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Revised Effective Ionic Radii and Systematic

Study of Inter Atomic Distances in Halides and
Chalcogenides

Article in Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography September 1976

DOI: 10.1107/s0567739476001551

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 751

Acta Cryst. (1976). A32, 751

Revised Effective Ionic Radii and Systematic Studies of Interatomie Distances

in Halides and Chaleogenides
BY R. D. SHANNON
Central Research and Development Department, Experimental Station, E. L Du Pont de Nemours
and Company, Wilmington, Delaware 19898, U.S.A.

(Received 30 October 1975; accepted 9 March 1976)

The effective ionic radii of Shannon & Prewitt [Acta Cryst. (1969), B25, 925-945] are revised to include
more unusual oxidation states and coordinations. Revisions are based on new structural data, empirical
bond strength-bond length relationships, and plots of (1) radii vs volume, (2) radii vs coordination
number, and (3) radii vs oxidation state. Factors which affect radii additivity are polyhedral distortion,
partial occupancy of cation sites, covalence, and metallic character. Mean NbS+-O and Mo6+-O
octahedral distances are linearly dependent on distortion. A decrease in cation occupancy increases
mean Li+-O, Na+-O, and Ag+-O distances in a predictable manner. Covalence strongly shortens
Fe2+-X, Co2+-X, Ni2+-X, Mn2+-X, Cu+-X, Ag+-X, and M - H - bonds as the electronegativity of X
or M decreases. Smaller effects are seen for Zn2+-X, Cd2+-X, In3+-X, pb2+-X, and TI+-X. Bonds with
delocalized electrons and therefore metallic character, e.g. Sm-S, V-S, and Re-O, are significantly
shorter than similar bonds with localized electrons.

Introduction
A thorough and systematic knowledge of the relative
sizes of ions in halides and chalcogenides is rapidly
being developed by crystal chemists as a result of (1)
extensive synthesis within certain structure types, e.g.
rocksalt, spinel, perovskite and pyrochlore; (2) prepar-
ation of new compounds with unusual oxidation states
and coordination numbers; and (3) the abundance of
accurate crystal structure refinements of halides, chal-
cogenides, and molecular inorganic compounds. A set
of effective ionic radii which showed a number of
systematic trends with valence, electronic spin state,
and coordination was recently developed (Shannon &
Prewitt, 1969, hereafter referred to as SP 69). This work
has since been supplemented and improved by studies
of certain groups of ions: rare earth and actinide ions
(Peterson & Cunningham, 1967, 1968); tetrahedral
oxyanions (K~ilm~in, 1971); tetravalent ions in perov-
skites (Fukunaga & Fujita, 1973); rare earth ions
(Greis & Petzel, 1974); and tetravalent cations (Knop
& Carlow, 1974).
Further, the relative sizes of certain ions or ion pairs
were studied by Khan & Baur (1972)" N H + ; Ribbe &
Gibbs (1971): O H - ; Wolfe & Newnham (1969):
Bi3+-La 3+; McCarthy (1971): Eu2+-Sr2+; Silva,
McDowell, Keller & Tarrant (1974): No 2+. These
authors' results have been incorporated here into a
comprehensive modification of the Shannon-Prewitt
radii.
In this paper the revised list of effective ionic radii,
along with the relations between radii, coordination
number, and valence is presented. The factors respon-
sible for the deviation of radii sums from additivity
such as polyhedral distortion, partial occupancy of
cation sites, covalence, and metallic behavior (electron
delocalization) will be discussed.
Procedure
The same basic methods used in SP 69 were employed
in preparing the revised list of effective ionic radii
(Table 1). Some of the same assumptions were made:
(1) Additivity of both cation and anion radii to re-
produce interatomic distances is valid if one considers
coordination number (CN), electronic spin, covalency,
repulsive forces, and polyhedral distortion.*
(2) With these limitations, radii are independent of
structure type.
(3) Both cation and anion radii vary with coordina-
tion number.
(4) With a constant anion, unit-cell volumes of iso-
structural series are proportional (but not necessarily
linearly) to the cation volumes.
Other assumptions made in SP 69 have been modi-
fied:
(1) The effects of covalency on the shortening of
M - F and M - O bonds are not comparable.
(2) Average interatomic distances in similar poly-
hedra in one structure are not constant but vary in a
predictable way with the degree of polyhedral distor-
tion (and anion CN). Both of these modified assump-
tions will be discussed in detail later.
The anion radii used in SP 69 were subtracted from
available average distances. Approximately 900 dis-
tances from oxide and fluoride structures were used,
and Table 2 lists their references according to CN and
spin. These references generally cover from 1969 to
1975. The cation radii were derived to a first approxim-
ation from these distances, and then adjusted to be
consistent with both the experimental interatomic dis-
tances and radii-unit cell volume (r 3 vs V) plots, as in
* Polyhedral distortion was not considered in SP 69.

A C 32A - 1
752 REVISED EFFECTIVE IONIC RADII IN HALIDES AND CHALCOGENIDES

SP 69. Although such r a v s V plots are not always VI"RE3+ radii) for consistency with experimental inter-
linear (Shannon, 1975), their regular curvilinear nature atomic distances and radii-CN plots.
still allows prediction of radii. This system is partic- Where structural data were not available or not ac-
ularly accurate for radii in the middle of a series, and curate, plots of (1) radii v s unit cell volumes, (2) radii
least reliable for large polarizable cations like Cs +, v s CN and (3) radii v s oxidation state, or combinations
Ba z +, and T13 +. Radii-volume plots were used by Knop of these were used to obtain estimated values. Fig. 1
& Carlow (1974) and Fukunaga & Fujita (1973) to shows examples of radii-valence plots used to provide
derive radii of tetravalent cations. These radii were consistency between experimental radii and those anti-
used along with experimental interatomic distances in cipated from the regular nature of these plots. Cations
deriving the final radii. Greis & Petzel (1974) derived whose final radii values were derived from both
rare earth radii in eight- and nine-coordination using estimated values and experimental interatomic dis-
accurate cell dimensions for rare earth trifluorides and tances a r e : V l O s S + , VIOs6+, VIOs 7+, VlRe4+, VIRES+,
distances calculated using the structural parameters VlRe6+, VIReT+, VIRh4+, vI1U4+, VIIUS+, and VIIU6+.

of YF3 and LaF3. These radii were used in Table 1 Fig. 2(a)-(e) shows plots of radii v s C N . Generally,
after applying small corrections ( + 0.030 ,~ to lXLa3+, it was assumed that radii-CN plots for two different
IXCe3+, 'Xpr3+, and ~XNd3+; +0.025 A to all other ions do not cross. Radii for 'VCu+, V'Cu+, IXRb+,
Greis & Petzel ~XRE3+ radii, and 0.015 A to all VNi2+, VIIEr3+' vIIyb3+ ' WITb3+ ' X.Nd3+ ' IVCr4+'

Table 1. Effective ionic radii

CR crystal radius, IR effective ionic radius, R from P vs V plots, C calculated, E estimated, ? doubtful, * most reliable, M from
metallic oxides.
ION EC CN 5P Ck *IR* ION EC CN SP CR fIR' ION EG CN SP CR *IR*

AC3 6P 6 V l 1.26 1.12 R C L - I 3P 6 V l 1.67 1.81 P G 0 " 3 4F 7 V l l 1,14 1,00

A G I 4D10 11 .81 .67 CL+b 35 2 l l l P Y .26 .12 VIII 1,193 1,053 R
IV 1.14 1.00 C CL7 2P 6 I V .22 *08 IX 1,247 10107 R
~
VSQ 1.16
1.23
1.02
1.09 C C~3 5F 7 V l
Vl ,61
1.11
,27
.97
A
R
GE2 45 2 V I
GE*q 3010 I V
,87
.530
.73
,390
A

vI 1.29 1.15 c GHe6 5F 6 V l .99 .85 R Yi *670 *530 R
Vll 1.36 1.22 VIll 1.09 .95 R H e l 1S 0 I --,26 -,38
Vlll 1.42 1.28 CO2 3D 7 I V HS .72 .58 II -.06 -.18
AGed 60 9 IVSO .93 .79 V .81 .67 C H F * 4 "6F16 I V .72 .58 :
Vl 1.08 .94 Vl L5 .79 .65 R VI .85 .71
AGe3 60 8 IVSQ .81 .67 HS .885 .765 Re VII .90 .76
Vl .89 .75 R Vlll 1.06 .90 VIII .97 .83
AL*3 2P 6 IV 53 .39 C03 30 6 V l kS .685 .565 R HGI 6S 1 I l l 1.11 ,97
v .62 .68 HS .75 .61 VI 1.33 1.19
Vl .675 .535 * GO4 3D 5 IV .56 .40 HGe2 5010 I | *83 .69
AM*2 5F 7 Vll 1.35 1.21 Vl HS .67 .53 R IV 1.10 .96
Vlll 1.40 1.26 CR+2.3D 4 VI L$ .87 .73 E VI 1.16 1.02
IX 1.65 1.31 HS .94 .80 R rill 1.28 1.16 k
AM3 5F 6 Vl 1.115 .g75 R CR+3 3D 3 V l .755 .615 R HOe3 6 F 1 0 VI 1.041 .901 R
VIII 1.23 1.09 CR4 30 2 IV .55 .41 VIll 1,155 1,015 R
AM~ 5F 5 Vl .g9 .85 R Vl .69 .55 R IX 1.212 1.072 R
Viii l.og .g5 Cg5 30 1 I V .485 .365 R X 1.26 1,12
AS+3 4S 2
AS+$ 3D10
Vl
lV
.72
.675
.58 A
. 3 3 5 Re
Vl
VIll
.63
.71
.69
.$7
ER I :~ 8. )
5S IIIPY
v1 2.0.
.58
220
.66
,.
vl .60 .46 C* eRe& 3P 6 IV .40 .26 VI l.Og *g5
AT7 5DIO Vl .76 .62 A Vl .58 .44 c 1 7 4D10 1V .56 .62
AUI 5 0 1 0 Vl 1.51 1.37 A c $ + 1 5p 6 V I 1.81 1,67 Vl .67 .53
AUe3 50 8 IVSQ .82 .68 Vlll 1.88 1.76 IN3 6 0 1 0 I V .76 .62
Vl .g9 .85 A lx 1.92 1.78 Vl ,6o 8oo.
AU5 50 6 Vl .71 .57 X 1.95 1.81 Vlll 1.06 *g2 Re
d +J 1S 2 Ill .15 .01 * Xl 1.g9 1.85 IR+J 50 6 Vl .82 .68 E
I .25 .11 * Xll 2.02 1.88 IR*4 50 5 Vl .765 .625 R
Vl .41 .2T C CUe1 3010 11 .60 .46 IR5 50 4 Vl .71 .57 E
8A~ 5P 6 Vl 1.49 1.35 IV .76 .60 E K "1 3P b IV 1.51 1.37
Vii 1.52 1.38 C VI .91 .77 E Vl 1.52 1.38
Viil 1.56 1.42 " CUe2 30 9 IV .71 .57 VII 1.60 1.66
IX 1.61 1.47 IVSQ .71 .57 * VIII 1.65 1.51
X
Xl
1.66
1.71
1.52
1.57 1
.79
.87
.65
.73
* ~x 1.69
1.73
1.55
1.$9
XI! h75 1.61 C' CU*3 30 8 Vl kS .68 .56 Xll 1.78 1.66
BEe2 15 2 Ill .30 .16 0 +1 15 0 I I .04 -.10 LAe3 4 0 1 0 V l 1.172 1.032 R
IV .41 .27 * 0Y2 6 F I O Vl 1.21 1.07 Vl! 1.24 I.IO

Ble3 65 2
~ l .59
1.10
. 6 5 'C
.96 C
vI I
Vl I
1.27
1.33
1.13
1.19
vllI
X
1.300
1.356
l.lbO R
1.216 R
Vl
Vlll
1.17
1.31
1.03
1.17
Re
R
UYe3 6F 9 Vl
VII
1.052
1.11
.g12
.97
R
xli
I 1.41
1.50
1.27
1.36 G
815 5 0 1 0 V l .go .76 E Vlll 1.167 1.027 R Lll IS 2 IV .730 .590
8K+3 5F 8 Vl 1.1o .96 R IX 1,223 1.083 g Vl .90 .7&
b K 6 5F 7 V l .97 .83 R E&e3 4 F 1 1 V l 1.030 .ago R VIII 1.06 .92 C
VlIl 1.07 .93 R Vl 1 1.085 .9~5 LU*3 4F14 Vl 1.ooi .8bl R
8 R - I 6P 6 V l 1.82 l.Vb p Vl I 1.144 1.004 R Vlll 1.117 .977 R
8 R e 3 6P 2 IVSO .73 .59 IX 1.202 1.062 R 1X 1.172 1.032 R
8R+5 45 2 I I I P Y .65 .31 EU2 4F 7 V l 1.31 1.17 MG+2 2P 6 IV .71 .57
8R7 3010 IV .39 .25 Vll 1.34 1.20
Vl .53 .39 A VIII 1.39 1.25 860 .720 *
c e 4 15 2 l l I .06 -.08 IX 1.44 1.30 il ll ......
1.03 .89 G
IV .29 .15 P x 1.49 1.35 HN2 30 5 I V HS .80 .66
VI .30 .16 A EUe3 4F 6 V i 1,087 .g6~ R V H5 .89 .75 C
CA+2 3P 6 Vl 1.14 1.oo Vll 1.15 1.01 Vl LS .81 .67 E
Vll 1.20 1.06 * Vlll 1.206 1.066 R H$ .970 .830 Re
Vlli 1.26 1.12 IX 1.260 1.120 R Vll HS 1.04 .90 C
~ x 1.32
1.37
1.18
1.23
F - 1 2P 6 i l
Ill
1.145
1 .16
1.285
1.30 MN3 30 6
~lll 1.10
.72
.9b
.58
R

Xll 1.68 1.34 IV 1.17 1.31 Vl L$ .72 .58 R

CDeZ 6 0 1 0 I V .92 .78 Vl 1,19 1.33 HS .785 .665 Re
v 1.01 .87 F e7 I S 2 V l .22 .08 A HN6 30 3 l V .53 .3g R
Vl 1.09 .95 FEe2 30 6 IV HS .77 .63 Vl .670 .530 Re
Vli 1.17 1.03 c IVSQ H$ .78 .66 MN5 30 2 I V .67 .33 R
Vlll 1.24 1.10 Vl LS .75 .61 E MNe6 30 l IV .395 .255
Xll 1.45 1.31 HS .920 .780 Re MNe7 3P b I V .3g .25
CE+3 65 1 V l 1.15 1.01 R VIII HS 1.06 .g2 c Vl .60 .66 A
Vll 1.21 1.07 E FE+3 30 5 I V H$ .63 .49 * MO+3 40 3 Vl .83 .69
Vlll 1.283 1.163 R v .72 .58 MO*~ 40 2 Vl .790 .650 RH
IX 1.336 1.196 R VI LS .69 .55 R ~ o e 5 6D I IV .60 .46 R
1.39 1.25 HS aT05 .665 R Vl .75 .61 R
II 1.48 1.36 C Vlll HS .92 .78 MOb 4P 6 l v .55 .61 Re
CE4 5P 6 Vl 1.Ol .87 R FEe4 Vl
3D 4 .725 .585 R v .64 .50
VIll 1.11 .97 R FEe6 30 2
IV .39 .25 R VI .73 .59 R*
1.21 1.07 FR*I 6P 6
Vl 1.9~ 1.80 A Vll .87 .73

C F * 3 bD I VI
II 1.28
l.og
1.16
.95 R
GAe3 3010
IV
V
.61
.69
.47
.55
* "
N
:l 2,
2S
) iv
Vl
1.32
.30
....
.16 A
C F * 6 5F 8 V l .961 .821R Vl .TbO .620 R* N 5 I S 2 I l l .044 -.106
GD3 ~F ? V l 1.078 .938 R Vl .27 .13 A
 R. D. S H A N N O N 753

Table 1 (cont.)
ION EC CN SP CR eIRt ION EC CN SP CR fiR*

NA*I 2P 6 I V 1.13 .99 PR3 CF 2 V l 1.13 .99 R TC+4 4 0 3 V I .783 .845 AN

V 1.14 1.00 Viii 1.266 1.126 R TG*5 40 2 Vl .74 .60 ER
VI 1.16 1.02 IX 1.319 1.179 R TC+7 4P 6 I V .51 .37
VlI 1.26 I.IZ PR+4 4F I V I .99 .85 R Vl ,70 .56 A
VIII 1.32 1.18 VlIl I.IO .96 R T E - 2 5P b V I 2.07 2.21 e
IX 1.38 1.26 C PT+2 5 0 8 IVSQ .74 .60 TE+4 55 2 I l l 066 .52
XIl 1.53 1.39 VI .99 .80 A IV .80 ,68
NB+J 4 0 2 V l .86 .72 PT+4 5D 6 V [ .765 .625 R Vl 1.11 097
N 8 , 4 4 0 1 Vl .82 .68 RE PT+5 5 0 3 V l ,71 .57 ER TE+b 4 0 1 0 I V .57 .43 G
VIII .93 .79 P U * 3 5F 5 Vl 1.14 1.00 Vl ,7o ,56
N 8 , 5 4P 6 I V .62 .68 C P U * 6 5F 6 V I 1.oo .86 R TH6 6P 6 V I 1.08 ,94 C
Vl .78 .66 Vl[l I,IO .96 VIII 1+19 1.05 RC
VII .83 .69 C P 0 + 5 5F 3 v I .88 .76 E IX 1.23 1.09

