C- 100
C= 100 1.0 m3/s
1000-mm diameter \ 750-mm diameter
SOO-mm diameter IV 650 m \ 763 m
650 m C = 120 V \C = 120
C = 100 500-mm diameter i.0m3/s 750-mm diameter 10m3/s
800 m V 400 m
1.0 m /* 5oo_mm diameter
671 m (22)
C = 120 \ C = 120
120
C= 100
*
1.0 m3/s c
500-mm diameter
400 m
400m
= 100
\ ^
1.0 m3/s C = 120
500-mm diameter
1000
iviw mm
10 m /s
,
@
~Z\ 5004am
125 m
21)5004am diameter
125 m
(19 VI C-120
^Vll
@ 750-mm diameter
125 m
C = 120
C-120
/ 500-mm diameter /750-mm diamete
/ 800m / 400m /
Fig. 13-22
352 0 CHAPTER 13
12.0 m3/s
2.0 m3/s 3
1.0 m /s
0.6 m3/s 2.0 m3/s
\ /
s'
0
010.0 m /s
2.6 m3/s ' I 0.4 m3/s II 3
'
1.0 m3/s 1.0 m3/s 1.0 m3/s
\ 4.0 m s 3
5.0 m3/s
1.15 m3/s
(5
2.75 m3/s III
V 3
1.0 m /s
0
2.25 m3/s IV 10
2.0 m3/s
0 m3
@\/s
V \
1.0 m3/s 1.0 m3/s
"V
354 a CHAPTER 13
13J2 Use the computer program written for Prob. 13.31 to solve the network problem displayed in Fig. 13-23. The
pump data are as follows:
H, m 30 29 26 20
I
Input
DATA EXAMPLE
DATA SI,30,.001 ,.000001,100.
DATA 9,HU
DATA 1,.12,600 . ,0.3,.0
DATA 2,.03,300. ,.15,.0
DATA 3,.0,500. , .6, .0
DATA 4,.03,400. ,.3,.0
DATA 5,.03,300. ,.3,.0
DATA 2,PS
DATA 4,19.0
DATA 7,18.0
DATA 1 ,PU
DATA 8,.06,.03, 30.,27.,26.,20
DATA 16,1ND
DATA 3,2,1,-3,3 |4|3|3|6)
DATA 1.NODES
DATA 9,117.
DATA ?,1X
DATA 5,8,4,2,2, ,1,4,3
Output
EXAMPLE
SI UNITS SPEC..VISCOSITY IN MA2/S= .000001
DESIRED TOLERANCE- .001 NO. OF ITERATIONS- 30
PIPE Q<CFS OR MA3/S> LIFT OR M) 0<FT OR M> HU C OR EPS
1 0.12000 600.00000 0.30000 100.00000
2 0.03000 300.00000 0.15000 100.00000
3 0.00000 900.00000 0.40000 100.00000
4 0.03000 400.00000 0.30000 100.00000
9 0.03000 300.00000 0.30000 100.00000
6 RESERVOIR ELEV. DIFFERENCE- 15
7 RESERVOIR ELEV. DIFFERENCE- 18
8 PUMP CURVE, DO- .03 H- 30 29 26
COEF. IN PUMP EQ .= 30 -11.11112 -555.5555 -4172.841
IND- 3 2 1 - 3 3 4 - 5 3 3 6-4-1 3 5 7
ITERATION NO. 1 SUM OF FLOU CORRECTIONS- 0.1389
Fig. 13-23