I.

Objective

At the end of the lessons the students will be able to:

a. Illustrates the different methods of proof and disproof.

b. Justify mathematical and real-life statements using different methods of
proof and disproof.
c. Solve mathematical equations involving proof and disproof.
d. Relate the concepts of proof and disproof to real life situations.

II. Subject Matter: Different methods of proof and disproof.

Reference: General Mathematics; Orlando A. Oronce,1st Edition.

III. Instructional Procedure

A. Review
1. Different forms of Conditional Propositions.
2. Different types of tautologies.

B. Presentations

1. Direct proof: Prove that for all integers a and b, if a and b are odd integers,
then a and b is an even integer.
2. Contrapositive proof: Prove the contrapositive of the statement. I f a and b are
both odd integers then ab is odd.
3. Proof by Contradiction: Given: P ~Q
~Q ~P
Prove: ~ P

Possible Solutions:

1. Assume that a and b are odd integers then a and b can be written as
a = 2c+1 and b = 2d+1 where c and d are also integers.
a+b = 2c+1 + 2d+1
= 2c+2d+2
= 2(c+d+1); why? (multiple of 2)
Because a+b is twice another integer, a+b is an even integer.

2. Suppose a and b are odd integers, then a=2c+1 and b=2d+1 where c and d
are integers and ab= (2c+1)(2d+1)
= 4cd+2c+2d+1
= 2(2cd+c+d)+1; why? (even+1=odd).
Because ab is twice an integer (2cd+c+d)+1, ab is odd.

3. Proof:

Statements Reasons
 1. P ~Q 1.Given (Premise 1)
2. P 2.Assumed (Negation of conclusion)
3. ~ Q 3.Modus Ponens (from 1 and 2)
4. ~Q ~P 4.Given (Premise 2)
5. ~ P 5.Modus Ponens (from 4 and 3)
6. P ~ P 6.Conjunction (from 2 and 5)
7. ~ P 7.Simplification

Another way
P Q ~Q P ~Q ~P ~Q ~P ~P
T T
T F
F T
F T

In statement 2, we assume the negation of the conclusion. This assumption leads

to a contradiction in statement 6. Since any assumption that leads to a
contradiction is false, the conclusion to be proven is true.