ND+Z 6F 6 VIII
VIII. .88
1.63
.76
1.29
~o.05~vi
RA*2 6P VIII
.85
1,62
.71
1.48
1 X
XI
1,27
1,32
1,13
1.18
E
C
IX 1.49 1.35 XlI 1.86 1.70 R Xll 1,35 1.21 C
N O + ~ 6F 3 V l 1.123 .983 R RB+L4P 6 VI 1.66 1.52 TI+2 30 2 Vl 1.00 .86 E
VIII 1.249 1.109 R* vll 1o70 1.56 T 1 + 3 30 1 VI .810 .670 R
IX 1.303 1.163 R VIll 1.75 1.61 r l + ~ 3P 6 I V .$6 .42 G
XlI 1.61 1.27 E IX 1.77 1.63 E v .65 .51 C
N I 2 3 0 8 IV .69 .55 X 1.80 1.66 Vl .745 .605 R
IVSQ .63 .69 Xl 1.83 1.69 VIII .88 .74 C
v .77 .63 E xlI 1.86 1.72 1 L * 1 6S 2 v l 1.64 1.50 a
VI .830 .690 R XlV 1.97 1.83 VIII 1.73 1.59 R
N I * J 3 0 7 Vl LS .70 .56 R RE*~ 50 3 Vl .77 .63 RM Xll 1.84 1,70 RE
HS .74 .60 E RE+5 50 2 VI .72 .58 E T L + 3 5D10 I V .89 ,75
NI4 30 6 Vl LS .62 .68 R RE+O 50 I Vl .69 .55 E Vl 1.025 ,885 R
RE*/ 5P b IV .52 .38 VIII 1,12 .98
NO+2 5F16 VI 1.26 1.I E
NP2 5F 5 VI 1.26 1.10 Vl .67 .53 TM+2 4 F 1 3 V I 1.17 1,03
NP*3 5F 6 VI 1.13 1.01 R RH+3 40 b Vl .805 .665 R VII 1.23 l.Oq
NP+6 5F 3 V[ 1.oi .87 R RH+4 4D 5 VI .74 .60 RM TM+) k F l 2 V I 1.020 .880 R
Viil 1.12 .98 R AHe~ 40 6 V[ .69 .55 viii 1.13~ ,994 R
NP+5 5F 2 VI .89 .75 RU*3 40 5 VI ,82 .68 IX 1.192 1.052 R
NPeb 5F 1 V I .86 .72 R RU*4 40 6 VI .760 .620 RM 0 + J 5F 3 V I 1,165 1,025 R
NP+7 6P 6 V I .85 .71 A RU*5 40 3 VI .705 .565 ER O 4 5F 2 V I 1.03 .89
o -2 2P b I f 1.21 1.35 RO*/ 40 1 IV .52 .38 VII 1.09 .95 E
Ill 1.22 1.36 RU*8 4P 6 IV .50 .36 viii 1.14 1.00 Re
IV 1.26 1.38 IX 1.19 1.05
VI 1.26 1.40 +6 3 5 Vl .51 .37 A Xll 1,31 1,17 E
VIII 1.28 1.62 5 .6 2P 6 IV .26 .12 u +5 5F 1 V l .90 .76
OH-I 11 1.18 1.32 vl .43 .29 c vii .98 .84
Ill 1.20 1.36 58+3 5 5 . 2 IVPY .90 .76 U +b 6P 6 I 1 .59 .45
IV 1.21 1.35 E v .96 .80 IV .66 .52
Vl 1.23 1.37 E vl .90 .76 A Vl .87 .73 *
0S+6 5D 6 VI .770 .630 RM $85 4010 Vl .76 .60 * Vll .95 ;81 E
0S+5 5 0 3 Vl .715 .575 E 5 C 3 3P 0 v I .885 .765 R Vlll 1.00 .86
0S.0 50 2 V .63 .49 VIII 1.OLO .870 Re v * 2 30 J V l .93 .79
Vl .685 .545 E S E - 2 6P 6 VI 1.84 1.98 P v . 3 3 0 2 Vl .780, .640 Re
05"7 50 1Vl .665 .525 E S E * 6 6S 2 v I .64 .so A v +4 3 0 I v .67 .53
0S,8 5P 6 I V .53 .39 S E * 6 3D10 IV .62 .28 Vl .72 .58 R*
p .3 3S 2 vl .58 .46 A Vl .56 .62 c VIII .85 .72 E
p *5 2P 6 I V .31 .17 * SI.6 2P 6 IV .40 .26 * V +5 3P 6 I V .495 .355 R*
v .43 .29 vl .540 .~oo R* v .6o .46 *
Vl .52 .38 C $H+2 6F 6 VIl 1.36 1.22 Vl .68 .54
PA+3 5F 2 Vl 1.18 1.0 e Vl I I 1.41 1.27 w +~ 50 2 V I .80 .66 RH
PAt4 6D 1 V l 1.06 .90 g IX 1.46 1.32 w +5 50 1Vl .76 .62 R
viii 1.15 1.01 SN*3 4F 5 v I 1.098 .958 R w +6 5P 6 IV .56 .42 *
PA~5 bP 6 Vl .92 .70 Vll 1~16 1.o2 E v .65 .51
VIII 1.05 .91 VIII 1.219 1.079 R vl .7~ .bO *
IX 1.09 .95 IX 1.272 1.132 R XE+8 4D10 IV .54 .40
P8+Z 6 5 2 IVPY 1.12 .98 c Ill 1.38 1.24 C vl .62 .~8
VI 1.33 1.19 SN*4 4010 IV .69 .55 R Y +J 4P 6 v I 1.040 .900 Re
VII 1.37 1.23 C VII 1.10 .96
VIII 1.63 1.29 C 830 .690 Vill 1.159 1.019 R*
IX 1.69 1.35 c VII .09 .75 IX 1.215 1.075 R
x 1.54 1.40 C VIII .95 .81 c YB+2 4 F 1 4 VI 1.16 1.02
XI 1.59 1.45 C SR*2 4P 6 V l 1.32 1.18 Vll 1.22 1.08 E
XIl 1.63 1.49 VII 1.35 1.21 VIII 1.28 1.14
PB*6 5 0 1 0 IV .79 .65 E VIII 1.40 1.26 Y8+3 4F13 Vl 1.008 .868 R*
V .87 .73 E IX 1.65 1.31 Vll 1.065 .925 E
Vf .915 .775 R Vlll 1.125 .985 R
~lI 1.50 1.36
VIII 1.08 .96 R 1.58 1.46 IX 1.182 1.042 R
p0l 6 0 9 II .73 .59 TA*J 5 0 2 VI .86 .72 E I N * 2 3 0 1 0 IV .7~ .0o
PD2 4 0 0 IVSO .70 .66 TA*4 50 1 Vl ,82 .68 E v .82 .68 *
Vl 1.oo .86 TA*5 5P 6 V l .78 .04 vI .880 .740 R*
POJ 60 7 VI .90 .76 VII .83 .69 VIII 1.04 .90 C
POe6 40 6 Vl .755 .615 R VIII .88 ,76 Z R + ~ 6P 6 I V .73 .59 R
P~*3 6F 4 V l 1.11 .97 R T 8 + 3 4F 8 VI 1.063 .923 R V .80 .66 C
Viii 1.233 1.093 k VII 1.12 .98 Vl .86 .72 R
IX 1.286 1.146 g VIII 1.180 1.040 Vll .92 .78 *
PO4 65 2 VI 1.08 .96 R IX 1.235 1.095 R VIII .98 .8~ *,
rill 1.22 1.08 R T 0 . 6 4F 7 Vl .90 .76 R IX 1.03 .89
POeb 5010 VI .81 .07 A Vill 1.02 .88

vIIIV4+, IVpb4+, and XTh4+ obtained from these plots
were used to help determine the values in Table 1. The
first estimate of vIHV4+ was made from distances in
C32H28SsV (Bonamico, Dessy, Fares & Scaramuzza,
19741.
Another method used to estimate radii was based on
the empirical relationship between interatomic dis-
tances and bond strengths. Brown & Shannon (1973)
derived these relationships for the cations in the first
three rows of the periodic table from a large number of
experimental interatomic distances. These curves can
be used to calculate hypothetical distances for cations
in any coordination (Brown & Shannon, 19731 Shan-
non, 19751 Brown, 1975). Examples of cations whose
radii were calculated in this way are: lVMn2+, V[Be2+,
VtB3+ ' wps+, v l S 6 + ' V m M g 2 + ' and VmFe 2+. These are
marked with a C in Table l. In certain cases, these
values were combined with known structural data (see
Table 2) to obtain the radii in Table 1. Although the
majority of radii were derived from oxides and fluor-
ides,* some were taken from chlorides, bromides,
iodides, and sulfides. For large electropositive cations
with highly ionic bonds, very little covalent shortening
is believed to occur and radii derived from these other
compounds should differ only slightly from those
derived from fluorides and Oxides. Examples are dival-
ent rare earths such as Yb 2+ , Tm 2+, Dy 2+ , Sm 2+, Nd 2+
and the ions Am 2+, Ac 3, Np a+, and U 4.
Another useful scheme for estimation of radii is the
comparison of unit-cell volumes of compounds con-
taining cations of similar size. McCarthy (1971) pre-
pared a number 6f isotypic Sr 2 and Eu 2 ternary
oxides and generally found the unit cells of the Sr 2
* Because of covalency differences in M - O and M - F bonds,
oxide distances were emphasized. Therefore the radii in Table 1
are m o r e applicable to oxides than fluorides. This subject is
treated further in the discussion Effects of covalence.

A C 32A - I*
754 REVISED EFFECTIVE IONIC RADII IN HALIDES AND CHALCOGENIDES

Table 2. Referencesfor Tab& 1

The references here and in T a b l e s 4, 5, 6 and 8 are a b b r e v i a t e d according to Codensfor Periodic Titles ( 1 9 6 6 1 .
AC*3 v|
68 J | N C A 30 8 2 3 8C CL3 7L JCPSA 55 1093 B A N 0 4 12 NRSUA 7 1281CL(*7) -0
AG, I I1 71ANNIA 56 7 5 8 8A C OS 7t J C S I A 1971 1 8 5 7 C L ( * 7 ) -o
Tl |NOCA |o 7 1 9 AG FE 0 2 7 l ZAACA 3 0 6 I 8A2 CO 0 4 62 ACCRA 15 I s N3 o CL 0 4 1 - 8 0 C I
TZ ZAACA 393 2 6 6 SR AG6 0 4 13 ACSCA 29 2 0 0 9 8A2 T l 0 4 bQ ACDCA 25 ~875 N H3 o H CL 0 4
7J IENBA 28B 2 6 3 BA AG6 0 4 DA* Ix 13 ACSAA 2 7 2 3 0 9 )PaR 1o H 1 4 1 3 C 0 3 (CL 0 4 1 1 0
AG*I |v T l ZAACA 3 8 6 t BA2 CO O4 . o H2 o
7L JSSC8 3 364 AG2 CR 0 4 13 ACSAA 27 1695 8A TE ( $ 2 0 3 ) 2 , 2 HZ O 73 ACSAA 273523 CU i t 3 H4 N I ) * (CL O412
AG,I lvso 73 ACSAA 21 1653 B A T E ( 5 2 0 3 ) 2 . 3 H2 0 CN,~ vi
4 2 JACS& 64 3S4 AG3 kS 0 4 8Ae2 x 67 )NUCA ) )27 R ICE*4)
69 ACSAA 23 2261AG2 s O3 1o ZKKKA 131 let 8A3 I V 0 4 ) 2 cu*z I V
AG*I v 70 AC8CA 26 105 8A3 $ 1 4 N86 0 2 6 69 ZAACA 369 306 C0 V2 U4
1o J $ $ C 8 L 4 8 4 AG6 NOlO 0 ) 3 6 7 BUFCA 90 24 8A p z 0 6 C0,2 v
AG*I Vl "- 8A*~ xl 12 ACBCA 2 8 2 8 0 3 C02 PZ 0 7 ALPHA
3 2 ZKKKA 82 16! AG2 $04 71 AGDCA 2 7 1263 BA FEZ 0 4 C0,2 v!
. 7 J&CSA 69 222 AG3 P04 BA*2 X l l 68 ZAACA 3 5 8 125 CO SE 0 6
11JSS08 3 364 AG2 CR O4 70 ACDCA 26 t 0 2 8A5 TA4 0 1 5 08 ZKKKA 120 2 9 9 CO GE 0 3
6 9 ACAC8 25 $116 AG2 CR2 0 7 72 CSCNC l I BA T I 6 0 1 3 70 CJCHA 48 881 C03 A$2 0 8
lO JS$C8 | 484 R02 NO o ~ 71NRSUA 6 7 2 5 8A CA FE4 0 8 70 JCPSA 5 ) 3 2 / 9 BA C0 F4
AG, I V l X 69 CN0CA 2 6 8 0 1694 BA N I 2 AS2 0 8 10 P E P l A 3 | 6 1 C02 SI OA
7 o JSSC8 1 4 8 4 AG6 NOlO 0 3 ) ~5 AC~CA )I .596 K2 BA CU ( N O216 7 J AC~CA 2 9 2 ) 0 4 CO3 V2 O8
6 9 ACACB 2 5 $ 1 1 6 AG2 CDZ 0 7 8 8 * ~ 111 T l HCACA 54 1621 CO3 (O N ) 2 ( S 0 4 | 2 2 H2 0
AG~I VlX| 6 9 ACOCA 2 5 1647 SR 8E3 0 4 REF I C02 $ ! 0 4
6 5 ACCRA 19 180 AG7 N Of| oo AC8CA 20 2 9 5 C A t 2 8 E 1 7 O29 72 ACECA 28 2083 COl pz 07
AG*2 [ V S 0 8E*Z xv 70 INOCA 9 l S I CO ( O N P A ) 3 (CL 0 4 1 2
71JPGSA 32 5 4 3 AG F2 bZ SPHCA 6 733 NA BE p 0 4 73 ACBCA 2 9 2 7 4 1 CO S I F 6 . b H2 0
AGe2 V I 08 ACSCA 24 6 7 2 LA2 BE2 0S 74 A N N I A 59 4 7 5 C02 $ | 0 4
71JPCSA 32 54) AG F2 60 ACDCA 24 8 0 7 CS BE F 3 T4 JCHL8 4 55 C | 6 H 1 8 CO 0 6
AO*3 lvso 6 9 AC~CA 2 5 1647 SA 8E3 0 4 CO*Z V ) I I
65 ACCRA 19 1 8 0 AG7 N 011 71SFNCA IS 9 9 9 FE3 8E $ 1 3 09 ( F I O H ) 2 6 6 INOCA S 1208 (A$(C6 HSIRI2(CO(N O3J~)
AL,3 |v 72 SPHCA 16 1021 8E2 S l U4 co,) Vl LS.
67 ACCRA 23 7S ~ NA T | 2 AL5 0 1 2 72 AC8CA 2 8 1899 AL2 BE3 S l 6 0 r e 6 8 CCJDA 1 9 6 8 871 c0 (N 0313
68 N J ~ A 1968 8O CA AL 8 0 ~ 73 ACBC~ 2 2 9 2 9 7 6 NA3 8E 7 H I 0 F 4 5 O80JCHA 4 6 3 4 1 2 C03 0 4
7O ACaCA 2 6 1 2 3 0 CA AL6 07 $ 9 ACCRA IZ 6 3 4 BE ACETATE 6 6 JACSA 8 8 2 9 5 1 C0 (CS H7 O213
7 0 NJRNA 1970 5 4 7 CA12 A L l 4 0 3 3 6 7 ZKKKA 128 4 2 3 c s 8E4 8 1 1 2 - X ) AL4 0 2 8 H2 74 ACUCA 30 8 2 2 C0 1C5 H7 0 2 3 3
7L SPHDA 15 9 0 S CA4 A L 6 o l o ( O H ) 6 T4 ACDC6 )0 3 9 6 NA6 ( $ 1 1 6 A L 2 t 8 E ( O H ) 2 O391 69 JACSA e l 6 8 0 1 I N H 4 1 6 ( H 4 C02 N 0 1 0 O381
71 SPNOA |5 995 CA A L 4 07 1 , 5 H2 0 , 7 H2 o
71 AC8C6 27 1 8 2 6 8ETA-AL2 0 3 74 "DCDCA 30 2 4 3 4 L I 2 BE I 04 74 ZAACA 4 0 8 97 K C02 0 4
12 J $ $ C 8 6 6 0 AG & L | I 0 1 7 7~ ANMIA 59 1 2 6 7 CA 8 8 2 P2 0 8 C0"4 IV
AL,3 v 8[*S V 71ZAACA 306 I 8A2 CO 0 4
6 8 ACDCA 2 4 1 5 1 8 )NGeFE( AL3 $1 8 o q 6 9 35C0A 7 1797 8 1 2 N 0 6 73 ZAAOA 398 54 L l 8 G0 0 6
68 A N N I A 5 3 1 0 9 6 ALZ P04 ) 0 H I 3 7O ACSAA 24 3 8 6 ~ ( 2 03 ALPHA 7 4 ZAACA 4 0 8 75 C52 CO 0 3
ALeS v | 81"3 Vl 74 ZAACA 4 0 9 lsz 86 co2 o7
71ANNIA 56 18 HA3 AL2 L I 3 F I Z TO ACSAA 2" 38 4 8 1 2 0 3 ALPHA C0.4 v) HS
7Z J $ S C 8 11 NO AL O3 ~1JFCSA 3 2 131 5 8 1 F E 0 3 6 7 STGBA 3 I 8 3 VS V ( F L U O R I D E S )
72 J$SC8 4 :60 AG A L L | 0 1 7 BI*) VIII 14 ZAACA 4 0 8 97 K C02 0 4
58 ACCRA 5 684 NG RL2 0 4 72 NABUA 7 102581TITANAYES CR*2 vl LS
7 2 ACGCA 28 ~ 8 9 9 AL2 8 8 3 $ | 6 0 1 8 BI*~ v| 7L ANCPA 6 411A2 CR 0 6
6 6 JACSA 88,~95| AL(ACAC)3 R3 VS V (8A2 LA B I 061 6 9 ACDGA 25 9 2 5 8 VS o ELECTRONS
7 3 &CSC8 ~.~92 A L P 0 4 . 2 N2 0 6K'4 vl CA*3 vl
6 7 ERKKA 1 2 5 ~423 C5 BE4 B I | 2 - X | ALA 0 2 8 H2 6T |NUCA 3 327 A (8K.41 6 9 MDUUA 4 6 2 | NA3 CR F6
~ 4 &C8CA
4 ZKKKA
3O 131;
139 129
NA A L ) (P 0 * ) Z IO H I 4
AL ( o H I 3
8 8 * ~ i v SQ
6 9 J C S | A 196e 1936 K aR F4
7O INOCA
1o ACSAA 2
4 a Z Z 8 HA3 )CR NO 006HOZ4 M 6 3 . 8 , 2 0
3 6 2 7 ~A2 CA3 0 8
An*2 vll 8R.5 Ill 73 NROUA 8 5 9 3 CA CR FS
72 J|NCA 34 3 4 2 7 AM 12 6 9 ACAC8 25 621SN (GR 0 3 1 3 o q H 2 o 6 5 ACCRA 19 1 3 1 C R | C ~ H7 0 2 1 3
AR*2 VIII 6 7 ACSAA 21 2 6 3 4 HG OR 0 3 CR*4 IV
r3 J|NCA 35 ~ 8~ &N 0 8 2 8R.7 Iv 14 ZAACA 4 0 7 129 BA2 CR 0 4
AN*Z IX ) 71JC$1A 1971 1 8 5 7 0 R ( * 7 1 - O CR*4 Vl
73 J I N C 8 35 6 8 3 AH CLZ C.4 III 72 NRBUA ? 1 5 7 CR o z
AM*) viii 65 ACCAA 18 6 8 9 CA C O3 CR*5 Vl
72 INOCA 11 2 2 3 3 AN2 (S 0 4 1 3 . 8 H 2 0 7L JNSAA 75A 27 CA C 0 3 67 SEGOA 3 I A3 v s v ) F L O O R ) D E S )
A~,4 vt 73 A N N I A 58 1oa9 NO c 0 3 CR*6 IV
6 7 ADCSA 71 2 2 8 8A AN O3 67 PDLAA z t 2 5 NN C 0 3 6 8 CJCHA 96 9 3 5 K2 CR2 O7
67 INUC6 3 327 R 188*41 75 AC8CA 31 8 9 0 NA2 C 0 3 . H 2 o 70 ACGCA 26 2 2 2 CR 0 3
AS*5 IV CA*2 V| 6 9 JC$1A 7 9 8 9 1 8 5 7 ( N H R ) 2 CR 0 4
6 9 ZKKKA L30 2 1 1 2N2 CU A$2 0 8 6 8 NJNAA 1 9 6 8 8 0 CA AL 8 0 4 h 9 ACAC8 2 5 $|16 AG~ CR2 0 7
68 CJCHA 46 9 L ? CU3 AS2 0 8 6 9 ACSCA 2 5 1933 CA NA ( H I p 0 2 ) ) 70 5PHDA 15 5 3 0 K2 CR4 0 1 3
63 8APCA 11 3 6 1 N G 2 AS2 07 $ 7 JCPSA 26 563 CA ( o H I 2 to ANNIA 55 7 8 4 P82 CR2 0 5
6 9 ACSCA 25 |54A CA H AS 0 4 . 2 H2 0 65 ACCRA 18 6 8 9 CA C o ) 7 0 ACSAA 2 4 3 6 2 7 N2 CR3 0 8 0 H
6 9 AC8C6 25 2 6 5 8 ZA ) H kS 0 4 ) 2 H2 o CA*2 Vll 71 $FHCO 15 8 2 0 NA2 CR2 0 7 . 2 H2 0
68 A N N I A 5) 18~| NN2 o H 6S 0 4 T l CJCHA 4 9 1 o 3 6 CA3 aSZ 0 8 71SPHCA 15 8 2 6 L I 2 CR2 0 7 . 2 H2 o
63 CAHIA 7 S b l CA CU AS 0 4 0 H 71AE80A 2 7 2 3 1 1 CA2 AL FE 0 5 73 AC8CA 29 BqO NA2 CR2 0 7 ALPHA
7O ACBCA 26 1 8 8 4 HA2 H AS 0 ~ . 7 HZ o 73 NR8UA 8 5 9 3 CA C~ FS 71ACSAA 2S 4 4 RB2 CR2 0 7
7 0 ACDCA 26 ~5 74 NA2 H &$ 0 4 . 7 H2 o 6 9 ACSCA 2 8 1534 CAIO | p 0 4 ) 6 IO H I 2 7 0 CJCHA 48 5 3 7 8 8 2 CR2 0 7
6 9 CHOCA 268 L694 BA N | 2 AS2 0 8 CA*Z VIII 71ACSAA 2S 35 R82 CRZ 0 7
70 ARR|A 55 2 0 2 3 NN9 ( 0 H | 9 ( H 2 O ) 2 68 INOCA 1345 CA2 P2 0 7 71JSSC8 3 3 6 4 A02 CR 0 4
I A S O3) )AS 0 4 1 2 14 CJCNA 5 I155 GALe NG2 H2 ( p O4"114 72 ACeCA Z8 2 8 4 5 82 CR 0 4
7 0 AODCA 26 1 8 8 9 | N H * I 2 , AS 0 4 CA-Z IX 73 ACSAA Z7 1 7 7 ZR4 CO H | 6 CCR O ~ ) S . H Z O
7 0 ACSAA 24 3711Ll HO 0 2 AS O4 7 | JNDAA 75 27 CA C o ) 73 ACSCA 2 e 21~l R82 CR4 013
7 0 ]NOCA 9 2 2 5 9 CA2 AS O4 CL 6 9 ACSC4 2 5 1 5 3 4 CA|O ) p 0 4 ) 6 (O H ) 2 73 6COCA 29 2 9 6 3 NA2 CA 0 4 . 4 H2 0
6S ACRA 18 7 7 7 CU3 AS O4 |O ~ 3 3 CA*Z x 71JCSIA letl 1 8 5 7 ( N H R I 2 CR 0 4
7 0 CJCHA 48 8 q 0 NG2 AS2 0 7 6 9 ACSCA 25 9 5 5 CA 82 0 4 I l l 73 NRDUA 8 271 K2 CA2 O l
7O ( J C N A 48 8 8 1 CO) ASZ O8 CA*2 x[I C R * 6 vl
1 | CJCMA 49 t 0 3 6 C A ) RS2 08 69 AC8C6 25 9 6 5 CA 82 0 4 I v 74 AMMIA 59 1 1 0 0 P86 CR CL6 X6 V2
7 0 AR~qlA ~ 1 4 8 9 NNT $8 AS 0 1 2 74 AXNIA 89 41 CA AL3 ( 0 H ) 6 C$*l vlll
71ACDCA Z7 2 1 2 4 H A ) AS 0 4 . 1 2 H 2 0 I P 0 3 1 O t / 2 IO H 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 0 9 SPHCA 13 9 3 0 CS2 BE F4
73 80806 29 2 6 1 1 M G ) AS2 0 8 74 JACSA 9 6 6 6 0 6 X2 CA CU I N 0 2 ) 6 CS*l x
81RNHIA 4b 10 77 EA2 8 AS 0 4 ( O H ) k C0.2 IV 6 9 INOCA 8 1 6 6 5 CS4 M03 F I O
73 CJCHA ~1 2 0 8 2 N A 4 . A S 2 OT ~9 ACCRA 12 l o 4 9 CO I N 2 04 6 9 $PHCA 13 9 3 0 C$2 BE F4
66 268C6 347 133 CA ~ AS O4 ~2 0 11Z4ACA 382 2 T o 8 2 C0Z o~ cs*l xl
6 6 ZAAC4 347 |4O SR H 6 8 O4 H2 U co*z v 6 9 INOCA 8 1 6 6 5 C$4 NG3 F I O
1| AHRI8 56 I14T ZN4 A$2 0 6 ) O H ) 2 . l H 2 o 6 9 CJCHA 47 3409 co| pz 07 C$.1 x11
7O 4 0 8 0 6 26 4O3 C6 H RS o 4 70 ZXK~A 132 1 3 2 C03 A S | 0 8 67 ACCRA 23 8 6 5 C$ U F 6
70 Z~KKA 132 332 E03 A$2 0 8 C0*Z vx 6 8 ACSAA 2 2 2 7 9 3 CS CO CL3
73 ACSCA 29 1 4 1 L U AS O4 09 CJCHA 4 7 3 4 0 9 CO2 P2 07 71AC8CA 27 2~S C$ U6 F 2 5
7 ) AC8C6 Ze Z T Z | ~H4 HZ AS O4 r o ZRKK& 13Z 332 C03 AS2 0 8 CU*| II
AS*S v| 6 6 SPHOA 11 11 c o w 0 4 b 9 ZKKKA 129 2 5 9 CU LA 0 2
7L eaCH8 49 2 5 1 9 CL FZ AS F 6 6 7 HCACA SO 2 0 2 3 C0Z HN3 0 8 70 ZAACA 3 7 9 1 1 3 SR CU2 O2
73 J $ S C 8 6 80 H 8 8 . $ AS) 0 | 6 14 J C S I A 1 9 7 4 6 1 4 C0 C4 H6 0 6 CU*| Iv
7O CJCN6 4 8 3 | 2 4 C08 AS3 u l 6 74 ACSC& JO 188o C02 G4 H12 0 1 2
T ) &C&C8 29 2 6 6 CALCULATED C0.2 VII 49 ACCRA 2 158 c u CL3
74 INOC4 13 7 8 0 XE AS F | I o A E Z AS F9 74 4CS6& 2#A 119 0 o D i e H2 c o 0 ) 2 . 3 l l Z HZ 0 Cu*l vl
74 ACDC6 3O 2 5 0 ~ AS F6 C0 DeC H2 c o u ) z . 3 Ha O 70 NRBUA S 2 0 7 CU TA 0 3
7~ J C S l A 197~ t q Z z c o c ~ H 5 0 S cu*a Iv
b 9 J C $ 1 6 1 9 6 9 1936 X AU F4 co*z vlxx . 57 ACCRA 10 5 5 4 c u CR2 0 4
7O ZARCA 3 / S 43 L I 3 AU 0 3 o K AU O I , R B AU 0 2 98 9 0 3 CO2 NSZ 0 7 71ACIEA 1o 4 1 3 SR CU 8 4 , CA CU F4
TO JC$1A 1 9 7 0 3092 A AU ( N 0 3 ) 4 AC8CA 25 1806 00 (N 03)2.4 D2 u CU*2 IV $0
AU,5 Vl t 4 J C S I ~ 1976 6 7 6 CO C4 H6 0 6 O7 ZK~KA 124 9 1 Z N 2 CU 6 8 2 O8
74 INUCA IS 7 7 5 XEZ AU F I T C E * 3 vlll 68 ACBCA 24 888 cuz IN2 05
*3 III 74 ZADC6 4 0 3 I R) v $ v ICE F31 t l ACBGA 27 6 7 7 CU 02 0 4
6 8 NJnNA 1 9 6 1 8 0 C6 AL 8 04 74 J C S I 6 1974 1 1 6 5 C41 H 2 4 CE F I 2 N De 84 6 5 JCPSA 4 3 3 9 5 9 CU ( 0 6 H S I C H 3 ) 2 C ) O212
70 8CDCA 2 6 e 0 6 82 O ) t CE*3 IX 6 6 INOCA $ 5 1 7 CU 1 0 | 0 H9 0 2 1 2
71SPHCA IS 8 0 2 K 6 8 2 8 0 3 F2 67 SPH~A lZ 2 1 4 CE e s t O5 61JCS~* 1967 3 0 9 CU ( 0 4 C l 2 H I 8 )
11 6C8C8 21 6 7 2 Z~ 8 4 o l T4 ZADCA 4 0 3 I R3 V$ V ICE F $ ) 6 6 PRLAA 2 8 9 161 C14 HLO 0 4 CU
IoI ACSC&
,cDc, 26.89
27
8 ~2o3
904 Ll)
cE*3 x
6O A N N I A 45 I CE~ ME ME2 7 1 2 5 1 4 0 2 2
70 ACSCA
cu.z v
26 8 cu o

FO ZX=KA 132 2 4 1 CA 83 O5 )OH) CE,4 vl 6 9 ACSAA 23 221CU) W 0 6

72 ACOCA 28 9 5 6 8R CE o ) ~8 C a ) H A 46 9 1 7 CU3 AS2 O8
JCPSA 60 |899 x 84 0 7 73 JS$C8 v 131R )CE4,) 6 8 JCPSA 40 2 6 1 9 CU NO 0 4
t 4 XRDU8 v L66L ~ o RL~ 18 g 3 1 4 CE.4 VIII cu*z vI
8 *3 Iv 8 $3 1~ N 4 1 2 CE F6
6 1 AODCA 24 869 0 2 U3 I I JC$1A 1174 2021Ni6
74 J$TCA l~ 39t CEIS 04)2
CE u l O 0 3 6 H 2 . 3 0 H 2 o :I .ACCDA
. . . . . . .|.6. . . |.z.4. .c.u.5 ) p o 4 3 2 ~o , 1 4
6 d ACSG4 ~4 |70J NAB F4 '68 JCPSA 4 8 2 6 1 9 CU NO 0 4
6 9 CJCNS 47 2S79 m 8 F4 F4 ACSAA 2 8 1079 A - CE t A C A C ) 4 ;o AC8CA 2 6 10Z0 CU i o ~
I I ACOC& ~t bT7 CU 62 0 4 C t * 4 XXX 68 CJCHA ~6 60S CU2 P2 O7
;| At,CA Zl |Z0Z N N4 8 F 4 68 JSCSA 90 3 5 8 9 I N H 4 ) 2 H6 ICE NOt2 0 4 2 1 . 1 2 H2 0 68 J&CSA 90 5621 CU(((C H3)2 N)2 -
;U Z~KA |JZ 241 CA 8~ O 5 0 H C F * 3 VX I P l 0 1 2 O111 ; e l 0 4 1 2
~3 ACC84 16 1133 NA 8 l u H ) 4 . Z . Z F4 J I N C A 36 2 0 2 3 R3 VS V ICF2 15 0 4 ) 3 ) 70 )NOCA 9 is| cu )O~FA)3 (eL 04)2
7 4 JCPSA 60 18V9 #N U4 0 7 C L * 5 111 t 3 ACBCA 2 9 1 7 4 3 CU V 2 0 b
1 | AXN14 $6 15~3 NG 1 ~ 6 0 T ) 0 ~161 ,z Hz o T3 NASUA 8 791 8 8 CL 0 3 CU*3 Vl
73 6HX16 88 9O9 C8 8 $1 U4 o H CL*/ Iv 12 MRBUA 7 9 1 3 LA GU 0 3
Tl 6C8CA 2t 672 Z~ S~ U7 r z ACDCA 28 039 TMPO CL U4 DV*Z v )
8 *3 vl 12 ZK~XA 0~ 65 X CC 0 4 UNPUI OY 12
T ) ACAC8 29 2 6 6 CALCULDTEO 6O ACL~A 13 e s 5 N o z CL 0 4 , n CL OA, DY*2 V l l
86.Z Vl Hct 0 4 . N 2 O , C l CL 0 4 . 3 H2 O UNPUI Of Ct2* 0Y 8R2
lO Z~8~A 13! 161 8 6 3 v z O8 s q JPCNA 6) ZTe H CL O 4 . H 2 0 OY*Z V I I I
t) /EN8& 28~ 2 6 3 8A AOb 0 4 ~8 JRCSA 0 0 8 0 / 5 C6 HD.AG CL 0 4 uNPul ov eL2
8Ae4 vii $7 P l S A A 56 134 N H4 CL 04 or,3 vl
; | ACSCA ~7 1263 8A FE2 O4 ST P l S A A ~6 143 K CL 0 4 6 3 PHSSA 3 K446 0 2 o )
T$ AC~C~ 2 9 2 0 0 ~ 8A2 11 O4 6 2 ACCJ~R 15 1 2 0 1 N N4 CL O4 0Y'3 VII
16*g viii 71 J C S I A 1971 1 3 t l c u ) c l o H9 N ) ) 2 COL 0 4 ) 2 I t JCNLB | 83 OYITHO)3oH2 0
5 8 ZXK~A 11o 231 c u lu~8~2FIC O O H 1 6 . 4 NZ 0 7O AC~CA 2 6 1928 Ha . s CL 0 4 oy.1 viii
9 JCP$& S l 4 9 2 8 8A 11 AC8C6 zt 8 9 8 H CL 0 4 . 2 112 H2 o
70 JCPS& s ) ) 2 ; 9 8A CU F 4 13 I C " D A 1 4 1 7 G N I 2 - T R I E N - C U CL 0 4 I ~ .$$COA
...... 1 | 7 1 ~ .o.r. ). . . . .FE3
... all
11ADCA ZT 8 9 8 x CL 0 4 , Z I l l ,2 0 ov.J ix
 R. D. SHANNON 755

Table 2 (cont.)
74 2AACA 403 I R3 VS V |OY F 3 ) 73 ACBCA 29 8 6 9 HG NO 0 4 74
AGSCA JO 2 4 9 1 M G 2 V2 0 1
ER*3 Vl H0*J VIII T|
ANM|A 86 | 5 8 3 NG 1 8 6 O f I 0 H I 6 1 * Z H | U
7~ ACbCA 26 484 ER2 S12 OT T~ ACBCA 30 2049 K HO BE F6 73
ANMIA $8 1 0 Z 9 MG C OS
ER*3 VII TO SSCOA 8 1745 H 0 3 FE5 0 1 2 74
CJCNR $2 11S5 CA L l ~G2 HZ I P 0 4 1 1 6
TO SPHCA 13 36 ER2 GE2 0 7 72 8UFCA 9S 437 H0 Pb 0 1 4 10 INOCA q I S I ~G I O N P ~ 1 3 (CA 0 4 1 2
72 JCMLB Z 1 9 7 ER8 U i T H D ) I O 10 H ) 1 2 74 ZAACA 4 0 3 1 R3 VS V IHO F 3 I 72 C J C H i SO 3 6 1 9 NG Y2 U6
ER+~ V I I I HO+3 I x 7~ ACBCA 29 2 6 1 1 M G 3 AS2 0 8
6 8 CHPL8 2 4 7 ER ~ 0 4 . ER V 0 4 14 ZAACA 4 0 3 | R3 V$ V I H U F J ) NG*Z V I I I
?0 [NOCA 9 2AO0 ER I C 2 0 4 ) I H C2 0 4 ) . 3 H 2 0 7 4 ACOCA 30 2 6 1 3 HOICZ H5 S 0 6 ) 3 . 9 H 2 0 73 AGRC8 29 266 CALGULAIIO
7O SSCOA 8 1 7 4 5 ER3 F E 5 0 L 2 H0+3 X MN*Z I V HS
7L ACSAA 28 372 E~ | H U C H2 G 0 O 8 3 . 2 H 2 0 T4 INOCA 13 2S35"HOIN2 014 IH C 0313.2H2 0 70 ANNIA 55 1 4 8 9 NN? S | AS U | 2
~4 ZAACA 4O3 I R3 VS V (eR F31 75 CJEHA S3 83L IN OIZIHOIN 03)51 6 9 ZAAA 369 306 Iq~ VZ 0 4
72 JGHL8 2 I97 ER8 0 I T H D ) I O I 0 N ) 1 2 1.5 Ill F I AGBCA 2T 1 0 4 6 NN CO CA 0 4
ER.3 IX 71JCPSA 54 2 3 5 0 N H~ I 03 6 9 PMSSA J2 Kql MN R2 0 4
5 9 ZKKKA 112 3 6 2 EK I C 2 H3 S 0 4 ) 3 . 9 H 2 0 6 6 ACCRA 20 750 L| | O] 13 ACACB 29 266 GALGULATEO
?4 ZAACA 4O3 I R3 V$ V IER F31 6 6 ACCRA 21 841LI 1 03 NN*~ V HS
EU+2 V l 58 ACGRA 9 1015 CEII 0314 6e ANNIA 53 1 8 6 1 M N 2 0 H AS 04
7O ZAACA 374 201 L! EU3 O4 58 ACCRA It 794 C i I I 0314.H2 0 74 MPMTA 21 2 6 6 NN2 AS OA OH
EU+2 V I I 4 3 RTCPB 6Z 7 2 9 N H4 I 03 ~N*Z VI LS
70 2AACA 3 7 4 201CI EU3 O4 I+5 Vl 0 9 ACBCA 28 9 2 8 R VS 0 LECTMONS
6 9 ACRCA 25 It04 EU 12 7 t JCPSA 54 2 5 5 6 N H4 I 03 MN*~ Vl HS
7 3 REF 3 L I 2 EUS 0 8 1+7 IV 6 9 SGIEA 168 SR6 ~ Z GE U6
EU*2 VIII ?0 RCBC~ 26 1782 NA I 0 4 6 q JCPSA 51 4 9 2 8 BA MN F 4
UNPUt EU F Z , EU 8RZ 2 6 ZEPYA 3g 308 A I 04 70 ZKK~A l~Z INNS tO N l z $ 1 2 0 8
EU+2 I x 71 J C S I A A971 1 8 5 7 II*TI-U 6 g ANMIA 5 4 | 3 6 2 NN eE2 | P 0 4 l Z I O H I 2 . S H 2 0
73 RVCMA |0 7~ EU CL2 I*7 VI 70 N J ~ I A 113 1MN? ~A|2 IS 0~)1$.18H2 0
UNPUl EU F2 6,,cc. 20 7o~.s. ,'/6 6 5 ACCRA 19 8 8 ~ MN S O~
EU+Z x 6 5 ACCRA 19 6 2 9 K4 2 0t0.8H2 0 72 A N N I A ST 6 2 1 M N 2 GE 04
? l NATMA S8 2 1 8 EU2 SI 04 37 JACSA 59 2 0 3 6 I N H 4 1 Z H ) [ 0 6 6 7 PRLAA 9~ i ~ 5 NN C 03
EU+3 V l IN.3 IV 67 HCACA )020)) MN) 0 8
68 REF 4 EU4 AL2 0 9 T4 ZAACA 409 97 ~82 IN4 07 MN*2 V I I
7 0 ZAACA 374 201 L | EU3 0 4 73 ZAACA 393 2 8 0 SR2 I N Z 0 3 72 AMNIA S? 621MN2 GE O~
73 REF 3 L I 2 EU5 08 IN*3 VI MN*Z V I A l
EU3 V I I 74 ZAACA 409 9 7 R82 I N 4 0 7 6 9 ZKKKA 229 427 ~ N ) FE2 GE$ 0 1 2
68 REF 4 EU4 AL2 o g ~ t ACSAA IS t437 IN O H S 04.lHZ 012 71AMM|A 56 791 GARNETS
13 REF 3 L 1 2 EU5 8 8 6 0 ACOCA 24 3 e 8 CUE I N Z OS 73 SSCOA 12 L09 NN3 AL2 GE3 0 1 2
EU+S V I I I 70 ACSAA 24 1662 IN 0 0 H 74 JCPS6 6~ 1899 MN U4 0 7
65 JCP$A 48 l o g 4 EU3 FE2 GA3 0 1 2
NN*J V! HS
~ ZAACA 4O3 I R3 VS V (EU ~38 AC6CA 30 1882 NA I N S l Z 0 6 0 7 ACSAA Z& ZO?| MNZ 0 3
3 ACSAA 27 2 5 2 7 EU2 I C 3 H2 0 4 1 3 . e H 2 0 74 SPHOA 18 7 6 t I N Z GE2 07 b 7 ZKKKA 124 428 NNZ 0 3
EU+3 [ X IR'4 Vl b8 ACSCA 24 1233 jl~ 0 0 H
74 ZAAC~ 4O3 A R3 VS V I E U F 3 | 7A J 5 $ C 8 3 1 7 4 SR ZR 0 3 6 9 JCPSA 50 1066 I N H 4 ) 2 RN F5
73 ACSAA 27 2 8 2 7 EU2 ( C 3 H2 0 4 ) 3 . 8 H 2 0 IR+S V I 6 3 PHSSA 3 K.46 f'~Z 03
71ACSAA 25 33~7 EU TRISGLYCOLATE 74 NROUA 9 1177 R3 VS V ICO2 I R 2 071 6 8 BUFCA 9~ 339 TO NN 0 8 , PR n N O ) , N u x N O )
F E * Z I V SQ H$ K*I IV 7A JS$C8 3 238 LA JCN 03, RN3 04,
74 AMHIA 59 llbE BA FE S14 0 1 0 68 ZAACA 3SR 2 4 1 K AG O L A . 9 S CA.o5 #N 0 3
FE*Z IV HS RE~ 2 K2 0 7J JSSC8 6 16 NA MN? 0 1 2
69 $C]EA L&6 139g ( N A , K ) 2 FE4 S [ A 2 030.H2 0 K*Z VI 7~ A N N I A 39 9as NGZ ~N e o s
6 9 ZAACA 3 6 9 3O6 FE V2 O4 SA ZAACA 2 6 4 144 K 58 F6 6 8 ACBCA 2 4 11A4 NA4 MN~ TLS OAR
TI JUPSA 31 452 FE2 TI 0 4
12 JUPSA 33 |29& FE2 MO 04
6 8 SPHOA
09 CCJDA
12 1095 K Y N02 0 8
II 6 0 6 K2 ZR2 O5 ~
* INOCA
4 INOCA
13 IRSA
13 1 8 6 4
~N I t 7 H5 0 Z 1 3 , 1 1 4 C6 HS CH$
~N IACACi3
FE*Z VI LS b 9 ACUGA 2 5 1919 ~ U2 F9 NN*~ IV
69 ACRCA 28 V25 R VS A I F E S21 K*L vii 7S JSSC8 L3 2 7 5 R3 V$ V IM4 NN O ~ l
FE+2 V I HS ~e CJCHA 46 9 3 5 ~2 R2 0 7 NN+~ V l
&9 NJMMA 1 9 6 9 4 3 0 FE AL~ IP O412 IO H J 2 l 0 H236 69 JCSIA 19~9 8 4 q KZ NO 0 4 73 JS$CB 8 23k 8 6 NN O3
.2H2 0 TA S~COA S 3 3 8 ~ FE F4 6 9 INOCA 8 33S NIL2 NN NBL2 0 3 8 . S O N 2 0
7O SUFCA 93 tgO ~E S O4 K*I Vlll 6 3 CZYPA 13 39e NAT H4 MN I I 0 6 I S * I T H 2 0
71SPHCA |5 g 9 9 FE3 BE S I 3 0 9 [ F I O H I 2 ~0 ZKKKA 74 3O6 K H2 P 0 4 6 7 HCACA SO 2 0 2 3 NN5 GO, c o 2 MN) 0 5
6 ? ACCRA 22 7 7 5 FE ( N H 4 ) 2 ( $ 0 4 ) 2 , 6 H 2 0 62 ZKKKA |AT 4A1K2 TI6 013 .N*6 IV
6 8 GIWYA 68 290 LIFE P O4 37 ZKKKA 98 2 6 6 K H2 I H 3 O) 85 0 1 0 12 ACOCA 2 8 2 8 4 S K2 MN O~
14 A ~ N [ A 59 4 8 & F~2 SA 0 4 7A INUCA 7 8 7 3 K H C2 0 4 M~*7 I v
FE*2 rill 6 8 CJCHA 46 9 3 5 K2 CR2 O7 6 8 ACOCA 2 ~ 1 0 5 3 AG NN 0 4
TA AMMIA $6 79A GARNE~$ 70 J C S I A 1 9 7 0 3 0 9 2 K AU I N 0 3 ) 4 MO+3 V I
71ZKK~A 134 333 FE3 A L 2 S I 3 0L2 6 5 ACCRA 19 6 2 9 K4 H2 12 0 1 0 . 8 H 2 0 6 9 ACBCA 25 4 0 0 KJ NO CL~
T3 ACAC8 29 2 6 6 CALCULATEO K*| IX 6 9 INOCA 8 2 6 9 4 K8 NO F6
FE+J AV H$ 70 ZKKKA 132 27 K A . 6 N A S . 5 CAO.3 A L T . 3 .0.~ vl
TO ACECA 26 1469 CA2 FE2 OS L18*5 032 7A MRUUA 6 5 5 5 L 1 2 MO F 6
70 SSCOA 8 1745 M3 FE5 0 1 2 6 9 ~CBCA 25 6 0 0 K CE F4 MO+~ IV
?1ACRCA 27 A263 BA FE2 0 4 6 9 ACSCA 25 1 9 1 9 K U2 F9 7 4 INOCA 13 2 7 1 5 R3 VS V AE N 0 0 * l
I I MREUA 6 T2S BA CA FE4 0 8 K*A X ~O.S Vl
71AESAA 2S 36A6 CA2 FE2 05 73 CJCHA $1 2 6 1 3 K AL P2 0 7 7 t INOCA t0 9 2 2 8A2 NO NO 0 6
73 ACBCA 29 832 6A FE2 0 4 K +I XII
FE+3 v 6 8 SPHCA 13 4 2 0 K Y ~2 08 68 JCPSA 48 2 6 t 9 CU N0 O~
TA JS$CB ~ I FE V 0 4 ? l INOCA 10 1264 K2 P8 CO I N 0 2 1 6 6 8 SPHDA 12 LOgS K Y N 0 2 0 8
FE*3 vI H$ 67 I~0CA 5 5 1 4 K2 BA CO I N U 2 8 6 69 JCS|A 1969 8 4 9 K2 1~3 0 4
TO ACSCA 26 Z469 CAZ FEZ O5 74 IACSA 9 6 6 6 0 6 K2 CA CO I N 0 2 ) 6 72 ACUCA 28 6 0 GU2 NO) OA2
70 SSCOA 6 1745 ~3 FE5 0 1 2 75 ACOEA 3A $ 9 6 K2 8A CU I N 0 2 1 6 6 9 JCPSA 50 8 6 N02 NO3 0 1 2
71SSCOA 9 335 K FE F4 57 PASAA 56 643 K CL 0 ~ 71 SPH~A 18 611LI3 FE NO3 0 1 2
?L JS$CB ~ I FE v 0 4 LA*3 Vl ?A SPHCA 15 8 2 9 K AL N02 0 8 . K FE ROE 0 8
TL JPCSA 32 6315 B I FE O3 6 9 ZKKKA 129 2 ~ 9 CU LA 02 71JCPSA 55 1093 CA N0 0 ~ , SR NO 0 *
11ACSAA 25 3616 CA2 F E 2 0 S T3 NRUUA 8 1 2 6 9 ~ 3 V$ V I ~ E 2 ~ 3 0 A 2 1 73 ACBCA 29 2 0 7 4 LA2 NO) O12
67 ACCRA 23 239 FE lOS H7 0213 LA+3 V I I ! 71JCSIA 1971 1 8 5 7 NO(*63 - O
6 9 CCJO~ 1 9 6 9 440 FE I C 7 H5 0 2 1 3 ?4 A N N I A 59 1277 LA4 ~G2 T I 3 S [ 4 0 2 2 NO*6 V
FE*) VIII 73 ACRCA 2 9 2 0 7 4 LA2 H03 U I 2 67 CCJOA 1967 3 7 4 ~2 NO3 0 1 0
T3 JSSCB 8 33L ESTIMATED 6 8 INOCk 7 2 2 9 5 LA ( C 5 H7 0 2 ) 3 I H Z 0 4 2 08 J C S I A 1968 1 3 9 8 KZ X0$ O10
FE*4 Vl 74 ZAACA +03 A R3 VS V ( L A F31 NO+6 VI
73 JSSCB 8 3 3 1 R3 VS V I P E R O V S K I T E S I 7~ SPHCA L8 67S LA2 SR3 (B 0 3 1 4 68 JCSIA 19&8 13V8 K2 M03 0ZO
R3 VS V I S ~ Fe O3) LA*3 IX 70 JSSCB 1 kS& AG6 M010 0 3 3
FE+o I V 71NRBUA 6 2 3 LA FE 0 3 70 INOCA 9 2 2 2 8 NA3 ICR MO 0 6 0 2 ~ H b I * R H 2 0
z~ JSSCB 8 *3 K2 FE 0 4 ?~ Z ~ C A ~O~ A ~ ) VS V ( L ~ ~31 r o ACSAA 24 3711Cl ~ 0 0 2 AS O~
R3 VS v (K2 FE 0 4 ) 74 A~IA 59 12T7 LA~ NG2 T13 S I 4 0 2 2 6 6 ACSAA 20 2 6 9 8 NO F 6 IGASI
oA+~ I V LI+A IV TO CCJOA 1970 SO NO 0 3 ( H 2 0 ) 2
16 ACRC~ 2T 6t6 L | 5 GA 0 4 3V ZKKKA A02 119 L I O HoHZ O
T5 AC~CA 36 56O S~ OAZ S l Z 08 TO 2AACA 3 7 9 | 5 7 L I Z CU 02 6~ INOCA 1603 K I R 0 O2 C2 O4I H2 0 1 2 O
GA.) V l 70 INOCA 9 1 0 9 6 Y8 L [ F4 73 ACRCA 29 8 6 9 HG NO 0 4
14 A T R I A 3O 1364 ItS HAl Ob O& 71AMNIA 56 18 NA3 AL2 L l 3 F 1 2 74 ACECA 30 11V5 NO 03VHZ O
GD*3 V I I 71ACSCA 27 0 6 6 L 1 5 OA O4 N-J Iv
70 &CBCA 26 4 8 4 GDZ S I 2 0 7 T3 JSSCB 6 538 L I 3 V O4 REF 6 NG3 N 2 , S I 3 N~.8 NITI N
?2 ACSCA 28 6 0 GO2 NO3 O12 73 ACRCA 2 9 2&Z$ L I {N~ HSI 8E F4 N*5 Ill
T2 SPHC~ 16 7 9 0 G O 2 0 E Z 07 T ) ACBCA 2 9 ~ 6 2 8 L [ N H3 0 H $ 04 REF 6 NHk N O3t~L~ N 0 3 t K N OAt
O9 [VNM& 5 1823 G O g . 3 3 S I 6 0 2 6 6~ ACCRA 17 7 8 3 L I 2 C2 0 4 RAin 0312,TIIN O314
T2 JSSCB S 266 0 0 9 . 3 3 $ 1 b 0 2 6 14 ACSCA 30 2 4 h 6 L I Z 8E Sl 0 4 NA+I I V
GO*J V I I I LI+L V| 74 ZAACA 409 6 9 N A 6 ZN 0 4
IA SPHCA 1~ 9 2 6 NA GO S ] 0 4 &8 ACBCA 24 2 2 3 L | 3 AL F6 REF 2 NA2 O
l Z SPHCA 16 79O ~ 0 2 GE2 O? 6 9 2AACA )TA 3 0 6 L 1 2 ZR O3 NA+A V
74 ZAACA 4O3 A R3 V$ V IO0 F ) | 70 ZKKKA 132 I 1 8 L I 2 AL2 S [ 3 0 l O 68 ACeCA 2 4 1077 ~A2 S I 2 OS
~ 0 ~ 3 ZX TA ~RRUA 6 ~ U Z ~0 F6 6 8 SPHOA A2 9 8 7 NA2 ZNZ S l 2 07
72 SPHE& 16 7 9 0 GO2 GEZ QT 6~ AC~A 19 ~ 0 1 L I C6 07 H7 6~ ZAACA 329 110 NA2 HO O2
6 9 IVNNA 5 IR23 GD9.33 S]6 026 74 AIEA 66 819 LI N8 P 0204 NA+I Vl
7~ ZAACA 4O3 A R3 VS V IO0 F 3 ) 68 CZ~YA 66 29O Ll Fe 70 ACSAA 2 4 1287 N&~ SN2 GE4 0 1 2 I0 H)4
OE*4 I V ?l ASA6 2~ 3387 LI N ~ O8 6 5 ACCeA 19 5 6 1 N A C6 0 7 H7
68 ZKKKA t26 299 CO 0E 0 8 73 IJCHA ~Z 26~ LI V OJ 63 ,ccA, i~ 1233 NA o I O . I * . Z , 2 0
69 $ C I E A 165 586 AN2 GE 0 4 T3 ACBCA 29 2 2 9 4 L I 2 ZR F6 60 ZKKRA 115 6)0 NA2 AL2 S I S O [ O * 2 H Z 0
69 Z~KKA 129 427 ~N3 FEZ GE3 OAZ CU+3 V l 58 ZKKKA 111 Z4I NA CL 0 3
7O JS$CB Z 612 ~ 0 2 8 G E| O 0 4 8 7O ZAACA 3T7 70 C~ LU2 O4 ~6 ACCRA ~ 811 INAsAS RAIN
Zl sP-c* 18 ~a~ ~ sm GE o~ ?z J*CC* 4 2 ~ ~ u e o~
70 ACSAA 24 1287 NA4 $N2 GE4 0 1 2 I 0 H I 4 LU*~ VIA! s g ACCRA 1 5 2 6 NA U ACETATE
6 7 ACSAA 2A 12B! NAB SN4 GEIO 0 3 0 (O H I 4 74 ZAACA *03 | R3 VS V ( L U F31 74 ACRCA 30 1872 NA2 u O4
7~ NOCNe A02 964 NAZ 0 O3 LU+3 IX 78 ACBCA 31 8 9 0 NA2 C O 3 . H Z O
I1 " 0 C ~ 6 IOZ I245 K 2 0 E ~ O9 7~ ZAACA ~ 0 3 A R~ VS v ( L U F31 NA*I VII
72 SPHCA t7 244 CO GE O3 ~G*2 I v 71 SPHCA IS 9 2 6 NA GO S l 0 4
12 ROCk5 103 1560 GE5 0 ( P 0 4 1 6 72 ACC~ 28 2 6 7 KZ NGS $ I 1 2 0 3 0 ;0 NJNlA 113 I NN7 NAA2 I $ O 4 1 3 . 1 5 N 2 0
GE*4 v i T ) ACBCA 29 RqO NA2 OR2 07 ALPHA
10 SSCO~ 1 $ 5 7 CA2 GE O4 AC~CA 2 3583 , G 2 NAZ $ ] 6 OAR NA*A V I I I
I0 J$$C8 2 662 . G 2 8 GEtO O48 ~4 ACUC6 30 2667 K~ NG 84 6 8 AGBGA 24 1 7 0 3 NA 8 F4
TA ,OCM8 Ao2 I Z 4 S K 2 0 E 4 0 9 ~0+2 V 6 8 SPHOA A2 V8? NA~ Z . Z $12 0 7
TA AC~CA 2T 2 1 3 3 OE 02 6~ ~CSAA ZZ A966 ~G) P2 0 8 71ANMIA 56 18 NA3 AL2 L I 3 FAZ
12 ANN1& ~1 62 MN2 GE 0 4 OELT& &6 , J N N A 1966 A42 MG 84 0 7 NA+I Xll
12 2KKKA 186 38T Ge I O H I P 04 UNPU$ NG3 P2 O8 [ l J$SC8 3 89 NA|3 N833 094
TZ ~OCM8 103 AS60 GES 0 I P 0 4 ) 6 UNPU3 RG2 P2 07 32 ZKKRA 81 13S NA A~ S I 0 4
.,A I NO*2 V l Ne.3 vl
....... + ,3 7 65 CJCH& ~) A l S q . G 2 P2 07 7. ACIEA U6 RA9 L I NU OZ
6 JCPSA 2 ZT~ ~ 68 UAPCA 11 36A ~G2 A$2 OT ,8.~ Viii
~P.~ Iv TO ACeCA 26 1419 , G , H4 P O* 75 JACSA 9? 2713 NBIOPNI~
TS J 5 5 C 8 13 2 7 5 6 3 V5 V 1~4 . F o41 NR+~ v l
NF.~ Vll INOCA 8 A665 E$4 H03 FAO 6 8 JCPSA *a 5048 8 A 2 7 S R 7 . 5 NB2 0 5 . 7 8
............ ~ o2 ~9 ZKKKA IZ9 6~ NG S l U3 70 JS~C~ l .19 ~ - , 8 2 OS
~ ~C$AA ZJ 3341 I0 ,42 S 04*~Z 0 698P.C, lI 93,,.. 70 JSSC8 1 *S~ NA2 . 8 4 OAA
14 AC>AA 2T 3467 . P ~ ( O , 1 8 IC~ 0 4 1 4 . , Z 0 10 J 5 5 C 8 ~12 . G 2 e I0 O48 70 ~ l A ss 90 c a NSZ 0 6
.F*4 VIII 6 ~ .NL.O 196~ i v 6 . ~ AL 6 o , $5 PRVAA 98 go3 C~2 NEZ 07
TJ &CSAA 27 Z * 5 5 NF ( 0 H I 2 S 04 70 BSC++ 1970 + 2 4 3 "G $ 0 4 . . Z 0 71J5$CB J 09 N ~ l $ NeS~ O94
.0,1 vl 71 l c e c l z? 813 .~ =E o 6 71Z*~c~ 3co 119 ~ ~96 0 6
? l CCJO& | 9 1 | 4 6 6 NO2 F2 bB &CSAA 22 A466 MG$ P2 08 14 J I N C A 36 1965 CA2 NB2 U7
ro 6 k F A C~ MO Sl O4 It JCSI& lVll AZIO 8 l ~ NRA7 O * 7
756 REVISED EFFECTIVE IONIC RADII IN HALIDES AND CHALCOGENIDES

Table 2 (cont.)

70 ACOC& 2b 105 045 $14 NSb O26 1o 4CAC8 26 501 p e z 03 $0.J Iv

7 t ACSAA 25 354? LI N03 00 PB*2 V I I ?o A$AA 24 320 38 P 04
59 IPHCA
73 JSSC8
4
e
?qb
15~
I V . YS) NO O~
8X ~8 O4
~ 9 ZKKK&
4 &CCRA
120 213 P8 CAZ $ | 3
17 1539 Pe P2 06
09 $0.5 Vl
?o 4 n n t 4 5s 1480 NN? $8 AS 012
66 ACSA6 20 T2 N8 P 05 PB*2 v i i i 71JCSl& I V T l 942 AS $8 f 8
74 8UFC& 97 3 NA3 N8 04 t l SPHCA 15 728 P8 w 04 1 1 J G S I A 1911 2318 8R2 $83 F16
N8"5 VII 64 ACGRA 17 1539 PB P2 06 74 JC$$8 q 345 Na 58 03
t o JSSC8 1 454 N6Z N04 o l t ?3 CJCH4 51 ?o P02 V2 O? s~*J Vl
TL J$$Co 3 89 NAI3 N095 09~ ?2 HROUA 7 1025 BI t l T & N A T E S 68 CJCHA 46 | 4 4 6 S C 2 0 J
? l ACSCA 27 1610 I N H 4 ) 3 NO o [ c 2 0 4 1 3 . H 2 o p o * z IX 60 ARKE4 29 )43 scz oJ
; 5 ACBCA 31 &?3 NB2 05 67 ACCRA 22 744 PO F2 U~PU4 5CZ ~ I Z 01
N0,2 VIII 73 GJGHA 51 TO P02 V 2 0 t 73 5PHCA 17 749 SG2 $12 o?
UNPUI NO [2 ?~ ZKKKA 139 215 P8 c 03 t 3 INOC~ 12 927 SC IC5 H? 0 2 ) 3
N0+2 i x ?~ CJGHA S2 2 7 0 1 P U V2 06 73 ACBCA 2V 2615 NA SG 512 06
v~NPUt. NO e L 2 , NO ~R2 P8*Z x 14 INOCA 13 IS8 SC IC? N5 0 2 ) 3
ND*3 70 ZKKKA 132 228 P03 P2 08 73 ACSAA 2? 2 8 4 1 S C U H IC3 H2 0 4 1 . 2 H 2 o
?1 INOCA 1o 922 0A2 NO RO 06 P8.2 Xl[ 69 5PHDA 14 9 NA3 SC 512 O7
74 RRSUA 9 1661 NO AL3 04 012 51 6CCR~ 1o 1o3 p8 IN 0312 sc*J rill
ND*3 V I I I R3 VS v IOA $ 041 14 INUCA tO 1 3 t SC H ICY H5 0 2 i 4
b9 JCPSA 50 86 N02 HO3 012 70 ZKKKA 132 220 P83 P2 00 T2 ACSA4 25 1337 SG2 (G2 0 6 1 3 . b ~ I 0
71 JSSC6 3 450 NO V 04 71 INOC~ 10 1264 K2 P8 CU IN 0 2 1 6 74 INOCA 13 1a06 H sc I 1 N3 0214
lO SPHC& 14 518 K NO U2 O8 P 6 " 4 IV 74 :NOCA 13 ] e e o . sc I c ? . s o z i 4
?u 4C8CA 26 484 NO2 T I 2 o? 72 JCSIA 1972 2448 R3 VS V INA4 P8 041 $E*O I V
70 ACSAA 24 340& N04 RE2 Oil po** v be ZAACA 358 125 NN S 0 4 , CO $Z 0 4 * N i $ [ 04
71 SPHDA 15 b3& NO2 H 0b 7o ZAaC6 375 255 RS2 po 03 b l JGSIA 2]? 968 H2 SE 04
71SPHCA 15 ggl N04 ~3 015 PB$4 v I 70 ACOCA 26 436 NA2 SE 04
74 MR6UA 9 129 NO P5 014 70 6CAC8 26 501 P02 03 ?o ACeCA 26 1451KZ SE 04
74 Z4AC4 4O3 I ~3 VS V IN0 F31 65 JINCA 27 150g PB3 04 t o ZAACA 37V 20~ N I SE 0 4 . 6 H 2 0
14 ACOCA 30 4&8 ND P3 09 74 CJCHA 52 2175 ~3 V5 v ?2 4C8CA 28 204~ K~ 5E 04
ND+J IX po.~ viii ~9 AC8C4 as [ 9 C U IN . 3 1 4 S~ 04
TO ACSAA 24 2969 NO2 {C2 0 4 | $ * I 0 . $ H 2 0 60 N~ou~ 3 153 P8 02 ?1J$cIA 1971 1857 S e l * 6 1 - o
71SPHCA 15 g91 N04 M3 015 PO*2 I v SQ Sl*4 IV
73 6C$AA 27 2441 NO2 IC3 H2 O 4 ) 3 . 6 H 2 o 67 INOCA 6 730 P0 lob H5 OH3 CHIC 01212 63 NAT~A 50 9 1 F E 2 $1 04
74 ZAAC& 403 I R3 V$ v (NO F31 60 J $ [ C A g 166 po I I C 6 H 5 ) 2 CH C2 0212 ;~ ZKaK4 137 86 MG2 SI 04
73 ACSA& ZI 2813 N02 (C3 H2 0 4 1 3 . 6 H 2 o po*~ vI 6 I 6CCR4 14 835 NG3 AL2 $13 012
73 ~ c s ~ 27 29?3 NO 0~ C O3 68 NRBUA 3 699 R3 V$ V INZ P02 071 1o ZKKKA 132 I RN5 10 H i 2 S12 00
74 AHH|A 5q 12T7 N04 HG2 T I 3 $14 022 73 INOCA 12 1726 XE PO F I [ $8 ACCRA II 437 CA3 AL2 S i 3 012 I G R O S S U L A R I T ( I
NO~$ X l l 6 1 J C $ I A l g 6 1 3?ze K2 po F6 71 4 N N I 6 56 I V 3 CUZ C&Z $13 0 1 0 . 2 N 2 o
7Z JSSCO 4 IL NO A~ o ~ PH*~ vI ?1 5PHEA 15 926 ~A Gb $1 13~
N[*2 Iv PH*$ V I I I 71SPHCA 15 806 V2 5Z OS
bL J A P [ A 32 685 NI CR2 04 74 2AACA 403 I R3 VS v IPX F31 71NATWA 58 218 EU2 51 o~
65 8SCFA 1965 1085 SPINEL$ PH*3 I x 7o P E P l 6 3 l b l C02 $ I 04
NZ+2 t v SQ 74 ZA4C4 403 I 03 VS V IPH F3i 70 ACOCA 25 105 043 S [ 4 Nab 026
b6 [NOCA 5 1200 N] [OPN)2 PO+4 v l 71 4 c 8 c 4 27 747 CA2 $ i 0 4 . C A CL2
NI+2 v 74 OJCHA 52 2175 R3 v$ v 7| AGBCA 27 848 C42 $I 04
67 8APCA 15 47 N I 2 P2 07 POt4 v i i i 71 &NNIA 56 1222 N A . | 6 K . 8 4 CA4 1518 0 2 0 1 F . 8 H 2 0
NI*2 Vl R3 VS v ( F L U g R [ T E I 71ANNIA 56 1155 HGS*b F E . 4 $13 0 1 2 . ~ F 0 N
?* &HNIA 5e 485 N i 2 $I 04 PR*J V l 69 NS4PA 2 31 L ; N $12 0 6 , H A M S I 2 ~6
74 ACBCA 30 1686 NI IPV N 0 J 6 (B F 4 i 2 t l MRBUA 6 545 R3 V$ v (PR2 N03 0121 CA NG $12 06
68 ZAACA 358 |25 N[ SE 04 P a * 3 VIII 69 ~S4PA 2 95 F E 6 * I H N * I NG*8 C A * I $10
67 8APC& 15 47 H I 2 P2 Q7 70 SPHCA 1~ 28 PR2 U2 09 022.! IOHII.4 F.5
70 ACOCA 28 1464 R8 NI F3 74 ZAACA 403 I R3 V$ v (PR F 3 | 6g NSAPA 2 101 L 1 2 . 4 N A . I H G I Z . 9 5 1 1 5 . 7
70 ZAACA 3T8 12g $R2 N[ TE 06 P 8 . 3 IX A L * | 0 4 3 . 4 F4o$ I O H I . 3
70 JSSC5 2 416 RO N[ F3 7o SPHCA 15 28 PRZ U2 og 7o 2KKK4 132 288 C&5 $ I 2 0 t IC 0312
7 t PHSSA 438 125 NI (O H)Z 5g ZKKKA 112 362 PR IC2 MS S 0 4 1 3 . g H 2 0 71ACBC& 27 2269 NA2 $ l U J . 6 N 2 0
70 REF I NI2 51 04 74 ZAAC4 403 I R) v$ v IPR F ) i ?z SPHC4 14 z o z l 8 e z s i o~
b4 ACCRA t? 1461 N| IC5 H? 0 2 1 2 . 2 H 2 o e~*4 Vl - 72 4CBC& 28 1899 AL2 BE3 S i 6 018
13 ACOCA 29 2T41Ni $1F6.6H2 0 72 ACBCA 20 956 OA PR 03 ; 4 ACOCA 30 2434 112 BE 51 Ok.
63 Z K K ~ 11o 291NI IH c o O ) 2 * Z H 2 O ?~ ACBC6 31 971 ~ R t 0Z2 IX*4 V[
?4 JCPS& 61 852 NI C4 0 4 . Z H 2 0 73 JSSC8 U 3 3 1 R IPR941 62 NA[WA 49 34S $1 02
73 JCRL8 3 1 8 1 N I IC5 H7 O 2 ) 2 . ( C 2 N 5 0 H)2 74 CJCHA 52 2175 R3 VS V 69 CJCH6 47 3859 CU $ l F b * 4 N 2 D
?3 &C8C6 29 2304 H I 3 VZ 08 PT*2 I V SQ ?o ACBCA 26 233 SI P2 o?
NI*~ vi LS 72 REF 5 PC3 C0 06 71ACOCA 27 2133 SI 02
?4 ZSAC4 405 167 ~2 N* NI F6 Pt*4 vI ? l ACSCA 27 594 CA3 S 1 1 0 H I 6 . | Z H 2 D . $ 0 4 . C 0 3
71CH0C~ 2tZ 2163 H0 N[ O3 89 JINCA 31 3803 PY 02 73 4CBCA 2g 2 7 4 1 N $i F b . b H 2 o
NI*3 V] NS R3 v$ v 1N2 p l 2 o71 73 ACSCA 29 2748 C0 $ 1 F b * b H 2 0
54 JACS& 76 14q9 N& NI 02 ?4 CJCHA 52 2175 R3 V5 v 14 CJCHA 52 2115 63 V5 V
Nle4 Vl L$ Pt*5 Vl SH*2 v l I
&? STGBA ~ l R3 VS ~61FLOORIOE$1 67 STBGA 3 I R3 v$ v (FLUORIDES) UNPUl SN 12
74 J[NCA 3 L561 K2 N] 67 J C $ I A 1967 478 XE PT F I I SH*2 V i i i
No+2 V l pu*~ vt UNPUI SN 8R2, SN F2
?4 [NOCA 73 2233 EIT[NA?EO 61 [NUCA 3 327 R I P U * J ) SH*Z i x
NP*J v [ 75 JINCA 37 743 R (PU~31
68 J I N C ~ " 3O 823 NP CL3 vUNPUI. IN CL2, SH 8R2
PU*4 VI 5M.3
NP*~ Vi b7 INUCA J 32? R IPU*41 71SPHCA IS 924 NA SN GE 04
6? iNUC4 J 32? ESTiNATEO 73 JS5C6 8 331R (PU*4) $N.3 Vll
14 CJCH4 52 2175 R~ VS v t ~ CJCHA 52 2175 R3 VS v
NPt6 Vl 70 SPHC& 15 214 SH2 SI2 07
PU+6 V l 14 SPHCA 1o 575 K2 SN F5
a3 vs v 186Z s~ NP O6) R3 VS v tSA2 SR PU O61 SN*3 V I i i
OH-I II ao+1Vl 74 ZAAGA 403 ! R3 V$ V ($N F J I
71 6~X14 56 t155 R 0 6 . 6 Feo4 513 012 F 0 H, lO 244c~ 3/5 255 R02 P6 O3
R[OH-IIIRIF*Z)~.04 74 4CaCA 30 Z ? S l SN P5 014
~ o * z ix S~*3 ix
OH-I I[[ 74 ACSCA 30 L640 R02 s 04
~ I 6H~16 56 I I S 5 ~6.6 F E . 4 S13 012 F 0 H. 69 ACAC8 25 6 2 | SN ISR 0 3 1 3 . e H 2 0
RS+I x l ?o SPHC4 15 214 $M2 $12 o?
R(OH-I)=8(F-I|+.04 7~ ACSCA 30 1640 R02 s o*
oH-I Iv 14 ZNOC4 13 2eO N H4 SN IS 0 4 1 2 4 H 2 0
RO+I x x i 7G ZAACA 403 I R3 VS V |SN F 3 |
70 ACSCA 26 1464 R8 N[ F3 SHe3 X l l
OH-I Vl ?o J$$C6 2 416 R9 N I F3 72 JSSC8 4 l [ SN 41 03
RIOH-I)IRIF*11*.04 70 JS$CB 2 562 86 NI F3 SH*~ I V
05.4 Vl R O - I XXV
6q JC0HA I T 45q 05 02 ?~ 6C8C6 31 511 K4 SN 04
65 ACC86 19 2O5 ~8 u 02 IN 0312 72 J C $ I A 1972 2448 R3 V$ V iNA4 SN 041
?0 ACSAA 24 125 05 02 aE+4 v i
OS+5 V l 7J 4C4CB 29 2 b b C4LGUL4TEO
SN*~ V
71 ~CSI4 1 9 7 [ 2760 os F5 4 CJCH~ 3 2175 R t vs v 70 6HHI4 ~5 367 SN t 4 Z O?
?4 SSCOA 14 357 R3 V$ V ICU2 O52 071 RE+5 v |
56 JINCA 2 79 K 05 F6 70 asses 2 410 x2 SN 03
70 ACSA~ 24 3406 N04 RE2 011 SN*4 v I
0S'6 Vl uNPu2 co2 aE2 o? 69 ZAACA 3be 248 L18 I N 06
~ VS V IPE~OVSKI?~Sl O8 ACSCA 24 6T4 Re CL5 70 4C$44 24 128? NA4 $N2 GE4 012 IO N ) 2
o$+? v l REe6 V l
R3 V$ v IPEROV$~iTE$1 74 CJCHA 52 217~ R3 V$ v
t 5 JS$C6 13 77 BA2 HN RE 05 $N.4 VlII
05+6 I v R3 V$ V IPEROVIRITE$1
66 ACSA& 20 395 o$ 04 6 t JC$14 1967 1949 SN IN 0 3 ) 4
R V$ VALENCE 5R*Z V l
7 ) ACOCA 29 1703 os o4 ~E*? IV
65 ~ c c ~ 19 157 os o4 70 244C4 379 I f 3 ~ c u z 02
b8 ACIEA ? 295 RE2 o? IO H212 72 ZAAC& 393 266 SR 4Gb 04
7 1 J C S I & 1971 1857 0 5 1 8 . ) - o 7 1 J C $ 1 6 1971 1857 R E I * 7 ) - o
P*5 Iv SR*Z V l l
70 CJCH6 40 219 IRE2 I N - C 4 H7 02121 (RE 0 4 | 2 72 6CBCA 28 3668 SRIO IP 0416 I 0 H ) 2
t z ACaC& 20 z083 co2 P2 07 kEZ v l
60 CJCH6 46 6O5 CU2 PZ o? SR*2 v i i i
65 C~H4 43 113~ nGz p z o7
68 ACiEA 7 295 RE2 07 {H2 012 ;: .............. ~ o,
60 IN0C~ 7 1345 C42 P2 o? JCPSA 55 1093 SR H 0 4 , SR M o~
l o 4C8CA 26 1876 R,2 o ) 71AKMIA $b ?58 $~ c 03
71 8SCF~ I v 7 1 426 ZR P2 o? RH*~ V l
?o ~C0CA 26 16Z6 H~ p 0 4 . 1 / Z HZ O 71ACSCA 27 2429 SR IN C o 0 1 2 . 2 H 2 0
?3 INOC6 12 2640 ~N F5 74 SPHCA 18 ~75 L42 $R3 04 012
?1 ~C0CA 27 2 9 t N4Z H2 PZ 0 7 . 6 H 2 0 Ru+3 v i
?~ NJNN& [ V ? I 241SR AL3 {P 0412 I0 H ) 5 * H 2 o SR*2 IX
R3 vs v I L 6 Ru 03i 69 4C,C4 2~ 16~7 s~ 8E~ 04
69 z x ~ x ~ 130 148 K z ~ z I p O4)3 RU*4 V l
?1AC0C6 27 2124 N43 P 0 4 . 1 2 H 2 o to ZKKX4 lJl 455 SR O3
?o ac$64 24 l l 6 RU o z ?2 ACBC4 28 b?9 IR I I 0 3 1 2 . H Z o
60 ~C$A6 22 18ZZ NA LR2 P~ 012 74 4 c o c , 30 143~ N413-X~ ~U4 0~
b8 2KKKA 127 2 1 A L 3 PZ 0 8 . $ H 2 o 72 ACSCA 28 3668 SR5 I p 0413 0 H
7~ CJCH4 5~ 2175 R3 vs v 14 SP,C6 18 675 C6a 5 ~ 64 012
68 ClWYA 68 290 Li FE P 04 RU*5 v i
lO &C6CA 26 1826 H3 p 04 s~*~ x
?I J C $ [ A IVTI 2789 RU F$
?2 ANNIA $? 45 NN,65 FE,35 P O~ ?o AHNIA 55 1911SR CA 014 020 10 H I b . SH2 o
REF 7 k3 VS V IC02 RU2 o ? ) 74 SPHC4 18 b75 LA2 ~ 3 84 012
tZ AG6GA Z l g ~ $ | q H ~ | ~ M P U4 I ) INOC~ . I Z l / I T X~ RU F I I
73 ACSA Z~ 14t LU P O4 5~.2 Ill
R U * t IV
I I ACSCA ~ Z~4T CA {H2 p 0 4 ) 2 . H 2 U 70 Z&AC4 378 129 SR2 NI IE 06
S4 J6CS~ 76 3317 ~ RU O4 ? l JS~CO 3 [ 7 4 SR I~ 03
?3 ACA ZZgZ A L P 0 4 . 2 H 2 o au+u Iv
?L ACSAA 25 512 K H5 [P 0412 I1NJHHA 19?1 2 4 1 S R AL3 IP 0 4 ) 2 IO H I S . H 2 0
67 A~$A6 21 T37 RU 04 TA*S vl
pe$?OvJ$$CB 1 120 ZNZ P2 07 S+6 Iv 71ANN|A 55 307 SN T62 07
GO 6C0CA 24 508 C0 3 04.3 H2 U 70 JSSC8 L 454 C4 TA4 o11
6T JACSA 09 2268 C23 H29 US p 7o ZKKK& 132 99 PB2 S 05
6? Jac$a o~ 227o CzJ HZ9 05 P 71JSSC8 J 145 CA2 o$
?0 8UFC6 q3 LgO FE $ 04 ALPHA ?o ACOCA 26 102 865 t & 4 015
P*5 Vl ?o BUFC4 ~3 1e5 FE S 04 0 H
71ZA~C~ 380 5[ p eL5 b ? ACGR& 23 93q v TA 04
70 6$CFA lg?O 4Z43 n G $ 04 N2 0 t**~ vii
?2 CCJO& l g T 2 676 ET3 N H IC6 H4 0 2 ) 3 P 71 6C0C6 27 ZTZ N H4 N $ o4
7J ACAC3 29 266 C6LCULAtEO ?o J$$C8 I 4~4 CA TA4 O i l
70 NJNIA 113 I NN? NA~2 IS 0 4 ) | 3 . 1 5 H 2 o ? i JSSC~ 3 i~s v4a os
~A*~ vl 6~ ~CCaA [9 664 NN $ O4
67 INUCA 3 3Z? R IP&+41 14.~ VIII
74 CJCH4 52 Z [ 7 5 R3 v$ v ,i 6c566 ~s 3 2 1 3 N A s H 0 5 4 4 N z 5 ~ DANKA 90 T81TA 8 04
?z 6cuc6 28 864 SN rs*J~Vl
P~+$ V l
12 N~IU6 Z36 g5 C4 $ 0 4 . 2 H 2 o 6U ZAACA 383 14S 182 03
z [ ac8c8 27 731 ~ P6 O3 72 6C6C4 26 284S x z s O4
P~*5 I x t O $ J VIII
T3 JSTCA 14 499 TL2 $ 04 ?o 5$C06 8 1?45 T03 ~E3 o12
67 JC$1A l g 6 T 1429 K2 PA F7 14 ACUC~ 30 g21 C6 $ O4.2N2 o
PBe~ IV PY ~4 266C6 403 Z R3 V$ V 178 F31
74 NJHIA 121 208 FE2 IS 0413 t0*~ Ix
63 ZXKK~ 126 98 p$ $1 oJ S*6 v t
PI*2 Vl ; 4 ZAAGA 403 I R3 V5 V I T 8 F3)
13 ACA~ ~9 265 4LCU~6tEO TO*4 V l
 R. D. S H A N N O N 757

Table 2 (cont.)
72 ACBCA 28 9 5 6 B& TO O ) It JINCA 33 2 8 6 7 CR2 U 0 6 b9 PHSSA 32 KQ| ZN FEZ 0 4
TC*~ VI 72 ACBCA 2 8 3 ~ 8 9 U O2 I 0 H I 2 73 ACSAA 27 1541ZN $ 03.2 1/2H2 0
67 STBGA 3 I R3 VS V I F L U O R I O E S ) 13 ACBCA 29 7 U E8 bA INOCA 3 2 6 5 . ZN 10PMI2
I C 7 IV U~6 VII ZN*Z V
6 g MILER 8 381 TO2 0 7 ?2 ACBCA 28 3609 U 03 70 JSSCB 1 1 2 0 ZN2 P2 0 7
71ZRACA 3B0 146 TCZ 0 7 U*6 VIIi 73 CJCHA 51 I 0 0 4 ZNZ V2 0 7
7E*4 IV 0 9 ACBCA 25 7 8 7 CA U 0 4 7 l AMNIA 56 1 1 4 7 ZN~ AS2 0 8 IO H ) 2 . 2 H 2 0
b 9 ACBCA 25 I S S L H3 FE2 TE4 0 1 2 CL 6 5 ACCRA 19 2 0 5 RB U 0 2 IN 03)3 ZN*Z Vl
7 l ACBGA 27 6 0 2 T l TE3 0 8 , SN TE3 O8~ TE 02~ V*Z Vl b5 CJEHA 43 1147 ZN2 PZ 0 7
HF TE3 0 B , ZR TE$ 0 6 UNPU3 V F2 6 8 SPNCA 13 127 ZN M 0 4
71ACBCA 27 60B U 7E~ O9 V*) VI 70 JSSCB 1 1 2 0 ZNZ P2 0 7
7 E 4 Vl 70 PRVBA 2 3771 V2 0 3 71CJCHA 49 3 0 S b Z N ) V2 OB
61ZKKKA ~18 34S 7E 0 2 7J JESTS 6 419 V4 O7 71AHMIA 56 1 1 k 7 ZN4 AS2 0 8 IO H I 2 . 2 H Z 0
71ACBCA 27 6 0 2 M TE3 o e 6 9 ACECA 2 5 1334 V I C 3 H7 0 2 ) J 73 ACUCA 29 2741Zfl S| Fb.6H2 O
71ACBCA Z? 60B U TE3 0 9 b 9 ZAACA 369 306 N VZ 0 4 73 ACSAA 27 1 5 4 l ZN S 0 3 . 2 I / Z M Z 0
TE,6 IV 74 MRBUA 9 1091 IV0.99 CRO.01IZ 03 ZR*4 IV
11JCSIA Iq71 | 8 S 7 T E ( 6 1 - O 7 0 JPCSA 31Z~69 V2 O3 75 JSSCB 13 ZTB R3 VS V IM~ ZR OAI
TE~6 V I V*4 V ZR*4 V
6 9 ZENBA 24 6 4 ? L I 6 TE 0 8 b5 ACGRA 19 4 3 2 L I V2 0 5 b 9 CCJOA 1 9 6 9 7 2 7 K2 ZR 0 3
7O MRBUA 5 19q RG3 TE O6 b l JCPSA SS 53 V O I t S H7 0 2 1 2 70 JSSCe 2 4 1 0 KZ ZR 0 3
b 9 ACSAA 2~ 3082 NA2 K4 TE2 0 8 IO H ) 2 [ H 2 0 ) 1 4 73 ACBCA 29 269 CA V3 0 T ZR*4 vl
6 4 INOCA b 3 ~ TE 0 I 0 H I S . H 2 0 73 ACBCA 2 g 1335 CA V4 0 9 6 9 ACBCA Z5 2658 ZR (M AS 0 4 I Z . M Z 0
6 4 NATMA $l 5SZ 7E O O H V*4 Vi b 9 ZAACA 371 306 L 1 2 ZR 0 3
6 6 ACSAA 2 0 2 1 3 8 K4 TEE O6 10 H ) 4 * H 2 0 72 JSSC8 5 4 4 6 CU V 0 3 70 JSSC8 L 478 2 ZRZ OS
I o H;MA ~7 ~ HG~ TE O6 T5 JSSC~ A 419 vk at eO A C S ~2 Ia2Z ~ ZR2 P 3 0 l Z
?0 ZAACA 3 7 8 129 SR2 NI TE Ob 72 PRVBA 5 2361V OZ CR ; 3 ACBCA Z9 2294 L I Z ZR F6
70 ACSAA 24 3 1 7 8 75 l 0 H I 6 74 ACBCA S0 2 6 ~ 4 V3 0 7 71ACBCA 2T 1944 RBS ZRA F Z I
66 ACSAA 2 0 153S TE F6 71ACSAA 2 5 2 6 7 5 Vb 0 1 3 14 CJCHA 52 2 1 7 5 R3 V S V
7L ACBCA Z7 8 1 5 ~G3 TE 0 6 7 0 ACSAA Z4 4 ~ 0 V02 Z R * 4 VII
6 5 ZAACA 3 3 4 2 2 3 TE 0 2 { 0 H I 3 74 PRVBA I0 4 9 o VO2 6 e ACBCA Z5 21e4 NAZ ZR F6
6 8 CHDBA 2 6 7 1433 CUE TE Ob V*5 IV 70 AGBCA 26 417 I N H 4 1 3 ZR F t
b 9 NOCMB 100 1809 AGE TE 0 2 l 0 H I 4 be RCBCA 24 292 Y V 04 70 JACTA 53 12b ZR OZ
71 B U F C 94 172 TE ( 0 H ) 6 6O CHPLB 2 47 ER V 0 4 73 ACSAA 27 177 ZR4 I 0 N l 6 (CR 0 4 I S . H E 0
73 ACBCA 29 &43 TEE 0 5 6 7 ACSAA 2L 590 MN2 VZ 0 7 73 ACSAA Z7 Z614 ZR ( 0 H I Z S O4,.MZ 0
13 ACBCA 29 9 5 6 HZ TEZ 0 6 70 Z K K 13l 161 5&3 I V O412 11ACBCA 27 1944 Re5 ZR4 F21
73 ACSAA 27 B TE IO N ) 6 71 JESTS 3 4~a NO V 0 4 ZR*4 viii
7 4 ACdCA 30 1813 HZ TE 0 4 71ACBCA 2~ 2 1 2 4 NA3 V 0 4 . 1 2 H 2 0 b 9 ACBCA E3 1558 ZRZ (S 0 4 1 4 I H 2 O I B . 6 H 2 0
14 ACBCA 3 0 2 0 7 S I N H 4 ) 6 ITE M0b 0 2 4 ) TE {OHI6 70 INOCA 2259 CA2 V O4 CL b 9 ACBCA 2S IB66 ZR2 i S 0 4 1 4 (HE O I B . E H Z O
7H2 0 1L CJCHA 4V 1 6 2 9 MG3 V2 0 8 b 9 ACBCA ZS IStZ ERE I S 0 4 1 4 . H E 0
THe4 V | 73 ACBCA 29 2304 C03 VZ 0 e , N i 3 vz 08 71ACBCA 2T 63B NZ H6 ZR F6
74 CJCHA 5 2 2 1 7 S R3 VS V 72 JSSCB 4 29 FE v 0 4 71AMMIA 56 Tee ZR S I Ok
TH*~ VIii 13 CJCHA 51 1 0 0 ZN2 VZ 07 b 3 INOCA 2 243 ZR ( A C A I 4
7 l ACBEA 2? e L ~ K5 TH F 9 71CJCHA A9 3 0 S 6 ZN3 V 2 0 B ?L ACBC& 27 1944 RE5 ZR4 F 2 1
1 l ACBGA 2 7 2 2 9 0 7 TH6 F31 73 JSSCB 6 $38 L 1 3 v O4 b J INOCA 2 250 NA4 ZR ICE 0 4 ) 6 * 3 H 2 0
7~ ICHAA B 2 7 ] K TM P3 0 1 0 12 CJCHA 50 3 9 6 4 CU3 v z 0 8
?H*4 IX 73 CJCHA $1 70 PB2 VZ O7 KEF | G. E. BR0~N, PH.0. THESIS, VIRGINIA
B8 CCJOA 1 9 6 8 9 9 0 ( N H 4 | 4 TH F8 73 ACBCA 29 14! Y V 04 POLYTECH.INST.,UNIV.MICROFILNS,TE-49B
6 9 ACBCA 2S 1958 I N H 4 ) 4 TH F8 73 ACBCA 29 133B CUB VZ O10 REF 2 R.M.G.MVC0FF,CRYSTAL STRUCTURES,WILEY,
bB CCACA 40 147 THZ P3 O12 . 73 CJCHA $1 265 Li V 03 N.Y.eI96B
l O ICHAA 4 STZ N TN2 { P 0 4 | 3 ~,,CRCA 3~ 16~BN, v 0 3 REF 3 H.BARNIGHAUSEN ET A L . , P R O C . 1 0 7 H R . E .
71ACBCA 2 7 1 8 2 3 R6 TH3 F 1 3 4 NJMMA ZI0 CAS I V 0 4 1 3 0 H RES.CONF.CAREEREE,AR|ZII973)P.490
73 ACBCA 2 9 2 9 7 6 NA3 BE 7 H I 0 F4S V*5 V REF 4 C.BRANOLEeH.STEiNFIN.PROC.7TH R.E.
70 ACBCA 2 6 1 1 8 5 K NA TH Fb SO ACSAA 4 1119 vz 05 RES.CONF.eCORONAOO,CAL.OCT 2 8 , 1 9 6
71ACBCA 27 2 2 T q I N H 4 1 3 TH FT 71RVCMA 8 ~O9 Li V2 0 5 REF S R.D.SHANNON,U.S.PAT.3&bSIBLtNAYIb.1972
7H'4 X 7 4 ACBCA 30 2 6 4 4 V3 0 7 REF b W.H.BAUR,NITROGEN,HANOBOOK OF GEUCHEM.
7 5 ACBCA 2 g Z 6 8 7 TH I N 0 3 ) 4 ( ( C A H 5 3 3 P 0 ) 2 74 ACBCA 30 2 4 9 1 H G Z V2 0 T SPRINGER-VERLAG,N.Y.1974
7H,4 Xl 7 3 ACECA 29 S&7 HG2 V2 0 7 REF 7 A.M.SLEIGHTtU.S.PAT.38&9544,NOV 19,1974
6 6 ACCRA 20 B42 TH I N O 3 ) 4 . 5 H 2 0 TO CMOCA 270 9SZ CA VZ 0 6 UNPUI H.BARNIGHAUSEN,PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
6 6 ACCRA 20 8 3 b TH I N 0 3 ) ~ . B H 2 0 V*5 Vi UNPU2 A.M.SLEIGMTePERSONAL COMMUNICATION
7He4 Xll 73 JSSCB 3 432 V P 05 UNPU3 C.CLVOePERSONAL COMMUNICATION
6S ACCRA 18 6 9 8 ~G TH I N 0 3 1 b . BH2 O 11ACSAA 25 2 6 7 5 V6 0 1 3 UNPU4 C . T . P R E M I T T , P E R S O N A L COMMUNICATION
ZZ CJCHA 50 3619 NG V2 06 UNPUS M . H . B A U R , P E R S O N A L COMMUNICATION
TI*~ Vl
73 JSSC8 6 213 T[4 07 73 CJCHA $1 2621V P O3 ALPHA
b 3 PHRVA 1 3 0 2 Z 3 0 7 1 2 0 3 T~ CJCMA 52 2 1 8 4 K3 V OZ C2 O 4 . 3 H Z 0 ACACB ACTA t R Y S T . SECT. A
74 J $ S C 8 9 2 3 5 712 0 3 73 ACBCA 29 1743 GU VZ 0 6 ACOCA ACTA CRYST. SECT. B
74 ACBCA 30 6 6 2 CS T I t S 04)2.12H20 M*3 Vl CCRA A C I A CRYST.
T14 IV bT STBGA 3 I R3 VS V { F L U O R I O E S I ACIEA ANGEM. CHEH. I N T . EO.
7 3 ACbCA 2 9 2 0 0 9 BA2 T [ 0 4 M+6 IV ACSAA ACTA CHEM. SCAND.
6L CCRA 14 8 7 5 8A2 T I 0 4 b 9 ACBCA 25 |704 K2 H 0 4 ADCSA AOV. CHEM. SER.
1 1 J C S I A 1971 1657 T [ I * 4 1 - 0 ~1SPHOA 13 b 5 6 N02 M 0 6 MMIA AM. M I N E R .
74 ZAACA 4 0 8 6 0 RB2 T I 0 3 T I SPHCA 13 92B PB M Ok ANCPA ANNLS C N I H .
TI*k V 72 ACBCA 28 3 1 7 4 SN w O4 AREA ARK. KEM]
6 8 ACBCA 2 4 132T YZ TI O5 71JCPSA 5 5 IO93 SR M O 4 , B A M Ok BAPCA B U L L . ACAO. POL. S C I . SER. S C I . C H I H .
71,4 VI BCSJA B U L L . CHEN. SOC. JAPAN
70 2KKKA 131 2 7 6 Y2 T I 2 0 7 ACBCA 30 1872 N Z "M 0 4 8SCFA B U L L . SOC. C . I M . F R .
71ACBCA 27 6 ) S NZ H6 T l P6 T~ ACBCA ~O l e t 8 L Z IM O~33 OUFCA B U L L . BOG. F R . H I N E R . CMISTALLOGR.
11JSSCB 3 340 TI~ 07 W*6 V CANIA CAN. MINERALOGIST
70 ACACB Z6 ~36 eA TI O)" T4 ACBCA 3O Z3e7 CA3 M O~ CLZ CCACA CROAT. CHEM. ACTA
M.6 Vl CCJDA CHEM. COMMUN.
~4 CCRA
71 ~cps,
72 CSCMC
B~32~ ,,
IT 2 4 0 CO T I 0 3
o2
8A T I b O13
6 9 SPHCA
b 9 SSCOA
13
7
933
1797
HG H 04
6 1 2 M O&
CHOBA
CHOIR
C . R . HEBD. SEAN. ACAO. S C I . SEA. B
C . R . HEBO. BEAN. ACAO. S C I . SERe C
72 ZKKKA 136 273 T[ 02 70 SPHCA 14 B18 K NO (M 0 4 ) 2 CHPLB CHEM. PHYS. L E T T .
7~ ZKKKA 139 103 K TIP 05 10 SPHCA 14 $15 L i 2 FE MZ OB CIMYA CRNEGIE iNST. MASH. YEARBOOK
72 INOCA 11 2989 ITi O(CB H7 0 2 1 2 1 2 7 0 SPHCA 15 28 PRZ MZ 0 9 CJCHA CAN. J . CHEN.
T4 ICHAA 11 243 (NHA)2 TI O(C20~elE.HZ O T0 ACBCA 26 1020 CU M O4 CSCMC CRYST. STRUCT. COMM.
74 ACBCA 30 2894 8A T I Z O5 7 0 JSSCB 2 Z/8 LIFE (H O4)2 CZYPA CZECH. J . PHYS.
T4 CJCHA 52 21TS R3 VS V 66 ACSAA Z0 269B H Fb IGAS) DANK 0 0 R L . AKAD. N A U , SSSR
TI*4 VIII 72 ZENSA 27 ZO3 SN M 0 4 HCACA H E L V . CMIM. ACTA
66 JC$1A 196B 1496 T[ {N 0314 T I SPHCA 13 991 N~4 M3 013 ICHAA INORG. C H I N . AGTA
7L'1Vl 74 JSSC8 10 3 FEE N 0 b INOC INORG. CHEM.
R3 VS V I N F ) 74 CBCA 30 2069 6A M 0 4 |NOMA RUSS. J . INORG. CHEM.
XE,~ IV INUC INORG. N U C L . CHEM. L E T T *
TL*t VIII
75 C B C 31 3 6 5 TL N 03 71JCPSA $2 8 | 2 XE 0~ iVNMA I Z V . A A D . NAUK SSSR, NEORD. CHEH.
71JCSIA lg71 1837 XE{+8)-O JCSA J . AH. CHEM. SOC.
7L3 IV
71ZAACA 381 IZ9 LI5 TL 0 4 xE*e Vl JACG J . A P P L . CRYSIALLOGR.
73 ZAACA 396 IT3 SR4 TL2 O7 6~ INOC, 3 1~12 NA4 XE 0 6 . B . 2 0 JACTA J . AM. CERAN. SOC.
7 4 ZAACA 403 19T BA2 7 L 2 0 S 6 h INOCA 3 1417 N 4 XE 0 6 . B H Z 0 JAPIA J . A P P L . PHYS.
K4 XE 0 6 . 0 H Z 0 JCNLB J* CRYST. MOLEC. STRUCT.
7L*~ Vl
6 8 ZKKKA 12& 143 TL2 0 3 V,3 Vl JCOMA J . L,'SS-OHMON METALS
74 ZAACA 409 l g 7 BA2 T L 2 0 S 6T ACCR~ ZZ 3Sk YZ BE O4 JCPSA J . CHEM. PHYS.
75 ZAACA AIZ S7 R8 71 F4 ............. ~R TZs~% JCSIA J . CMEM S a c . LON0. 10ALTOM)
67 SPHCA 11 ~83 A Y JCSPA J * CHEM. SOC. LONO* ( P C K I N I | !
TLeJ Vlll
72 ZAACA 393 2 2 3 TL F ) 6 9 ACBCA 2S 2 1 4 0 Y2 0 3 JESUA J . ELECTROCHEN. SOC.
71sp.c 1~ Bo6Yz Sl OB JIHCA J . INORG. N U C L . CHEM.
TH,Z Vl
UNPUl TH IZ ~k J C S l A 1 9 7 k 2 2 9 C6& H I 2 [ 3 N12 0 6 Y JMOSA J . MOLEC. SPECTROSC,
Y*3 V l i JNBAA J . RES. N A T . SUB. STAND. SECT. A
TM*Z V I I
UNPUI TM C L Z , T M BR2 6B INOCA T 17TT YIC6HSCOCHCOCH3J~.H20 J0P~A J . P~YS. I F R . |
Y*3 V l l i JPCHA J . PHYS. CHEM.
TM*J V l
a 3 PHSSA 3 K4Ab TM2 0 3 6~ AC~CA 24 Z92 ~ V O~ JPCS J . PHYS CHEM. SOLIOS
57 AECRA 10 Z39 Y3 FE5 0 1 2 JSbCS J . SOLID STATE CHEM.
TM*J r i l l
70 SSGO& 8 174S TN3 FES O12 o 8 EPHOR 12 1095 Y NOZ 0E JSTCA J . STRUCT. CHEM.
Tk ZACA 4O) I k ~ v S v ITM F ~ ) 6 9 SPHCA 13 4 2 0 Y ~2 U8 JUPSA J . PHI'Be SOC* JAPAN
TM*3 I X ,O~R~,, l,l .SYZ.20T HNLHB MINERALOG. MG.
74 1 A R I A 403 I K) vS V ITM F31 ~T MICRA Z3 9 3 9 Y 7A 0~ H0CMB MH* CHEM.
14 ZAACA ~03 I R ) VS v Iv F~) HRBUA MATER. RES. B U L L .
U*~ Vl MSAPA H I M . $ 0 C . AMER. SPEC. PAPER
OB J I N C 3O B23 R l U * 3 ! Y*~ IX
S9 Z K K A ||Z 3bZ Y I C 2 HS S 0 k l 3 . 9 H Z O NATUA NATUREILONO.
U*4 Vl
?3 JSSCB B 331 R3 VS V 1 , ZAACA 40~ I R3 VS V I Y P ~ | NATMA NATURMISSENSCHAFTEN
YB*Z V l NJMIA NEUES J S . H I N E R . ASH.
o7 ,NUt, , 3. R ,u.4,
CJCHA SZ 2 1 / S R3 V$ V 11ZACA 3B6 22| YB BR2, Y8 12 NJMMA NEUES J B . M I N E R . N H .
YB*Z V I I PEPIA PHYS. ERTH P L A N E T . INTERIORS
u*~ Viii
70 A C B I A 26 3B I N H k ) 4 U FB 74 ZAACA 4O3 4~ Y8 e L 2 PHSSA PHYS. STATUS S O L I D I
71ZAAC JSb 2 2 1 Y B 8R2 PlSA PRUC. I N 0 1 N ACAD. $ C I . A
T ) ACUCA Z9 IV 4Z U e L 4
Y6e v i i i PISUA PROC. I N D I A N ACA0. S I . 8
u,k Ix
b ? ACBCA 23 | 9 1 9 K U2 F 9 T l ZAACA JB6 ZZl YB FZ PRLAA PROC. R . SOC. SERIES A
6q GBCA 2S 2 1 6 3 K2 u P6 YB,J vl PRVAA PHYS. REV, SECT.
TZ A T R I A Z7 245 C~ U6 EZ~ 7u SPHCA 14 85A YBZ SI O5 PRVBA PHTS. REV. SECT. 8
I $ ACBC& 29 4&O CS U2 F 9 10 CBCA 26 4B~ YBZ S12 O7 p~r~VA PNTS. R e v .
Tk ACBC )u le66 B - NH4 u FB 70 ZAACA J77 T0 C v~Z 0 ~ , SR YBZ O4 RICPB RECL TRAV. C H I N * PAVS-BAS
74 ACBCA 3 0 18S7 Y6 P3 0 9 RVCMA REVUE C H I N . MINER* CPR.)
u.S vl
6T ACCR~ Z~ B65 t S U F8 YB'~ Vll SCIEA SCIENCE
70 SPHCA I~ B3~ YB2 S l 0 5 5PHCA SOVIET PHYS. CRYSTALLOGR.
A~ BUFC~ 6B 21k U CR ~ INOCA B ZZ VB I t 5 MT O I l 3 I ~ Z OI SPHOA SOVIET PHYS. OOKL.
OT B U F C vO 2BT U FE U4 O9 INUCA 8 2 9 VB ICE HT O Z l J IHZ 03 1 / Z C6 SSCO SOLID STTE CO"MUM.
YBe3 V I I I STBGA STRUCT. AMO BOND.
U*3 VII
T$ SPNCA 1| ~23 U2 RO 0 8 T0 INOCA 9 109b YU L I F k TPSU ;RAMS. F A O A Y s a c . .
~o $SCOA 8 174~ YBJ FE3 01Z MP~[& TSCHERMAKS M I N E R . PETROGR. M I T T .
U,6 vl UNPUI I U , P U B L I S H E 0 REFEREMGE)
oE &CBCA 2" q 6 7 CU u 0 4
=e ACBC~ ZS /OT SR u o * , 8~ u O4, CA2 U O~, ZAACA ko3 v. V lYE FS! ZAAL& Z . NORG. L L G . CHEM.
$~Z u U S , CA3 U OB,SR~ U O6 YB*~ IX Z~R Z. KRISTALLOGR. MINER.
I k ZA~CA ~OS I M3 vS v lYE FSI ZEPY ~ . P . v S .
ZN,Z i v ZE~BA . NArURF.
J0~0A 23 4 7 7 CO u
~a S P . 0 A IZ eeT N Z ZNZ S l Z O7 Z S T I ZM. STRUKT. H I M ,
; I .INU~A
..... I . .4SB
. . . . u. . .0.3. . 6V ACBCA 23 I Z 3 ) ZN 0
758 REVISED EFFECTIVE I O N I C R A D I I IN H A L I D E S AND CHALCOGENIDES

compounds to be slightly larger than those of the E u 2 + A similar study of relative cell volumes of isotypic
compounds. This difference was assumed to exist for compounds involving the pairs Cu-Li +, Ag+-Na +,
all Sr z+ and Eu 2+ coordinations. Because compounds TI+-Rb , and pb2+-Sr 2 was used to obtain more
of Am 2+ and Sr 2+ have similar cell volumes, the radius reliable estimates of the radii of Cu +, Ag +, TI , and
of Am 2+ was made equal to that of Sr 2+ Pb 2 (Shannon & Gumerman, 1975).
Wolfe & Newnham (1969) studied Bi4_xRExTi3012 The nature of Sn 2, NH~-, and H - made it impos-
and concluded that Bi3 and La 3+ have nearly equal sible to define their ionic radii. The coordination of
radii. From a study of BiTaO4 Sleight & Jones (1975) Sn 2 by oxygen or fluorine is always extremely ir-
have concluded that although Bia + and La 3 have es- regular,* leading to average distances which depend
sentially equal radii, the size of Bi3 depends on the on the degree of distortion. Since this distortion varies
degree of the 6s 2 lone-pair character. When BiTaO4 widely from one compound to another, it is not mean-
transforms from a structure where the lone-pair char- ingful to define an ionic radius.
acter is dominant to the LaTaO4 structure, it undergoes Khan & Baur (1972) derived an apparent radius of
a volume reduction. Table 3 shows a comparison of the NH4+ ion by analyzing the N - O distances in a large
isotypic Bia+ and La a+ compounds where the lone-pair number of ammonium salts. They concluded that
character of Bi3+ is (1) constrained and (2) dominant. NH + has an octahedral radius of 1.61 A, between that
Bi pyrochlores such as Bi2Ru207, Bi2Ir207 and Bi2Pt207 of Rb (1.52 A) and Cs (1.67 A). Alternatively, cell
were omitted from the table because no corresponding volumes of NH~ and Rb fluorides, chlorides,
La pyrochlore exists, but they have unit-cell volumes bromides, iodides and oxides may be compared. This
close to those of the Sm or Nd pyrochlores and thus leads to the conclusion that N H ~ is not significantly
have smaller volumes than those of La. When Bi3 is different in size from Rb . No explanation is offered
forced into high symmetry, a Bi 3+ compound has a for this inconsistency and therefore the radius of NH~
smaller volume than that of La 3+, but when the lone- is not included.
pair character is dominant, the Bi a+ compound is dis- The radius of the hydride ion, H - , has been the
torted and Bi 3 and La a+ compounds have approx- subject of some controversy. A number of different
imately equal volumes. This behavior was also noted radii have been proposed: 2.08 (Pauling, 1960); 1.40
in the highly symmetric garnet structure where the (Gibb, 1962); and 1.53 A (Morris & Reed, 1965). Gibb
hypothetical BiaFesOlz was estimated to have cell studied interatomic distances in many hydrides and
dimensions between those of the hypothetical concluded that good agreement between observed and
NdaFesO12 and Pr3FesO12 (Geller, Williams, Espinosa, calculated distances could be obtained using r(V~H -) =
Sherwood & Gilleo, 1963). For practical purposes, 1.40 A if corrected for cation and anion coordination.
Bi a+ is listed as slightly smaller than La 3+ but this The value of r(IVH -) was taken to be 1.22 A.
dependence on lone-pair character must be kept in Morris & Reed (1965) concluded that differences in
mind when comparing the volumes of Bi a + and La a+ observed distances in hydrides were caused by the
compounds. Similar behavior may also exist for Pb 2+ large H - polarizability. Because of such wide varia-
and Sr 2+, but this relationship was not investigated. tions in the apparent H - radius, it was omitted. How-
ever, an explanation for the variations based on coval-
ence differences will be discussed later.
Table 3. Cell volumes of isotypic Bi 3+ and La 3+
* Although cell dimensions of Sn2M207 pyrochlores were
compounds used in SP 69 to derive r(VmSn2+), Stewart, Knop, Meads &
(a) Lone pair character of Bi a+ constrained Parker (1973) and Birchall & Sleight (1975) recently found that
the pyrochlore A site in Sn2Ta207 is not fully occupied. Thus,
Compound Cell volume Ratio even this example of apparently regular Sn 2 polyhedra is not
BiLi(MoO4)2 314.7 0.96 valid.
LaLi(MoOa)z 328.7
BiNa(MoO4)z 320-5 0"97
LaNa(MoO4)2 332.1 .90 I I I I I
BiOF 87.6 0.90
LaOF 97.7
BiOCI 110.7 0.95 .80 V
LaOC1 116.8
BiOBr 123.8 0.98
LaOBr 126.4 .70 ~---------"~ To "91'
BiPO4 293-0 0.96
LaPO4 304.7
(b) Lone pair character of Bi a + dominant
.50 -
BizMoO6 268.5 ( 8) 1-00
LazMoO6 267.3
BiFeO3 62.49 ( x 6) 1"03 ,40 I r I I I
+2 4"5 +4 +5 .+6 +7
LaFeO3 60.77 ( x 4)
OXIDATION STATE
Bi2Sn207 1219.9 ( x 8) 1"00
La2SnzO7 1225.3 Fig. 1. Effective ionic radius (,~) vs oxidation state.
 R. D. SHANNON 759

Results and discussion other set is based on r(WO z-) = 1.26 and r(V~F-)= 1.19
A,, and corresponds to crystal radii as defined by Fumi
In Table 1 two sets of radii are included. The first is a & Tosi (1964). As pointed out in SP 69, crystal radii
set of traditional radii based on r(V'Oz-) = 1.40 A. The differ from traditional radii only by a constant factor

2.oo1---~--~ . . . . r - I I -- I I 1 I I
1.70 , , , . . . . .
1.901 1.60
Cs -
1.50
~iaoi Rbd 1.40
1.70

J
1.30
. 1.60

1.20
1.50
1.10
1.40 r
1.00
1.30
.90
1.20
.80

~
1.10
Y0 Ni2-~
1.00
.60
Li +
.90
.50
80
Be +
.4O

.70
.30

.60 .20

.50~ I I I I I I I ill .10

I
2
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13
CN CN
(a) (b)

I I 1 I I I

. .
1.20
. . . . - ~Bi3+ ,
1.10
J I i I I la3F+~]
1.00
j . ~.~TL3
1.30
.90

.80
.70 p 3+

.60 / ~ Go3+ 1.10 ~_---~-Tb 3+ -

.50
A0
~ AI 3+
1.00
~Tm Er
~""~'~"Lu-'yb3
..
-.

.30 .90
_ B 3 +
.20

.10

0
CN
Zi
.7
=

6
I I
7 8
CN
I
9
1
10
.

!i
]
12

(c) (d)
F i g . 2. (a)-(e) Effective ionic radius ( ) vs C N for some common cations.
760 REVISED EFFECTIVE I O N I C R A D I I IN H A L I D E S AND CHALCOGENIDES

VXOs6+, VlRe6+, and V1Os7+. The symbol A means that

I I t I I I I I

1.20
'1
Th 4
Ahrens (1952) ionic radius was used whereas P means
Pauling's (1960) crystal radius was used. The symbol
M means that the radius was derived from a com-
i.I0 p o u n d having metallic conductivity. Distances cal-
culated from these radii may be too small for use in
!.00 compounds having localized electrons. (See discussion
~ p.4+
Bk 4+ Effects of electron delocalization.)
.90
In addition, the sources of the radii are indicated
:Hf4 + in Table 2.
.80
Fig. 2(a)-(e) shows that r - C N plots are reasonably
Ti 4+
.70 ~/4+ regular. Notable exceptions are IVNa+, VNa+, and
~VK+. It is apparent that N a - O and K - O distances do
.60 not decrease as much as anticipated from the r - C N
curve* when the CN falls below six. Typical distances
.50 / Ge4+ and corresponding radii in Table 4 show that N a - O
distances in four-coordination are only slightly less
.40

.30 y Si + than in six-coordination. The reduction in interatomic

distances is caused primarily by the decreased repulsive
forces due to fewer ligands according to the expression
of Pauling (1960):
.20

.10
Rc.<c~_[ANacl Bc,c~_]~I('-~)
CN RNaCl L Acscl BNaCl
(e)
where R = i n t e r a t o m i c distance, A = M a d e l u n g con-
Fig. 2. (cont.) stant, B = t h e cation CN and n = Born repulsion coef-
ficient. It appears that this equation is not valid for
four-coordinated Na or K +.
of 0.14 ~ . Although their inclusion in Table 1 may seem There are a few small irregularities in r - C N plots
superfluous, it is felt that crystal radii correspond more probably caused by poor or insufficient data, e.g.
closely to the physical size of ions in a solid. They curves for TI 3+ vs y3+. The differences in slopes of
should be used, for example, in discussions of closest Ti 4+ VS C r 4+ and V s + vs As 5 are probably caused by
packing of spheres, structure field maps (Muller & Ti4+-O and V5+-O octahedra being generally more
Roy, 1974), and diffusion in solids (Flygare & Huggins, distorted, which leads to greater average interatomic
1973). Traditional radii have been retained because of distances.
their familiarity to crystal chemists and physicists. It is also interesting to compare distances in square
They will probably continue to be used for comparison planar coordination v e r s u s tetrahedral coordination.
of unit-cell volumes and interatomic distances. In the Radii of square planar Cu 2 and Ag are equal to or
table, the ion is followed by electron configuration slightly greater than corresponding tetrahedral radii,
(EC), coordination number (CN), spin state (SP), consistent with the trend anticipated from anion
crystal radius (CR), and effective ionic radius (IR),
and in the last column, a symbol indicating the deriva- * Extrapolation of the Na curve gives r(~VNa)=0-90 A.
tion of the radii and their reliability. Those with a
question mark are doubtful because of: uncertainty in
CN, or deviation from radii vs CN, or radii v s valence
plots. Where at least five structural determinations \
resulted in radii differing by no more than + 0.01 A, Ul S b . . . . . . -' .'!ll,
the values are marked with an asterisk. [ \ , %.
" i\",
When the choice of a radius was influenced by any (.9 .~%
Z
of the various correlations described earlier, it is in- "'
n,, ~ ........ I- - -t~ --~,,
dicated by the following: R - from r 3 vs unit cell volume I ! ~ ',
plots; C - calculated from bond length-bond strength ci I i ~ ',
7 !I ii I",,:,
equations; E - estimated from one or more plots of r ....... "__'__i
"' s, Ti- - Ti ~ I i - ]l , ~
v s valence, r v s CN, and r vs cell volume. E implies poor I I I I
or nonexistent structural data. Radii in this category i I
_1 I
include VIFeZ+LS, WMn2+LS, vlcIa+LS, vIV2+, Rb R! R2 R,
VINo2+ ' VINia+HS, wit3+, WMo 3+, VITa3+, Wpaa+, AVERAGE INTERATOMIC DISTANCE , R
VlTa4+ ' IVpb4+ ' V~IrS+' WOsS+ ' WReS+, WpuS+, WBiS+, Fig. 3. Typical bond length vs bond strength plot.
 R. D. S H A N N O N 761

repulsion effects. A similar comparison with Fe 2+ and Table 4. lnteratomic distances in some compounds
Ni 2+ cannot be made because of electron distribution containing tetrahedral and octahedral Na +
changes from tetrahedral to square planar coordina- Compound R (/~,) r (/~) Reference
tion. (a) lVNa+
Na20 2.40 1-02
NasP3010 2.37 0.99 60 A C C R A 13 263
i I , NaOH.H20 2.36 1.00 57 A C C R A 10 462
2.05 -v'r NbS+ Na6ZnO4 2.39 0.99 69 Z A A C A 4 0 9 69
Mean 2-38 1.00
(b) VlNa+
2.04 R= 1.976 + 6.45 A Na2WO4 2.38 1.00 74 A C B C A 30 1872
NaC6OTH7 2-37 1.01 65 A C C R A 19 561
2.03 Na4Sn2GeaO12(OH)a 2"39 1-02 70 A C S A A 24 1287
Na2P2OT. 10H20 2.48 1.10 64 A C C R A 17 672
2.02
NaHCO3 2.44 1.06 65 A C C R A 18 818
Na2B406(OH)2.3H20 2.41 1.04 67 S C I E A 154 1453
Na4P4OI2.4H20 2-415 1.05 61 A C C R A 14 555
2.01 NaAI(SO4)2.12H20 2.45 1.10 67 A C C R A 22 182
~~) NaB(OH)4.2H20 2-460 1-09 63 A C C R A 16 1233
2.00 N a U acetate 2.375 1.025 59 A C C R A 12 526
CloHI3NsNaO6P.6H20 2-406 1.046 75 A C B C A 31 19
1.99
Mean 2.42 1.05

1.9e Factors affecting mean interatomic distances

Additivity of radii to give mean interatomic distances
1.97
is not so important to the synthetic chemist who is
primarily interested in ionic radii for predicting sub-
1.96
stitution in crystal structures. Crystallographers and
1.95
physicists, however, are concerned with comparing
calculated and experimental interatomic distances and
1.94 ii i [ i i i I predicting distances, e.g. for distance least-squares
002 .004 .006 .008 .010 .012 .014 .016 (DLS) structure refinements (Baur, 1972; Tillmanns,
Gebert & Baur, 1973; Dempsey & Strens, 1975). The
Fig. 4. Mean NbS+-O b o n d length v s distortion. Vertical bars effective ionic radii in Table 1 can be used to reproduce
represent average e.s.d.'s quoted by the authors. Solid
circles represent m o r e accurate data. moderately well most average interatomic distances in
oxides and fluorides. However, certain deviations do
occur. Some of these are unexplained but others can
r i i be attributed to (1) polyhedral distortion, (2) covalence,
2.01 "v'r M06 + (3) partial occupancy of cation sites, or (4) electron
delocalization.
2.o0 R=1.920 + 3 . 7 3 A
1. Polyhedral distortion
1.99 To see the effects of polyhedral distortion consider
1:98 the relationship between bond length (R) and Pauling
bond strength (s) (Brown & Shannon, 1973). The an-
1.97 alytical expression S=So(R/Ro) -N, where So is an ideal
bond strength associated with R0, and R0 and N are
fitted parameters, was evaluated for cation-oxygen
pairs for the first three rows of the periodic table. Using
1.95 these relationships, the sums of bond strengths about
cations and anions were found to equal the valences
1.94
with a mean deviation of about 5 %. Accepting the
1.93 J approximate validity of Pauling's second rule, p = ~s
where p = valence, it is possible to derive the effects of
distortion of various polyhedra on their mean bond
distances. Fig. 3 shows a typical R-s curve. An un-
1.911 distorted octahedron results in an average bond
strength g and a mean distance/~a. A distorted octa-
1.90 ~ , ~ , v , ~ ,
.002 .004 .006 .O08 .010 .012 .014 .016 .018 hedron with three bonds of length R= and three of
Z~ length Rb results in the same average bond strength, g,
F i g . 5. M e a n M06+-O bond l e n g t h vs d i s t o r t i o n . but a mean distance Rz >/~1.
762 REVISED EFFECTIVE IONIC RADII IN HALIDES AND CHALCOGENIDES

The effects of distortion on m e a n bond lengths in
numerous polyhedra have been determined. Although
distortions in tetrahedra are not as important as in
octahedra, they can contribute to variations in m e a n
tetrahedral distances (Baur, 1974; Hawthorne, 1973).
Strongly distorted octahedra like those containing V 5+,
Cu 2+, and M n 3+ show a significant variation in m e a n
distance with distortion, A* (Brown & Shannon, 1973;
S h a n n o n & Calvo, 1973a; Shannon, G u m e r m a n &
Chenavas, 1975). Octahedra containing Mg 2+, Zn z+,
Co 2+, and Li + are generally less distorted than those
of V 5+, Cu 2+, and M n 3+ and show a less pronounced
dependence on m e a n bond length (Brown & Shannon,
1973).
The effects of distortion on m e a n bond lengths in
N b S + , O and M o 6 + - O octahedra are illustrated in
Figs. 4 and 5. Tables 5 and 6 list the data used to derive
the figures.
Table 7 lists the results of linear regression analyses
of m e a n bond length on distortion for all octahedra
studied. It is clear from Fig. 4 that undistorted N b 5+
octahedra in pyrochlores have a distinctly smaller mean
value than in compounds like NbOPO4, CaNb206, and
NaaNbO4. Most of the accurately refined molybdates
have relatively distorted octahedra. However, certain
ordered perovskites with no octahedral distortion such
as BazCaMoO6 would be expected to have much
smaller m e a n Mo6+-O distances than a typical molyb-
* Octahedral distortion is defined by A=~Y(R~-R/R) z
where R=average bond length and Rl=an individual bond
length.
date. In fact, the M o 6 + - O octahedra in Mo2(O2C6C14)6
with a very small distortion have the short mean dis-
tance of 1.919 A.
Table 7 also lists the results of regression analyses
for TaS+-O and W 6 + - O octahedra but they are only
approximate because of the scarcity of accurate struc-
tural data. Analysis of Ti4+-O octahedra was unsuc-
cessful because of scatter in the data. Distances in
Ba6Ti17040 (Tillmanns & Baur, 1970) and BaTiO3
(Evans, 1951) deviated significantly from a linear
relation.
Relations between m e a n distance and distortion
should be particularly useful to help determine oxida-
tion states in mixed valence compounds with such
combinations as MoS+-Mo 6+, W s + - W 6+, v a + - v 5+,
Nb4+-Nb 5+ and Mn3+-Mn 4+. Such considerations
helped rationalize M n - O distances in NaMnvO12 and
the mineral pinakiolite (Shannon, G u m e r m a n &
Chenavas, 1975).
The radii in Table 1 are generally derived for an
average degree of distortion. Thus, interatomic dis-
tances calculated from these radii m a y be inaccurate
if the distortion in a particular c o m p o u n d is much less
or greater than usual. This applies particularly to cat-
ions whose polyhedra frequently show a large distor-
tion, e.g. MO 6+, N b s+, V 5+, Ba 2+, and the alkali ions.
2. Effects of partial occupancy of cation sites on mean
cation-anion distances
In compounds with partially occupied sites, ab-
normally large c a t i o n - a n i o n distances are usually
found, as expected if the anions surrounding unoc-

Table 5. Compar&on of mean octahedral N b s + - O distances with distortion

Only structures with e.s.d.'s for Nb-O distances of < 0.025 ~ were used.
Distortion
Compound /~ (/~) /t = ((AR/R) 2) 104 Reference
HgzNb207 1.999 0 68 INOCA 7 1704
Cd2Nb207 1.957 0 72 CJCHA 50 3648
NazNb4Ol i 1.977 1 70 JSSCB 1 454
Ba0.27Sr0.75NbzOs.Ts 1.967 6 61 JCPSA 48 5048
NalaNbasO94 1"965 7 71 JSSCB 3 89
Ba3Si4Nb6026 1"989 9 70 ACBCA 26 102
Na13Nb3sO94 1"967 11 71 JSSCB 3 89
Nax3Nb35094 1.959 12 71 JSSCB 3 89
Na13NbasO94 1"964 12 71 JSSCB 3 89
NaNbO3 1.985 16 69 ACBCA 25 851
NalaNb35094 1"947 18 71 JSSCB 3 89
Na13Nb35094 1"991 22 71 JSSCB 3 89
Na13Nb35Og4 1"987 22 71 JSSCB 3 89
Na13Nb35094 1"978 24 71 JSSCB 3 89
LiNb308 1-993 28 71 ACSAA 25 3337
LiNbO3 2"000 31 66 JPCSA 27 997
Ca2Nb207 1.997 31 74 JINCA 36 1965
Ca2Nb207 2.005 34 74 JINCA 36 1965
SbNbO4 2.003 37 65 CCJDA 1965 611
KNbO3 2.011 42 67 ACACA 22 639
NaaNbO4 2.013 52 74 BUFCA 97 3
CazNb207 2.010 53 74 JINCA 36 1965
Ca2Nb207 .2.015 58 74 JINCA 36 1965
Na3NbOa 2.021 60 74 BUFCA 97 3
CaNb206 2.021 76 70 AMMIA 55 90
GaNbOa 2.031 83 65 ACACA 18 874
 R. D. SHANNON 763

T a b l e 6. Comparison o f mean octahedral M o 6 + - O distances with distortion

Only structures with e.s.d.'s for M o - O distances of < 0.025 A were used.
Distortion
Compound R (A) zi = ((AR/R) z) x 10' Reference
Mo2(O2C6C14)6 1"919 5 75 J A C S A 97 2123
Mo4On orthorhombic 1.944 9 63 A R K E A 21 365
Mo4On monoclinic 1.946 10 63 A R K E A 21 365
Mo4On monoclinic 1.937 56 63 A R K E A 21 365
Mo4On orthorhombic 1"951 67 63 A R K E A 21 365
Mo4Ot~ orthorhombic 1.911 96 63 A R K E A 21 365
Mo4On monoclinic 1.945 96 63 A R K E A 21 365
(ClsHnO2)2MoO2 1"952 99 74 A C B C A 30 300
(NH4)6[M07024].4H20 1"962 99 75 JCSIA 1975 505
(NH4)6[MoTOz4]. 4 H 2 0 1"972 101 75 JCSIA 1975 505
(NH4)6[M07024].4H20 1"960 104 75 J C S I A 1975 505
LiMoO2AsO4 1"967 104 70 A C S A A 24 ' 3711
(NH4)6MoaO27.4H20 1"960 106 74 A C B C A 30 48
HgMoO4 1"965 111 73 A C B C A 29 869
(NH4)6[MoTO24]. 4H20 1 "955 113 75 JCSIA 1975 505
(NH4)6[Mo7024]. 4H20 1"962 115 75 JCSIA 1975 505
(NH4)6[MoTO24]. 4 H 2 0 1.974 118 68 J A C S A 90 3275
MoOa .2H20 1.966 121 72 ACBCA 28 . 2222
MoOa. 2H20 ] "961 123 72 A C B C A 28 2222
MOO3.2H20 1"957 126 72 A C B C A 28 2222
MOO3.2H20 " 1"953 134 72 A C B C A 28 2222
(NHg)5[MoOa)5(PO4) (HPO4)]. 3H20 1"970 140 74 JCSIA 1974 941
Naa(CrMo6024H~). 8HzO 1.976 141 70 I N O C A 9 2228
(NH4)6MoaO27.4H20 1.976 141 74 A C B C A 30 48
Na3CrMo6Oz4H6.8H20 1.976 143 70 I N O C A 9 2228
(NH4)5[(MoO3)5(PO4) ( H P O 4 ) ] . 3 H 2 0 1.974 145 74 JCSIA 1974 941 -
(NH4)dTeMo6024]. Te(OH)6.7HzO 1.981 147 74 A C B C A 30 2095
CoMoO4 1.991 150 65 A C A C A 19 269
(NHg)6MoaO27.4H20 1.972 151 74 A C B C A 30 48
MoO3 1.981 151 63 A R K E A 21 357
(NH4)6[Mo7024].4H20 1"976 152 68 J A C S A 90 3275
K2{[MoO2(C204) (H20)]20} 1"976 152 64 I N O C A 3 1603
(NH4)6MoaO27.4H20 1"974 152 74 A C B C A 30 48
(NH4)s[(MoOz)s(PO4) (HPO4)]. 3H20 1"982 159 74 J C S I A 1974 941
Na3CrMo6Oz4H6.8H20 1.986 163 70 I N O C A 9 2228
(NH4)5[(MoOa)s(PO4) (HPO4)]. 3HzO 1 "977 167 74 J C S I A 1974 941
MOO3.H20 1-984 167 74 A C B C A 30 1795
(NH4)~[(MoO3)5(PO4) (HPO4)]. 3H20 1 "991 186 74 J C S I A 1974 941
(NH4)6[ Mo7024]. 4 H 2 0 1"991 189 75 JCSIA 1975 505
(NH4)6[Mo7Oz4]. 4 H 2 0 2"008 197 75 JCSIA 1975 505

T a b l e 7. Variation o f mean M - O distance and effective ionic radius in octahedral environments as a function o f distortion
Maximum Correlation G o o d n e s s
Ion A x 104 N* Rot r0:l: m coefficient of fit ( x 103)
M o ~+ 212 38 1.920 3-73 0.74 67
0.572 3.01 0-63 70
W e+ 122 7 1-925 3-30 0.75 19
0"565 3.28 0.66 24
V 5+ 576 16 1.887 2.62 0.98 8
N b s 83 29 1.976 6.45 0.69 71
0.599 6.83 0.44 99
Ta 5+ 79 6 1.984 6.70 0.81 18
0.617 3.79 0-15 46
M n 3+ 71 15 1"994 7"08 0-82 30
0-624 6.15 0"54 50
Cu 2+ 316 26 2.085 3"99 0"82 77
Mg 2 156 28 2.094 8.31 0.72 21
' 0"728 8"86 0"77 18
Co 2+ 46 15 2"106 7"38 0"42 19
0"734 11 "70 0-70 16
Zn 2 + 71 16 2"099 7"70 0-64 21
0"736 8"20 0.74 16
Li 148 il 2"159 8"42 0"81 30
0"784 9.02 0-79 35
* N = n u m b e r of independent octahedra
t R=Ro+mA.
r = ro+ mzl.
764 R E V I S E D E F F E C T I V E I O N I C R A D I I IN H A L I D E S A N D C H A L C O G E N I D E S

cupied sites relax toward their bonded cation neigh-
bors. Therefore average distances should increase as
the occupancy factor decreases. In general, partial oc-
cupancy seems to be more prevalent for cations which
are weakly bonded to oxygen like Cu , Ag , alkali
ions, and large alkaline earths. The most prominent
examples are Li and Na compounds. Table 8 sum-
marizes the existent data on some structures with par-
tial cation occupancy. Fig. 6 shows the dependence of
mean Li-O bond length on the degree of occupancy.
Although the data are not extensive, it is apparent that
mean distance increases as occupancy factor decreases.
Extrapolation of the Li curve in Fig. 6 to zero occu-
pancy, i.e. a tetrahedral Li vacancy, gives 2.10-2.15 A,
which is close to the 2.11 A found for c~-LisGaO4 by
Stewner & Hoppe (1971) and for fl eucryptite by
Tscherry, Schulz & Laves (1972).
Another example of the effects of partial occupancy
can be found in the non-stoichiometric feldspar
Sr0.a4Na0.03vq0.13All.69Si2.2908 reported by Grundy &
Ito (1974). The mean Sr-O distance in this compound
is 0.03 A greater than in the stoichiometric SrA1ESi2Oa
(Chiari, Calleri, Bruno & Ribbe, 1975).
The relation between mean distance and occupancy
probably cannot be quantified precisely because the
relaxation of oxygen ions will depend on the nature
and number of other cation neighbors.
3. Effects of covalence
Changes in interatomic distances due to covalence
effects are anticipated in compounds with (1) anions
less electronegative than fluorine or oxygen, i.e. chlor-
ides, bromides, sulfides, selenides, etc. and (2) tetra-
hedral oxyanions such as the VO]- and AsO ]- groups.
The effects of covalence show up as a lack of additivity
of the radii and are generally referred to as 'covalent
shortening'.
(a) Halides and chalcogenides. Covalence effects can
be observed by comparing the relative contraction of
cation-anion distances in two different isotypic com-
pounds as the anion becomes less electronegative, e.g.
Fe 2+ in Fe2GeO4 and Fe2GeS4 vs Mg 2+ in Mg2GeO4
and Mg2GeS4. Covalence shortens both Fe-S and
Mg-S bonds relative to Fe-O and Mg-O bonds, but
because of the greater electronegativity of Fe 2+ (1.8)
compared to Mg 2+ (1.2), the Fe-S bonds are shortened
to a greater extent. Thus a 'covalency contraction'
parameter (Shannon & Vincent, 1974) can be defined:
d(Fe-X) a
Ra= d(Mg_X)3
where d ( F e - X ) = m e a n Fe-X distance.
A similar parameter
V(Fer, Xn)
Rv=
V(MgmXn)
compares the volume of an Fe 2+ compound with that
of an isotypic Mg 2+ compound. To see the effects of
covalence on the Fe-X distance relative to the Mg-X
distance, the ratio Rv or Rd may be plotted against the
difference in electronegativity of the Fe-X bond,
AZFe-x. Such schematic Rv-A Z plots are shown in
Fig. 7. The reference ions for Cd 2 and In 3+ are Ca 2+
and Sc3+ respectively. Such plots usually show a strong

Table 8. Mean distances in structures with partially occupied cation sites

Occupancy
Compound factor R Reference
(a) IVLi+
Typical 1"00 1.97 Table 1
LiAISiO4 (fl eucryptite) 1.00 2.020 (4) 73 AMMIA 58 681
2.025 (7) 72 ZKKKA 135 175
LiA1Si206 II (fl spodumene) 0"50 2-08 (4) 68 ZKKKA. 126 46
2-085 (9) 69 ZKKKA 130 420
LiA1SiO4 (fl eucryptite) 0-50 2.056 (2) 72 ZKKKA 135 161
Li2Al2Si3Olo 0-40 2.064 (4) 70 ZKKKA 132 118
LiAISi206 III 0.33 2.068 (5) 68 ZKKKA 127 327
~-LisGaO4 0.00 2.11 71 ACBCA 27 616
LiAISiO4 0.00 2.11 72 ZKKKA 135 175
(b) VINa+
Typical 1.00 2.42 Table 1
Na2Fe2AI(PO4)3 (wyllieite) 0.91 2.533 (6) 74 AMMIA 59 280
NaSbO3 0.82 2.74 74 JSSCB 9 345
Na2Fe2AI(PO4)3 (wyllieite) 0.70 2.723 (6) 74 AMMIA 59 280
NaA1Si3Oa (high albite) 0.50 2.600 (9) 69 ACBCA 25 1503
NaAlnOt7 (fl-A1203) 0"35 2"839 (I) 68 ZKKKA 127 94
NaSbO3 0.29 2.65 74 JSSCB 9 345
Na2.58A121.81034 (fl-A1203) 0.25 2.88 71 ACBCA 27 1826
(c) ViAg
Typical 1.00 2.50 Table 1
AgSbO3 0"44 2"64 74 JSSCB 345
AgSbO3 0.33 2.75 74 JSSCB 345
Agz.4A122034.2. 0.22 2.83 72 JSSCB 60
 R. D. S H A N N O N 765

z.15 / , , , i IL~ i i
dependence of Rv on ZIZ. For Fe2+-Mg 2+ the Fe 2+
VACANCY fluoride volumes are ~ 1 1 0 % of the corresponding*
| IN ,, UsC.-aO
4
2'10I LiALSi206 T AND .8 EUCRYPTITE
e Mg 2+ fluoride volumes whereas the Fe 2 sulfide vol-
(~ SPODUMENE)l umes are ~ 9 6 % of the corresponding Mg z+ sulfide
2.05~- LiAISi04~ ,,~
(~ EUCRYPTITE)
~LiAISiz06]I[
= UzAIzSisO~o volumes. Plots for the cations with filled 'd' shells show
~UAtSi04 a markedly smaller dependence on zlg. This appears
2"00i (,8 EUCRYPTITE)
to be due to the difference in covalence of hybrid or-
e~TYPICAL bitals formed from metal 'd' orbitals vs metal 's-p' or-
i .95F-Li+-O DISTANCE bitals.
These relations show that effective ionic radii derived
I'S/~- i I t
primarily from oxides are not strictly applicable to
1.0 .9 .8 .7
I
5 ,
I
.2
I
,
I I
0
fluorides - note the change in Rv for Fe 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+,
OCCUPANCY and Mn 2+ from fluorides to oxides. This effect is par-
Fig. 6. Mean Li-O bond length us partial occupancy. ticularly noticeable in R~-ZIX plots for the pairs
Cu+-Li and Ag+-Na (Shannon & Gumerman,
1975). The Cu+-Li + and Ag+-Na plots are very steep,
e.g. the volume of AgF is 120 % of the volume of NaF,
1.20 | I I I
whereas the volume of Ag2Se is only 72 % of the volume
of Na2Se. Although most of this change arises from
UNFILLED "d" SHELL
2+,Mn2+, C02+,N j2+ covalency, double repulsion effects present in the Li
1.10
and Na halides described by Pauling (1960) may also
play a role.
Covalence effects are useful in explaining certain
differences between the effective ionic radii of Table 1
FI LLED "d" SHELL
1.00 ~ - ~ Zn2+ Cd2+ in3+
and the ionic radii of Pauling (1927) and Ahrens (1952).
Pauling's radii for Cu (0.96 A) and Ag (1.26/~) are
Rv
or considerably larger than those in Table 1 (0.77 and
Rd 1.15 A respectively). Since these radii were derived
0.90 from comparison of alkali halide distances, using an
equation relating effective nuclear charge and screening
constants (Pauling, 1927), they are valid in primarily
ionic crystals. The smaller radii in Table 1 are applic-
0.80 able in the more covalent oxides. Extrapolation of R vs
CHLORIDES SULFIDES/SELENIDES-
FLUORIDES OXIDES J BROMIDES | /IODIDES ZIX curves such as in Fig. 7 leads to values of 0.91 /~
and 1.23 A for fluorides, which are close to Pauling's
2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 ionic values.
L~
A final example of covalence effects concerns
Fig. 7. Covalency contraction parameter, Ro or Ra, vs ,dZ for M + - H - distances. According to Gibb (1962), the ra-
filled and unfilled d shell cations.
dius of the hydride ion is slightly larger than the radius
of the fluoride ion. To rationalize the behavior of the
hydride ion, the M - H bond has been treated as coval-
1.30 t i i i i
ent. Therefore, it is useful to make R~ vs AZ plots similar
,2o-C'-.": ~_~"
eNa-H
to those just discussed for Fe 2+, Cu +, etc. In this case,
the reference ion is F - and volumes of certain hydrides
LIO
eLi-H are compared to those of isotypic fluorides. The results
1.00 eLiBaH3 of this analysis are shown in Fig. 8. The solid circles
Mg-H
0.90
represent volume ratios, R~ = V ( M = H , ) / V ( M m F , ) ; open
Rv aSi-H squares represent ratios of typical distances Rd=
f ~ 0.80
aAt-H d ( M - H ) 3 / d ( M - F ) 3. In the more ionic hydrides of Cs,
0.70 B-H
o
D P-H
a As-H
Rb, K, and Na, hydride volumes are considerably
larger than those of the fluorides. For the Li and Mg
0.60
aC-H compounds, hydride and fluoride volumes are approx-
O.5C imately equal, whereas the more covalent hydrides have
I N-Ho
increasingly smaller relative volumes than the corre-
0.,~ l~ ,Io & oo' -~.s -o9 sponding fluorides. Fig. 8 partly explains the differ-
z~x
ences in reported radii. The Morris & Reed (1965)
Fig. 8. Covalency contraction parameter, R, or Rd, vs AX for value of 1.53 A was derived essentially from the large
hydrides. Solid circles represent ratios of cell volumes of
isotypic compounds. Squares represent ratios of the cubed alkali halides, while Gibb's value of 1.40 A was derived
M-H distances to the cubed M-F distances. primarily from hydrides of the more electronegative
766 REVISED EFFECTIVE I O N I C R A D I I IN H A L I D E S A N D C H A L C O G E N I D E S
metals such as: Sc, Ti, Y, Zr, HI', Nb, Ta, and Th.
Because of this strong dependence of M - H distances
on cation electronegativity, it does not seem very useful
to quote a unique radius for H - .
(b) Tetrahedral oxyanions. Lack of additivity also
appears in most small tetrahedral groups and is par-
ticularly noticeable for the ions lVB3+, ~VFe3+, IVGe4+,
tVA:+, IvVS+, IVS6+, XVSe6+, and IVflT+. The devia-
tions in vanadates have been studied in detail (Shannon
& Calvo, 1973b). Assuming that the V-O bond is
strongly covalent, and that relatively electronegative
cations such as Cu 2+, Ni 2+, and Co 2+ tend to remove
electron density from the V-O bond, a V-O bond
length increase in Cu, Ni, and Co vanadates is anti-
cipated. Plots of mean radii (~) vs mean cation electro-
negativity (:~) show a marked slope with a gradual in-
crease in ~(~vvs+) from vanadates of the alkali and
alkaline earth ions to those of Cu, Ni, and Co. Similar
plots for other ions, ps+, AsS+ (Shannon & Calvo,
1973b), B 3+, Si 4+, Se 6+ (Shannon, 1975), showed the
same behavior. The statistical data on the tetrahedra
of B3+, SIS+, Ge4+, p5+, ASS+, 56+, Se6+, Cr6+, M06+,
W 6+, and C17+ have been summarized by Shannon
(1975). The slopes of the i vs '2 plots were greatest for
V 5+, Se 6+, and C17+, and least for Si4+. Although the
evidence for covalence as the origin of these effects in
the above systems is only indirect, this behavior is
consistent with accepted ideas of 'covalent shortening'
of bonds.
The evidence for covalent shortening of lVFe3+-O
bonds is more direct. Jeitschko, Sleight, McClellan &
Weiher (1976) have found a good correlation between
(1) the Fe M6ssbauer isomer shift and mean Fe-O
distance and (2) ~ and mean Fe-O distance (R). Thus,
in fl-NaFeO2/~= 1.86/~ and 3=0.18 mm s -1 relative
to ~ Fe whereas in Bia(FeO4) (MOO4)2/~ = 1.909 A and
= 0.282 mm s- 1.
4. Effects o f electron delocalization
At a pressure of 6.5 kbar SmS (NaCI structure)
undergoes a semiconductor to metal transition and a
reduction in cell edge from 5.97 to 5.70 A. (Jayaraman,
Narayanamurti, Bucher & Maines, 1970). The reduc-
tion in cell volume was attributed to a partial conver-
sion of Sm 2+ to Sm 3+ ; some of the electrons presumably
go into a conduction band.
Electron delocalization effects can also be seen by
comparing the volumes of the conducting V sulfides
VS, VTSs, V3S4 and VsSs with the corresponding Cr
sulfides which have localized 'd' electrons (de Vries &
Jellinek, 1974). The V compounds have volumes ~ 5 %
smaller than the corresponding chromium compounds.
This does not agree with the relative sizes of V and Cr
in oxides and fluorides, e.g. r(WV3+)=0"64 and
r(WCr3+)=0.615 A. For the sulfides, this unit-cell vol-
ume anomaly is not simply attributable to metallic vs
semiconducting behavior. While Cr3S4, Cr556, and
Cr7Sa show a positive temperature dependence of re-
sistivity typical of a metal, magnetic susceptibility
measurements indicate Curie-Weiss behavior and
therefore nearly localized electrons (van Bruggen,
1969). This is in contrast to the Pauli paramagnetic
behavior of the corresponding V sulfides (de Vries &
Haas, 1973) characteristic of delocalized electrons.
Thus, in SmS and the sulfides of V metallic character
accompanied by electron delocalization appears to be
associated with reduced bond distances.
A further example of delocalization effects occurs in
the compound NaVS2 (Weigers, van der Meer, van
Heinigen, Kloosterboer & Alberink, 1974). The mol-
ecular volume of Pauli paramagnetic NaVS2 1 (67.9 .&3)
is significantly less than that of NaVS2 II (72.7 .&3).
NaVS2 II is characterized by localized electrons (Jel-
linek, 1975) and its molecular volume is consistent with
that of isotypic NaCrS2 (71.1 N3).
If electron delocalization in oxides results in reduced
metal-oxygen distances and thereby an effective in-
crease in valence, radii derived for the ions Mo 4+,
TC4+, Ru 4+, Rh 4+, W 4+, Re 4+, Os 4+, and Ir s+ from
metallic oxides may not be reliable when applied to
insulating oxides. Thus, radii obtained from distances
in the metallic phases, e.g. RhOz, ReOz, and Cd2IrzO7,
will be smaller than radii obtained from semiconduct-
ing or insulating compounds.* When both types of
compounds have been studied, a significant difference
in distances is generally found. The mean octahedral
Re4+-O distance in insulating K4[Re202(C204)4]. 3H20
(Lis, 1975) of 2.021 (10)/~ (r=0.671 A) is greater than
the estimated mean distance in metallic ReO2 of 1-99/~
(r=0.63/k). Knop & Carlow's (1974) value o f r = 0 . 6 6 2
A derived from cell volumes of the insulating Cs2ReF6
phases is consistent with the radius of Re 4+ from
K4[Re202(CEO4)4].3H20. The ReS+-O distance in
Nd4Re2Olt (Wilhelmi, Lagervall & Muller, 1970) of
1"987 (12) ,~ (r=0.607 A) is significantly greater than
the distance in metallic Cd2Re207 (Sleight, 1975) of
1.93 (2)/k (r=0.55 A). The radii of 0"58 A derived from
XeFsRuF6 and 0.60 A from XeFRuF6 (Bartlett, Gen-
nis, Gibler, Morrell & Zalkin, 1973) are greater than
the radius of 0.565 A derived from the r a - V plot for
metallic Cd2Ru207. In contrast, however, the Mo 4+
radius of 0.64 /~ derived from insulating Li2MoF6
(Brunton, 1971) is not greatly different from the radius
of 0.65 A derived from metallic MoO2 (Brandt &
Skapski, 1967).
Although there appears to be ample evidence to
show that M - O bond distances in compounds with
localized electrons are greater than M - O distances in
compounds with delocalized electrons, the data are not
yet sufficient to derive a reliable set of radii for semi-
con2ucting compounds4containing+Mo4+, Tc 4+ , Ru 4+ ,
Rh , W , Re , Os , and Ir . This will become
possible as additional accurate structure refinements of
fluorides, molecular inorganic compounds, and semi-
conducting oxides containing these ions become avail-
able.
* This assumes that metallic character can be equated with
delocalized electron behavior in these compounds.
 R. D. S H A N N O N
I would like to acknowledge the help of F. Jellinek
for providing unpublished data on NaVS2, F. C. Haw-
thorne for pointing out numerous structures containing
partially occupied cation sites, O. Muller for several
sources of radii of unusual ions, M. Fouassier for un-
published data on K4MO4 compounds, I. D. Brown for
unpublished bond length-bond strength curves, and P. S.
Gumerman for assistance with data collection. Struc-
ture data on rare earth halides and an analysis of the
radii of divalent rare earths provided by H. Bg.rnig-
hausen were especially valuable. I am particularly in-
debted to Ruth Shannon for the tabulation of data and
proof reading. Finally, I would like to thank R. J.
Bouchard, W. H. Baur, and H. B/irnighausen for
critically reviewing the manuscript prior to publication.
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